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Neuropsych Board Prep > Personality Assessment and Self-Report Insturments > Flashcards

Personality Assessment and Self-Report Insturments Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of neuropsychologists use objective personality measures?

A

75%

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2
Q

What is the 12-month prevalence of mental illness in the US?

A

Adults= 26.2%
Children (8-13 yrs old)= 13%
ADHD is the most common disorder affecting children (8.5%)

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3
Q

What percent of adults receive treatment for mental health problems?

A

13.4%

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4
Q

What is the economic burden of treatment for mental illness?

A

300 billion in 2002

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5
Q

What is the most widely researched and used personality inventory in adult clinical samples?

A

MMPI-2

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6
Q

How was the MMPI initially developed?

A
  • in 1943 (Hathaway and McKinley)

- Using an empirical keying approach rather than a logical keying approach with face validity

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7
Q

Name some main critiques of the initial MMPI?

A
  • Adequacy of standardization sample

- Outdated and sexist language

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8
Q

When was the MMPI-2 developed?

A

1989 & utilized a large normative sample to be more representative of the US population

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9
Q

Do T-score values share the same meaning across MMPI scales?

A

No, raw scores are not normally distributed and linear T-score conversion maintains the same skewed distributions

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10
Q

Do T-score values share the same meaning across MMPI-2 scales?

A

Yes, the MMPI-2 clinical scales utilize uniform T-score conversion to ensure that skewness and kurtosis are similar across scales

T-scores across scales have an equivalent percentile and interpretive meaning

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11
Q

How many items does the MMPI-2 have?

A

567 true-false items

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12
Q

What age range is the MMPI-2 appropriate with?

A

18-84

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13
Q

What reading level is required for the MMPI-2?

A

5th grade

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14
Q

How long does the MMPI-2 take to complete?

A

60-90 minutes

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15
Q

What are the 9 validity scales of the MMPI-2?

A

Cannot say, VRIN, TRIN, F, Fb, Fp, L, K, and S

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16
Q

What are the 10 basic clinical scales of the MMPI-2?

A

Hs, D, Hy, Pd, Mf, Pa, Pt, Sc, Ma, Si

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17
Q

At what level do clinicians typically identify T scores on the basic clinical scales as clinically meaningful?

A

65 or greater

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18
Q

What is the first step in MMPI-2 interpretation

A

-Inspection of the validity scales
-Omission of 30 or more on Cannot Say scale= do not interpret
-Random or variable responding= VRIN
-Disproportionate true or false = TRIN
-Defensive resonding= L, K, S
-Exaggeration= F, Fp, Fb
Exaggeration of somatic/cog = Symptom Validity Scale and Response Bias Scale

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19
Q

How are the clinical scales of the MMPI-2 typically interpreted?

A
  • Using configurations of scale elevations

- Signifies a “code type”

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20
Q

What is the K scale and when should the K correction be used on the MMPI-2?

A
  • K scale: developed to identify subtle attempts to deny psychopathology
  • K correction: meant to counteract defensive responding and provide more accurate understanding
  • K correction should be used when employing code type interpretations
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21
Q

What does interpretation of the Content Scales on the MMPI-2 provide?

A
  • Content interpretation allows the examiner to understand what emotions and attitudes have been directly communicated
  • Clinical scales considers the way scale items are endorsed regardless of specific content
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22
Q

Why were the RC scales developed on the MMPI-2?

A

To improve distinctiveness of psychological constructions by removing an overall emotional complaint of distress factor that is common to the basic clinical scales (i.e., Emotional Demoralization; RCd)

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23
Q

What are demographic considerations of the MMPI-2?

A
  • Older individuals show slightly higher elevations on clinical scales relevant to somatic complaints (small differences and don’t warrant age-specific norms)
  • Raw score differences occur between men and woman and warrant gender-specific norms
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24
Q

What is the typical finding on the MMPI-2 for those undergoing various medical procedures?

A
  • Higher clinical elevations noted on scales related to somatic complaints and physical discomfort (e.g., Hs, Hy, and RC1)
  • Reactive emotional difficulties following diagnosis and treatment for emotional distress (RCd), depression (D, RC2), and anxiety (Pt, RC7)
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25
Q

What are some examples of conditions in which the MMPI-2 is useful in identifying somatization?

A

-chronic pain, persisting postconcussive sequelae, and nonepileptic seizures

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26
Q

What are some neurologic conditions that have been included in MMPI-2 studies?

A

-MS, seziures, amnestic disorder, stroke, PD, and other movement disorders

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27
Q

Should a “neurocorrection” be used that parses purported brain-based versus psychiatric factors on clinical scale elevations of the MMPI-2?

A

No, this corrupts the integrity and interpretive value of the scales and tends to underestimate the level of psychopathology.

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28
Q

Is the MMPI-2 useful in discriminating epileptic seizures from nonepileptic seizures?

A

No, research suggests a high false positive rate.

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29
Q

How is the MMPI-2 typically utilized in TBI samples?

A
  • Useful in identifying premorbid psychological difficulties that are likely to account for or reinforce symptoms following mTBI
  • Litigants with hisstories of mTBI produce HIGHER validity and clinical scale elevations than those with mod-severe TBI
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30
Q

What MMPI-2 scales are litigants and claimants most likely to show symptom exaggeration on?

A

Those pertaining to unusual injury complaints (FBS) and/or cognitive limitation (RBS)

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31
Q

What is the MMPI-RF?

A
  • Created in 2008

- Developed to represent the clinically significant substance of the MMPI-2

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32
Q

How many validity and substantive scales does the MMPI-RF have?

A
  • 9 validity scales
  • 42 substantive scales: 9, RC scales from MMPI-2, 23 specific problem scales, 2 interest scales, and revisions of the 5 MMPI-2 personality psycholpathology 5 scapes (PSY-5)
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33
Q

What are the key test properties of the MMPI-RF?

A

-338 true-false items
Ages 18-83
-5th to 8th grade reading level
-35-50 min to complete

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34
Q

Does the MMPI-RF utilize a 2 or 3-point code type like the MMPI-2?

A

No, it is interpreted with three H-O scales and then specific problem scales

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35
Q

What are the three H-O scales of the MMPI-RF?

A
  • Emotional/Internalizing Dysfunction (high loadings from RCd, RC2, and RC7)
  • Thought Dysfunction (high loadings from RC6 and RC8)
  • Behavioral/Externalizing Dysfunction (high loadings from RC4 and RC9)
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36
Q

How are the MMPI-RF specific problems scales divided?

A

-They are divided by somatic/cognitive, internalizing, externalizing, interpersonal, and interest scales

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37
Q

What is the age range for the normative sample of the MMPI-RF?

A

-18-85, similar to the MMPI-2

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38
Q

Does the MMPI-RF use gender based norms?

A

No, unlike the MMPI-2, the MMPI-RF makes use of non-gender based norms

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39
Q

Which subscales of the MMPI-RF bear the most relevance to symptom exaggeration of malingering?

A

-Similar to the MMPI2: FBS-R, RBS, and Fs

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40
Q

Which scales are litigating TBI samples more likely to exhibit elevations on the MMPI-RF?

A

-Those that are sensitive to somatic complaints (RC1) and emotional distress (RCd, RC2, and RC7)

41
Q

How were clinical conditions selected for the PAI?

A
  • Based on their history of importance in current medical disorder nosology
  • and their significance in contemporary diagnostic practice
  • language resembles the DSM-IV criteria
42
Q

What is the structure of the PAI?

A
  • 22 non-overlapping scales; 4 validity scales, 11 clinical scales, 5 treatment scales, and 2 interpersonal scales
  • The treatment scales are areas important with regard to clinical care and prognosis -The interpersonal scales assess one’s approach to relationships
43
Q

What score is considered clinically significant on the PAI?

A

A T-score of 70 or above relative to the community sample

44
Q

What are the key test properties of the PAI?

A
  • 344 items w/ 4 anchors (false, slightly true, mainly true, and very true)
  • Ages 18-89
  • 4th grade reading level or higher
  • Takes 45-75 minutes
45
Q

How many items must one omit to deem the PAI uninterpretable?

A

17 or more items

46
Q

Describe the four validity scales of the PAI.

A

1) Inconsistency (CN): carelessness or confusion in responding
2) Infrequency (INF): idiosyncratic responding atypical of normative and clinical samples
3) Negative impression management (NIM): symptom exaggeration
4) Positive impression management (PIM): denial of minor faults and defisive responding

There are other supplemental validity indicators such as the malingering index and defensiveness index

47
Q

1) What age of group shows mean scores on select clinical scales that are 5-7 T-score points above the mean of the PAI?
2) What age group shows mean scores that are typically below the normative sample?

A

1) Those who are 30 or younger

2) Those who are 60 or older

48
Q

Describe the impact of gender, ethnicity, and education on the PAI?

A

Gender: no difference between men and women

Ethnicity: Differences in ethnicity are small

Education: Individuals with 4-11 years show T-scores that are 4-5 points higher

49
Q

Is the PAI or MMPI-2 better at detecting symptom exaggeration?

A

The MMPI-2

50
Q

Describe the format of the MMPI-A.

A
  • 7 validity scales
  • 10 clinical scales
  • 15 content scales

-Standardized on 1620 adolescents from 8 states

51
Q

What are the key test properties of the MMPI-A?

A
  • 478 true-false items
  • Ages 14-18
  • 6th grade reading level or higher
  • 45-60 minutes to complete
52
Q

What is the T-score cut-offs for the MMPI-A?

A

-MMPI-A uses a range of 60-65 to indicate clinical attention while the MMPI-2 uses a cut-off score of 65

  • Of note, the MMPI-A and MMPI-2 norms were developed using the same target distribution to assure percentile equivalence across the 2 forms.
  • If a teen is tested with the MMPI-A then later with the MMPI-2, the scores can be compared
53
Q

What are the adolescent-specific Content Scales on the MMPI-A?

A
  • School Problems
  • Low Aspirations
  • Alienation

-A new scale, Conduct Problems, was also substituted for the MMPI-2 Antisocial Practices

54
Q

What are the demographic considerations for the MMPI-A?

A
  • Developmentally inappropriate for children under 12 (really should be 14 or older)
  • Separate norms based on gender
55
Q

Are 18 years olds given the MMPI-2 or MMPI-A?

A

Either! Normative and clinical samples for both instruments include 18-year-olds.

MMPI-A may be better for those in HS, and MMPI-2 better for those in college, working, or living alone.

56
Q

What is the structure of the PAI-A?

A
  • 246 test items

- Similar to the PAI as it has 4 validity scales, 11 clinical scales, 5 treatment scales, and 2 interpersonal scales

57
Q

What are the key test properties of the PAI-A?

A
  • 264 items rates as false, slightly true, mainly true, or very true,
  • Ages 12-18 (18 yr olds can be administered either the PAI-A or PAI)
  • 4th grade reading level
  • 45 minutes to complete
58
Q

Which adolescent personality measure assesses borderline features

A

The PAI-A

59
Q

What is the Personality Inventory of Children-Second Edition (PIC-2)?

A
  • Parent rating scale of children’s behavior

- Evaluates the emotional, behavioral, cognitive, and interpersonal adjustment of children and adolescents

60
Q

What are the key test properties of the PIC-2?

A
  • 275 true-false items
  • Ages 5-19
  • 40 minutes to complete
  • T-scores normed by child’s gender
61
Q

What is the structure of the PIC-2?

A
  • 3 validity scales
  • 9 adjustment scales
  • 21 adjustment subscales
62
Q

What is the Personality Inventory for Youth?

A
  • A self-report measure that is used in conjunction with the PIC-2
  • Assesses emotional and behavioral adjustment, family interaction, and school and academic functioning
  • Completed by a parent
  • 4 validity scales, 9 clinical scales (mirror the PIC-2), and 24 subscales
63
Q

What are key test properties of the PIY?

A
  • 270 true-false items
  • Ages 9-19
  • 3rd grade reading level required
  • 30-60 minutes to complete
  • T-scores are normed by the child’s gender
64
Q

What are the three major approaches to developing self-report measures?

A

1) theory-guided
2) factor analysis
3) criterion-key

65
Q

What are the pros of self-report measures?

A
  • brief and straightforward
  • easy to administer
  • examine many symptoms
66
Q

What are the cons of self-report measures?

A
  • Face valid without embedded validity indicators
  • Not diagnostic
  • Often unreliable due to overlapping symptoms with other disorders
67
Q

What is the BDI-2?

A
  • Self-report measure assessing depressive symptoms
  • Age range : 13-86
  • Items rated on 4 point scale
  • Symptoms endorsed within last 2 weeks
  • Corresponds with depressive disorders criteria outlined by DSM-IV
68
Q

What is the two-factor solution of the BDI-2?

A

1) Somatic-affective

2) Cognitive

69
Q

What are the score ranges of the BDI-2?

A

0-13- minimal
14-19- mild
20-28- moderate
29-63 severe

70
Q

Describe the demographic considerations of the BDI-II.

A
  • No evidence of a significant relationship btw age and symptom endorsements
  • No consistent evidence of gender effect
  • Symptoms are inversely correlated with education
  • No consistent association with SES
71
Q

What is the Beck Anxiety Inventory?

A
  • 21-item self report measure assessing anxiety
  • Age range: 17-80
  • Constructed to assess anxious symptoms that overalp minimally with depression
  • Items rated on a 4-point scale ranging from 003
  • Symptoms measures within the last week
72
Q

What are the score ranges of the BAI?

A

0-7- minimal
8-15-mild
16-25-moderate
26-63- severe

73
Q

Describe the demographic considerations of the BAI.

A
  • Negative correlation between anxious symptoms and age

- Women endorse significantly more sx than men

74
Q

Why is the BAI of lesser utility in individuals with physical complaints that are a normal aspect of the aging process?

A

-Many of the BAI items reflect physical manifestations of anxiety

75
Q

What is the Geriatric Depression Scale?

A
  • Self-report measure of depressive symptoms
  • Can be used in those 17 and older
  • Dichotomous answering (yes vs. no)
76
Q

What are the score ranges of the GDS?

A

0-9- normal
10-19- mild
20-30- severe

77
Q

Demographic considerations of the GDS

A
  • No relationship between age and GDS symptoms

- Men may be at risk of false-negative results compared to women

78
Q

Why is the GDS more appropriate in elderly samples than the BDI?

A
  • It does not include somatic symptoms that may be a normal aspect of the aging process
  • It is less cognitively demanding.
79
Q

What is the Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI)?

A
  • Self-report & used to assess acute and chronic symptoms of post-traumatic stress
  • 100 items endorsed according to 4-point anchors
  • 3 validity scales & 10 clinical scales
  • Appropriate for us in those 8-88
  • 5th to 7th grade reading level and up
80
Q

What is the cut-offs for clinical significance on the TSI?

A

-T-scores of 65 or higher

81
Q

What do the validity scales on the TSI assess?

A

-Defensiveness, possible overreporting of symptoms, and inconsistent responding

82
Q

Describe the demographic considerations for the TSI.

A
  • Younger responders exhibit subtly higher scale elevations

- Test results are normed by gender

83
Q

What is the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF)?

A
  • Parent & teacher rating scale developed to examine behavior and executive functioning in peds
  • 2 validity scales, 8 subscales
  • 86 items on a 3-point scale
  • 5-18 years of age
84
Q

What are the two broad components of executive functioning and behavior that the BRIEF attempts to reflect?

A

1) Behavior Regulation Index
2) Metacognition Index

These combine to a single Global Executive Composite

85
Q

What are demographic considerations of the BRIEF?

A
  • T scores normed by age
  • T scores normed by gender (of the child not parent)
  • Negative correlation with parental education
  • Low SES families rated as more dysexecutive
86
Q

With what clinical syndrome does the BRIEF assist with diagnosis?

A
  • ADHD
  • Behavioral Inhibition Index is highly correlated with hyperactivity and ADHD-C
  • Metacognition Index is highly correlated with inattention
87
Q

What is the Child Behavior Checklist (CBLC)?

A
  • Assesses behavior problem (internalizing & externalizing) in children
  • Parent rating scale but there is also a teacher’s report form and self-report interview (for ages 11-18)
  • Two versions: preschool checklist (ages 18 months to 5 years) and the school-aged version (ages 6-18)
88
Q

What are the key test properties of the CBLC?

A
  • 99 items (preschool) and 118 items (school-aged) rated on 3-point scales
  • T-scores are normed by age and gender
89
Q

What is the Conners’ Rating Scales-Revised (CSR-R)?

A
  • Assesses externalizing behaviors and symptoms of ADHD
  • Parent, teacher, and self-report forms
  • Ages 3-17 for parent and teacher
  • Ages 12-17 for self-report
  • 4-point rating scale
  • T scores normed by age and gender
  • All questions are negatively worded
90
Q

Describe the reliability of the CSR-R between parents and teachers.

A
  • Moderate to high reliability between parents
  • Moderate to high between teachers
  • Low between parent and teacher- parents indicate more deviancy than teachers
91
Q

What is a Clinical Scale Profile?

A

Results of personality testing that depicts the magnitude and quality of psychological/emotional difficulties across various symptom-specific scales.

92
Q

What is code type interpretation?

A

Interpretative strategy that allows the examiner to identify configurations of scale elevations that can be summarized according to previously established descriptors.

93
Q

What is an empirical keying approach?

A

Method of test development that incorporates items that optimally differentiate clinical psychiatric groups from healthy control samples regardless of the specific content (e.g., MMPI).

94
Q

What is face validity?

A
  • Simplistic form of validity that allows examiners to determine if a measure is assessing a construct of interest.
  • Used in a logical-keying approach to test development
  • Often at the expense of discriminant validity
95
Q

What is a linear T-score conversion?

A

-The direct transformation of raw scores into T-score equivalents

96
Q

What is a logical keying approach?

A

Entails the selection and keying of items that are thought to be clearly relevant to a given construct of interest.

97
Q

What is a uniform T-score conversion>

A

Method of converting raw scores into T scores that ensures the skewness and kurtosis are similar across scales.

The T scores have equivalent percentiles and retain similar interpretive meaning.

98
Q

What is a validity scale profile?

A

Results of personality testing that informs test-taking attitude and credibility of self-reported symptoms.

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