Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuropsych Board Prep > ADHD > Flashcards

ADHD Flashcards

1
Q

What is the clinical phenotype of ADHD?

A

Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are ADHD types?

A

Predominantly inattentive
Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive
Combined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are diagnostic criteria?

A

For children: 6 or more symptoms in one domain
For adolescents/adults >17: 5 or more symptoms
Impairment in academic/social/occupational functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is boys to girls ratio?

A

2:1

Girls more likely to have ADHD-I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Does incidence vary as a function of age?

A

Yes,incidence rate in 10-17 y.o is almost twice as high compared to 5-9 y.o.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which subtype has the highest prevalence rate?

A

ADHD-I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What cognitive construct is ADHD-I associated with?

A

Sluggish cognitive tempo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which subtype has questionable validity?

A

ADHD-H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which brain structures/pathways have been associated with ADHD?

A

Frontal regions
Reduced total brain volume, delayed cortical maturation in frontal/temporal regions, abnormalities in CC, prefrontal, temporal, and parietal cortex, and BG (most consistent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are functional imaging findings in ADHD?

A

Underactivation in frontocortical nad frontosubcortical networks
Decreased activation in dosrolateral prefrontal and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
Deficits in network including frontal cortex and striatal-thalamic-cerebellar connections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is heritability of ADHD?

A

30-35% first degree relatives
Relative risk 6-8 times that of general population
Genetic influences account for up to 75% of variance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are candidate genes?

A

Multiple genes, cumulative effect accounts for a small %
Dopamine transporter DAT1
Genes affective dopamine and serotonin pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are risk factors of ADHD?

A 
Prematurity
Birth complications
Maternal smoking
Lead exposure/toxicity
Moderate to severe TBI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ADHD Comorbidities

A

ADHD w/o comorbid disorder is exception rather than rule
OCD, Tourette, dyslexia, ODD, CD, depression, anxiety
ADHD symptoms common in thyroid dysfunction, bipolar disorder, ADS, Klinefelter syndrome, neurofibromatosis, epilepsy, sleep disorder, and lead toxicity

Inattentive symptoms - internalizing disorders (depression)
H/I - externalizing (ODD, CD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some shared etiological influences?

A

Chromosome 6p

Processing speed deficits - overlap between ADHD and dyslexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is ADHD diagnosed?

A

Clinical/behavioral diagnosis, rating scales

Utility of NP debated, insufficient Sn, SP, PPP, and NPP

17
Q

What are NP findings in ADHD?

A

IQ - 1/2 SD below mean
Attention - higher rates of omission, commission errors, slower response time, and increased RT variability on CPT

Language - basic skills preserved, weaker performance on task requiring working memory (sentence repetition, processing lengthy instructions, writing organization)

VS - average, some weaknesses in the context of organisation demands

Memory - deficits in reliable encoding due to attention demands

EF - variable, small to moderate effect sized on set-shifting and interference control task

Sensorimotor - deficient fine motor skills in a subgroup

Engagement - important to consider possible incentives

18
Q

What are findings of MTA study?

A

Medication treatment most effective
Addition of behavioral therapy no added benefit
Combined treatment larger effect than behavioral alone

19
Q

What are non-stimulant ADHD meds?

A

Strattera (atomoxetine) - NE reuptake inhibitor
Improves tics, effective for comorbid anxiety

Guanfacine and clonidine - alpha adrenergic receptor agonists

20
Q

What is assortative mating?

A

Nonrandom mating pattern in which individuals with similar genotypes and phenotypes mare more frequently than expected under random mating, potential explanation for increased comorbidity between two disorders

21
Q

Pleiotropy

A

Situation in which one gene influences multple phenotypic traits
Gene locus on chromosome 6p affects both inattentive symptoms and dyslexia

22
Q

What is comorbidity rate between ADHD and dyslexia?

A

25-40%

23
Q

What are side effects of stimulants?

A

Insomnia, weight loss/anorexia

Neuropsych Board Prep (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions