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Psychology GRE > Personality and social psychology > Flashcards

Personality and social psychology Flashcards

0
Q

Type theory

A

Old-school way of personality psychology. Ideas surrounding personality types.

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1
Q

What is personality psychology?

A

The study of why people act the way they do and why different people act differently

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2
Q

Trait theory

A

New school theory for personality psychology. Emphasis placed on individual traits to describe personality.

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3
Q

Big five personality index.

A

Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.

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4
Q

Type a personality

A

Characterized by Drive, competitiveness, aggressiveness, tension, and hostility and is most commonly found in upper upper to middle-class man.

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5
Q

Authoritarianism

A

The disposition to view the world as full of power relationships. Authoritarian individuals are either highly domineering or highly submissive. They’re measured on the fascism scale or F scale

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6
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Proposed the theory of the hierarchy of need.

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7
Q

External locus of control

A

A personality characteristic that causes one to view events as the result of luck or fate.

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8
Q

Internal locus of control

A

Personality characteristic that causes one to view events as the outcome of their own actions.

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9
Q

Implicit theories about personality

A

When people make assumptions about the dispositions of an individual based on the actions of that person.

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10
Q

Dispositional attribution

A

The tendency for others to think that actions are caused by a person’s personality other than the situation. Also called the fundamental attribution error.

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11
Q

Barnum Effect

A

The tendency to agree with and except personality interpretations that are provided.

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12
Q

Phenomenological view

A

Theory of personality that focuses on and the individual’s unique self and experiences.

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13
Q

Self-awareness

A

The temporary condition of being aware of how you feel, think, or what you’re doing.

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14
Q

Mirrors

A

Tend to make people more self-aware. Small mirrors tend not to make people very self-aware, well I’ll large mirrors make people extremely self aware

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15
Q

Self-monitoring

A

Characterized by scrutiny of one’s own behavior, motivation to act appropriately rather than honestly, and ability to mask true feelings.

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16
Q

Self-consciousness

A

The trait that refers to how often one generally become self-aware.

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17
Q

Self-esteem

A

Knowing that you are worthwhile and being in touch with your actual strengths. About 50% of people perceive themselves accurately and about 35% perceive themselves narcissistic.

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18
Q

Self efficacy

A

A person’s belief that he or she can effectively perform a certain task

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19
Q

Narcissism

A

Distinct from self-esteem. Narcissism is believing that you are better than you really are or look better than you really do. It is a sort of unrealistic self-esteem.

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20
Q

Self handicapping

A

Self-defeating behavior that allows one to dismiss or excuse failure

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21
Q

Learned helplessness

A

After a series of events in which one may feel helpless or out of control, a negative or pessimistic explanatory style develops. The person basically gives up in general and exhibits a helpless disposition.

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22
Q

OCEAN

A 
Wait to remember the big five. 
O equals openness, 
C equals conscientiousness, 
E equals extroversion, 
A equals agreeableness,
N equals neuroticism.
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23
Q

Norman Triplett

A

Conducted the first social psychological experiment in 1897. He found that cyclist perform better when paste by each other than when they were out alone.

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24
Q

Actor observer attribution divergence

A

The tendency for the person who is doing the behavior to have a different perspective on the situation that a person watching the behavior

25
Q

Self-serving attributional bias

A

Interpreting one’s own actions and motivations in a positive way, blaming situations for failures and taking credit for successes. We all like to think we are better than average.

26
Q

Illusory correction

A

Assuming the two unrelated things have a relationship

27
Q

Slippery slope

A

A logical fallacy that says a small, insignificant first step and one direction will eventually lead to greater steps that will eventually have a significant impact.

28
Q

Hindsight bias

A

Believing after the fact that you knew something all along

29
Q

Halo effect

A

Thinking that if someone has one good-quality then he has only good qualities

30
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

Occurs when one’s expectations somehow draw out or in a sense cause the very behavior that is expected.

31
Q

False consensus bias

A

Assuming most other people think as you do

32
Q

Lee Ross

A

Studied subjects who were first made to believe a statement and then later told it was false. The subject continue to believe the statement if they had processed it and devise there only logical explanation for it.

33
Q

Base rate fallacy

A

Overestimating the general frequency of things we are most familiar with

34
Q

M. J. Lerner’s just world bias

A

The belief that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people.

35
Q

Illusion of control

A

The belief that you can control things when you actually have no influence on them.

36
Q

Oversimplification

A

The tendency to make simple explanations for complex events

37
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

A shortcut about typical assumptions to gas up and answer rather than relying on actual logic.

38
Q

Availability heuristic

A

When people think there is a higher proportion of one thing in a group then there really is because examples of that one thing come more easily to mind.

39
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A

Leon Festinger. Suggest that it is uncomfortable for people to have believes that do not match their actions. After making a difficult decision, people are motivated to back their actions up by toting corresponding beliefs.

40
Q

Self perception theory

A

Daryl Bem. Office and alternative explanation to cognitive dissonance. When people are unsure of their beliefs, they take their cues from their own behavior.

41
Q

Over justification effect

A

Follows from self perception theory. It is the tendency to assume that we must not want to do things that we are paid or compensated to do.

42
Q

Gain loss theory

A

Suggest that people act in order to obtain game and avoid loss

43
Q

Social exchange theory

A

Suggests that humans interact in ways that maximize reward and minimize cost

44
Q

Self presentation

A

React in ways that are in line with our attitudes are in ways that will be accepted by others.

45
Q

Self-monitoring

A

The process by which people pay close attention to their actions.

46
Q

Impression management

A

Behaving in ways that might make a good impression depending on the different social situation

47
Q

Social facilitation

A

The tendency for the presence of others to either enhancer hinder performance.

48
Q

Social comparison

A

Evaluating one’s own actions, abilities, opinions, and ideas by comparing them to those of others.

49
Q

Equity theory

A

The idea that people feel most comfortable and situation in which rewards and punishments are equal, fitting, or highly logical.

50
Q

Conformity

A

Going along with real or perceived group pressure.

51
Q

Compliance

A

When people conform publicly but not privately

52
Q

Acceptance

A

Changes in actions and beliefs to conform

53
Q

Dissenter

A

An individual who speaks out against conformity

54
Q

Reactants

A

The refusal to conform that may occur in the event of a blatant attempt to conform

55
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

Performed the shock experiment. The experiment explored how people respond to the orders of others. Often considered highly unethical today.

56
Q

Philip Zimbardo

A

Performed the Stanford prison experiment.

57
Q

Deindividuation

A

Occurs when an individual identity or accountability is deemphasized. This may be the result of mingling in a crowd, wearing uniforms, or otherwise adopting a larger group identity.

58
Q

Bystander effect

A

People are less likely to help when other people are present

59
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

The tendency that the larger the group, the less likely individuals in the group will actor take responsibility.

60
Q

Social loafing

A

The tendency to work less hard in the group is the result of diffusion of responsibility.

61
Q

Competition

A

Can cause conflict in a group

Psychology GRE (7 decks)

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