Learning

Question 0

Albert Bandura

Answer 0

Researcher who conducted the Bobo Doll experiment

Question 1

What is scaffolding learning?

Answer 1

Occurs when a teacher encourages a student to learn independently and only provides assistance with concepts which are beyond the students capability.

Question 2

What is modeling?

Answer 2

Social learning. Think about Bobo Doll experiment.

Question 3

Extinction

Answer 3

The removal of conditioning. The goal is the get the organism to stop a behavior.

Question 4

Negative reinforcement

Answer 4

NOT PUNISHMENT

The removal of a negative stimulus when a reinforcer is present. The removal of something negative.

Question 5

Positive reinforcement

Answer 5

A reward or positive event acting as a stimulus. Increases the likelihood of a particular response.

Question 6

Secondary reinforcement

Answer 6

A learned reinforcer. Like money.

Question 7

Primary reinforcer.

Answer 7

A natural reinforcer which is reinforcing on it’s own. Like food or drink.

Question 8

Simultaneous conditioning

Answer 8

The UCS and the CS are presented at the same time.

Question 9

Conditioned response CR

Answer 9

The response which the CS elicits after conditioning.

Question 10

Unconditioned response UR

Answer 10

The naturally occurring response to the UCS

Question 11

Conditioned stimulus CS

Answer 11

Neutral stimulus once it is paired with the UCS

Question 12

Unconditioned stimulus US

Answer 12

The “no so neutral” stimulus

Ie food ~> dog salivating

Question 13

Neutral stimulus NS

Answer 13

Stimulus which does not produce a response on its own.

Question 14

B. F. Skinner

Answer 14

Operant conditioning. Conditioning which involves reinforcement.

Question 15

John. B. Watson.

Answer 15

Founded school if Behaviorism. Believed that everything could be explained by stimulus response chains. Conditioning is the key to these chains.

Question 16

Ivan Povlov

Answer 16

Classical conditioning. Organism responds to a neutral stimulus when paired with a not so neutral stimulus.

Question 17

E. L. Thorndike

Answer 17

Law of effect ~> precursor of operant conditioning. Cause and effect between behavior and reinforcement. People do what rewards them and stop doing what doesn’t.

Question 18

Kurt Lewin

Answer 18

Theory of association. Grouping of things based on place and time.

Question 19

Higher order conditioning

Second order conditioning

Answer 19

When previous CS are used as UCS, following an initial conditioning. If you condition a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell, using the bell to condition the dog to salivate at the sight of a light.

Question 20

Forward conditioning

Answer 20

Pairing of the CS and the UCS such that the CS is presented before the UCS.

Question 21

Delayed conditioning

Answer 21

A type of forward conditioning. The CS is presented. Then the UCS is presented. Then the CS is removed.

Question 22

Trace conditioning

Answer 22

A type of forward conditioning. The CS is presented and removed before the UCS is presented.

Question 23

Backward conditioning.

Answer 23

The CS is presented after the UCS is presented.

Question 24

Partial reinforcement schedule

Answer 24

Conditioning schedule where not all correct responses are met with reinforcement. The strategy requires a longer learning time, but once learned, these behaviors are more resistant to extinction. There are four distinct types.

Question 25

Continuous reinforcement schedule

Answer 25

Every correct response is met with some form of reinforcement. This type of reinforcement strategies facilitates the quickest learning, but also the most fragile learning. As soon as the reward stop coming, the animal stops performing.

Question 26

Fixed ratio schedule

Answer 26

A type of partial reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is delivered after a consistent number of responses. If the ratio is 6:1, and after every six correct responses there is a reward.

Question 27

Variable ratio schedule

Answer 27

A type of partial reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is delivered after a variable ratio. Instead of always being 6:1, it could be 3:1, or 10:1.

Question 28

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 28

A type of partial reinforcement schedule, fixed interval schedule provide rewards after a passage of a certain amount of time, rather than the number of correct behaviors.

Question 29

Variable interval schedule

Answer 29

A partial reinforcement schedule, in the variable interval schedule rewards are delivered after different periods of time.

Question 30

Token economy

Answer 30

An artificial many, many were individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers, often considered tokens. Desirable behavior reinforced with tokens which can be cashed in from our primary reinforcers such as candy, privileges, or cigarettes

Question 31

The Permack principle

Answer 31

The idea that people are motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they do like to do.

Question 32

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 32

The ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli

Question 33

Stimulus generalization

Answer 33

The opposite of stimulus discrimination. The inability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli.

Question 34

Aversive conditioning

Answer 34

Uses punishment to decrease the likelihood of the behavior

Question 35

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 35

The reappearance of an extinguished response even in the absence of further conditioning or training

Question 36

Superstitious behavior

Answer 36

Occurs when someone learns that a specific action causes an event, when in reality the two are unrelated.

Question 37

Chaining

Answer 37

The act of linking together a series of behaviors that ultimately result in reinforcement