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Individual differences UG > personality and intelligence > Flashcards

personality and intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

How does allport define personality?

A

Allport 1961
“Personality is: a dynamic organisation, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person’s characteristic patterns of behaviour, thoughts and feelings”.

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2
Q

What is another definition of personility?

A

Particular pattern of behaviour and thinking that prevails across time and situations and differentiates one person from another

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3
Q

What does knowing someones personality help us to do?

A

Helps us predict behaviour

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4
Q

personality is … and….. and is a psycholoigcal concept but is ….

A

organised and dynamic

linked to the physical body

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5
Q

what does personality is a causal force mean?

A

personality determines how a person relatesto the world

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6
Q

What are three ways personlity is displayed?

A

behaviours
thoughts
feelings

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7
Q

Personility can be considered traits or ….

A

types

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8
Q

How is personlity type defined?

A

qualitative differences beween people, categories in which a person can be assigned. Someone is one or the other.

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9
Q

How is persoanlity as traits defined?

A

Quantitative differences where there is a scale that a person can fall somewhere on in terms of that trait. We measure how much someon expresses a certain trait. Traits are responsible for our patterns of behaviour

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10
Q

Briefly the history of trait theories of personality

A
  1. allport 1930 pulled 4000 persoanlity words then left stable traits
    - Cattell 1940s 16 factors+ surface traits vs source traits
    - Eysenck 1970s 3 factors
    - McCrae and Costa 1980s the big five lead to NEO-PI test
    - Grit added
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11
Q

What are Eysencks 3 traits

A
  • extraversion vs introversion
  • neuroticism vs emotional stability
  • psychoticism vs self control
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12
Q

What is the difference between source traits and surface traits

A

Surface traits are the ones that are visible to others

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13
Q

What are the big five traits?

A
  • neuroticism
  • extrversion
  • openess
  • agreeableness
  • conscietntiousness
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14
Q

What is ‘grit’?

A

defines someones perseverance

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15
Q

Brief history ofpersonlity ideas

A

1/ astrology

  1. 4 bodily humours balance
  2. type of perspn based of of looks
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16
Q

What are two projective mesaures of personality?

A
  • rorschach inkblot
  • thematic apperception test (what is perceived from a picture)
  • interviews
17
Q

What are objective measures of personality?

A
  • Questionaires
  • IATS
  • Miinesota multiphasic personlity inventory (MMPI)
  • NEO-PI
18
Q

How stable is personality over the lifetime?

A

It is thought it is fairly stable and gets more stable as we get older
BUT
some traits increase (agreeableness and conscientiousness) while others decrease (openness to experience, neuroticism and extraversion)

19
Q

How is intelligence defined and is it concrete?

A

Intelligence is defined as bein endowed with the faculty of reason; alert, bright, quick of mind and mental rightness. But spencer had a different defintion and people argue there is many forms of intellegience

20
Q

Its is generally agreed that intellectual ability is underpinned by what?

A

General intelligence

21
Q

What is general intelligence?

A 
mental
-speed
-focus
-attention
-learning
-memory
perception
-capacity
motivation
-integration
22
Q

Describe the 2 factor theory of intelligence by spearman

A
  • G factor
  • S factor (specific to type of test)
  • analogy problems in intelligence testing
  • Factor analysis (common factors within tests identified)
23
Q

What is spearmans G factor?

A

The G factor is general to all tests.It looks at apprehension of experience (perceiving and understanding what you experience), eduction of relations (ability to understand the relationship between two things) and eduction of correlates (applying a rule from one case to another case)

24
Q

Describe the correlative/factor analysis theory of intelligence by thurstone and cattell

A
  • reject g factor
  • 7 primary mental abilities (compressed to A, B and C by ensynck then to fluid intelligence an crystallised intelligence by horn and cattell)
25
Q

What are the 7 primary mental abilities put forward by thurstone and cattell?

A
  • verbal comprehension
  • verbal fluency
  • numerical ability
  • spatial visualisation
  • memory
  • reasoning
  • perceptual speed
26
Q

What did Ensenck compress the 7 primary mental abilities to?

A

A- verbal aspects
B- numerical abilities
C- spatial ability

27
Q

What did horn and cattell compress the 7 primary mental abilities to?

A

Fluid intelligence- potential to learn and ability to interpret novel information
Crystallised intelligence- previously stored information

28
Q

What is the triacrhic theory of intelligence put forward by sternberg?

A

Looks at a persons practical ability to adapt to their environment

  • componential intelligence
  • experiential intelligence
  • contextual intelligence
29
Q

What is componential intelligence by sternberg?

A
  • meta components
  • performance components
  • knowledge acquisition
30
Q

What is experiential intelligence by sternberg?

A

novel tasks

automated tasks

31
Q

What is contextual intelligence by sternberg?

A
  • adaptation to environment
  • selection of suitable environment
  • shaping your environment
32
Q

Describe the multiple intelligences theory of intelligence

A 
Gardner 
not measurable by an IQ test
-linguistic
-musical
-logical/mathematical
-spatial
-bodily/kinetic
-interpersonal
-intrapersonal
33
Q

Who suggested emotional intelligence?

A

Goleman

34
Q

Describe process overlap theory of intelligence

A

• Process overlap theory suggest that all cognitive tasks require executive functions, these are domain general rather than specific, therefore they are recruited more so the processes overlap in what areas they use. This explains why there is a positive manifold (Spearman 1904) which refers to the phenomenon of variables being positively correlated.

35
Q

What theory of intelligence explains the phenomenon of things being positively correlated?

A

process overlap theory

36
Q

What is the flynn effect?

A

The phenomonon that over time since the WAIS emerged that peoples IQ seems to be increasing. This may be due to how we test intelligent not the actual intelligence of the person. It could be due to the way we are taught and what e are ex;osed to now.

37
Q

How do you assess the reliability of an intelligence test?

A

How similar a person scores when tested twice over a period of time.

38
Q

The brief history of intelligence testing and what is used now

A
  • Binet simon scale 1904
  • stanford binet scale 1916 calculated a ratio IQ and deviation IQ
  • WAIS 1955 used now

Individual differences UG (5 decks)

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