personality and intelligence Flashcards
How does allport define personality?
Allport 1961
“Personality is: a dynamic organisation, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person’s characteristic patterns of behaviour, thoughts and feelings”.
What is another definition of personility?
Particular pattern of behaviour and thinking that prevails across time and situations and differentiates one person from another
What does knowing someones personality help us to do?
Helps us predict behaviour
personality is … and….. and is a psycholoigcal concept but is ….
organised and dynamic
linked to the physical body
what does personality is a causal force mean?
personality determines how a person relatesto the world
What are three ways personlity is displayed?
behaviours
thoughts
feelings
Personility can be considered traits or ….
types
How is personlity type defined?
qualitative differences beween people, categories in which a person can be assigned. Someone is one or the other.
How is persoanlity as traits defined?
Quantitative differences where there is a scale that a person can fall somewhere on in terms of that trait. We measure how much someon expresses a certain trait. Traits are responsible for our patterns of behaviour
Briefly the history of trait theories of personality
- allport 1930 pulled 4000 persoanlity words then left stable traits
- Cattell 1940s 16 factors+ surface traits vs source traits
- Eysenck 1970s 3 factors
- McCrae and Costa 1980s the big five lead to NEO-PI test
- Grit added
What are Eysencks 3 traits
- extraversion vs introversion
- neuroticism vs emotional stability
- psychoticism vs self control
What is the difference between source traits and surface traits
Surface traits are the ones that are visible to others
What are the big five traits?
- neuroticism
- extrversion
- openess
- agreeableness
- conscietntiousness
What is ‘grit’?
defines someones perseverance
Brief history ofpersonlity ideas
1/ astrology
- 4 bodily humours balance
- type of perspn based of of looks
What are two projective mesaures of personality?
- rorschach inkblot
- thematic apperception test (what is perceived from a picture)
- interviews
What are objective measures of personality?
- Questionaires
- IATS
- Miinesota multiphasic personlity inventory (MMPI)
- NEO-PI
How stable is personality over the lifetime?
It is thought it is fairly stable and gets more stable as we get older
BUT
some traits increase (agreeableness and conscientiousness) while others decrease (openness to experience, neuroticism and extraversion)
How is intelligence defined and is it concrete?
Intelligence is defined as bein endowed with the faculty of reason; alert, bright, quick of mind and mental rightness. But spencer had a different defintion and people argue there is many forms of intellegience
Its is generally agreed that intellectual ability is underpinned by what?
General intelligence
What is general intelligence?
mental -speed -focus -attention -learning -memory perception -capacity motivation -integration
Describe the 2 factor theory of intelligence by spearman
- G factor
- S factor (specific to type of test)
- analogy problems in intelligence testing
- Factor analysis (common factors within tests identified)
What is spearmans G factor?
The G factor is general to all tests.It looks at apprehension of experience (perceiving and understanding what you experience), eduction of relations (ability to understand the relationship between two things) and eduction of correlates (applying a rule from one case to another case)
Describe the correlative/factor analysis theory of intelligence by thurstone and cattell
- reject g factor
- 7 primary mental abilities (compressed to A, B and C by ensynck then to fluid intelligence an crystallised intelligence by horn and cattell)
