How we differ

Question 1

What does the difference in prevalence of mental disorders in men and women suggest?

Answer 1

The fact the prevalence is difference suggests there is some gender factors influencing mental health disorders

Question 2

What may the influencing gender factors be?

Answer 2

• different hormonal levels
• sex chromosomes
• parental and societal expectations

Question 3

What is research which suggests that biologically males and females are the same?

Answer 3

Mondschein et al 2000 found that boy and girl babies had the same motor ability but that mothers consistently under estimated their girl babies than their boy babies who they over estimated

Question 4

What research suggests that men and women have biological/evolutionary differences

Answer 4

Alexander and Hunes 2002 found male monkeys were more likely to play with stereotypical male toys and female monkeys more female toys

Question 5

What is an allele?

Answer 5

Alternative forms of genes

Question 6

What are genes?

Answer 6

Regions of DNA made up of sequences of nucelotide bases. One gene makes one product

Question 7

Difference between homologous and heterozygous alleles?

Answer 7

Homologous alleles are recessive so need 2 in order to express the characteristic whereas heterozygous alleles are dominant so only need one for expression

Question 8

What is a locus?

Answer 8

The place a gene is found on the chromosome, genes found at the same locus of homologous chromosomes control the same thing

Question 9

What are the 5 nucleotides? What are three of them together?

Answer 9

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil
Three of these bases code for one amino acid- a triplet code

Question 10

Sometimes genetic differences can ….. of someone getting a disorder

Answer 10

change the probability

Question 11

What is a disease that is caused entirely by genetics?

Answer 11

Familial alzheimers disease- mutation of the amyloid precursor protein (APP).

Question 12

How are proteins made (brief)

Answer 12

Transcription (DNA to mRNA) then translation (mRNA to a product)

Question 13

The 4 structures a protein can be in

Answer 13

primary
secondary
tertiary
Quaternary

Question 14

What are the 4 types of proteins which may be made?

Answer 14

enzymes
structural proteins
neurotransmitters
receptors

Question 15

What does not entirely 100% concordance mean?

Answer 15

There must be other factors at play

Question 16

Briefly what are epigenetics

Answer 16

Marks on chromosomes which develop as a person grows up. They can alter how are genes work/are expressed.
They may be a mechanism by which the environment can alter our gene function

Question 17

Dutch winter famine study as support for epigenetics

Answer 17

sussr et al 1998, heijmans et al 2008 found an increase in CNS anomalies and schizophrenia in famine victims babies. The babies had reduced epigenetic markings showing how early experiences can impact future life and alter how our genes work.

Question 18

how may epigentics alter gene expression? But what it is they don’t change

Answer 18

➢ altering transcription machinery?
➢ altering translation machinery?
➢ altering protein processing
BUT they don’t change the underlying DNA sequence

Question 19

Are epigenetics reversible and heritable?

Answer 19

Yes they are heritable and reversible

Question 20

Define heritability

Answer 20

the degree of variation in a trait in a population that is the result of genetic variation between individuals (genetic variation)
Heritability is a measure of how well differences in people’s genes account for differences in their traits

Question 21

What is heredity?

Answer 21

Transmission of traits from parents to offspring

Question 22

What are environmental effects?

Answer 22

The degree of variation in a trait that is the result of external factors like environmental and or developmental pressures