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Individual differences UG > examples of disorders > Flashcards

examples of disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is social phobia defined as?

A

an exaggerated fear of one or more situations in which the person is exposed to possible scrutiny by others and fears that they may do something or act in a way that will be humiliating or embarsssing

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2
Q

Discuss how those with social phobias interpret things differently

A
  • increased vigilance of negative facial expressions (Mogg et al 2004 increased attentional bias to angry faces)
  • interpret ambiguous social events in a negative way
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3
Q

Generally phobias tend to over exaggerate what?

A

they tend to over exaggerate the stimuli they are scared of

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4
Q

What are the 4 methods of treatment of phobias?

A
  • Exposure therapy
  • Participant modelling and reinforcement
  • VR
  • Flooding/systematic desensitisation
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5
Q

5 explanations of phobias

A
  • preparedness hypothesis
  • maintained by cognitions (more alert/attentive to stimuli)
  • temperament/ personality
  • previous life experience
  • genetics
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6
Q

How can previous life experience affect phobias?

A
  • conditioning
  • escapable/ inescapable situations
  • post conditioning experience
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7
Q

What is the preparedness hypothesis of phobias?

A

Seligman said they was an evolutionary bias to fearful stimuli arguing they are beneficial and reasonable

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8
Q

What is OCD and what are its two main components?

A
  • what if disorder
  • obsessions (recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses and images which are anxiogenic)
  • compulsions (repetitive behaviours or mental acts which are thought to reduce stress of obsessions or are preventative)
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9
Q

What categories do compulsions tend to fit into to?

A
  • counting
  • checking
  • cleaning
  • avoidance
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10
Q

Aetiology of OCD (4)

A
  • behavioural (avoidance learning + conditioning)
  • genetics
  • abnormal brain functions
  • neurochemical differences (SSRIs used)
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11
Q

What abnormal brain functioning do people with OCD have?

A

difference in brain regions which are involved in motor inhibition and response control

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12
Q

How many subtypes of schizophrenia are there in the DSM 5?

A

14

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13
Q

What is schizophrenia categorised by? What are the two sub types of symptoms?

A

Categorised by disordered thought patterns and symptoms can be positive or negative

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14
Q

Some positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A
  • hallucinations
  • delusions
  • poor impulse control
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15
Q

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A
  • flattened emotions
  • poor speech
  • lack of initiative
  • social withdrawal
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16
Q

What is the difference between delusions of persecution and delusions of grandeur and delusions of control?

A

Delusion of persecution- think others are plotting against us
delusions of grandeur- think we have god like properties and are better than everyone else
delusions of control- someone is being controlled by someone or something else

17
Q

Schizophrenia is a …. disorder meaning patients display a wide ….

A

heterogeneous

range of symptoms and behaviour

18
Q

What is schizotypy?

A

This is where people display schizophrenic symptoms but not full blown schizophrenia. It is an intermediate pattern of behaviour

19
Q

Discuss brain size and schizophrenic individuals

A

Those with schizophrenia have been found to have larger ventricles in the brain and therefore less brain matter than normal people

20
Q

What is the law of thirds in schizophrenia?

A
  • third of people are institutionalised for life
  • third in remission and cured
  • third symptomatic and getting worse
21
Q

6 causes of schizophrenia

A
  • genetics
  • environment
  • neurochemical (dopamine hypothesis)
  • neurological (rain structure)
  • neurodevelopmental (when in womb)
  • family (high EE and double bind theory)
22
Q

What is a simple technique used to spot schizophrenia?

A
  • Wisconsin card sorting test
    Schizophrenics find it hard to change tactics and alter their behaviour so will find the switching rules in the test hard and score badly.
  • probability decision making- they will make decisions more impulsively with less information
23
Q

How is major depression defined?

A

chronic and persistent unhappiness

24
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria/ symptoms of major depression?

A
  • depressed/lack of interest for most of day, for most days, for at least 2 weeks
  • significant weight loss or gain
  • insomnia or hypersomnia
  • psychomotor agitation/retardation
  • fatigue/loss of energy
  • feelings of worthlessness/guilt
  • ability to think/concentrate
  • recurrent thoughts of death/suicide (ca. 15%)
25
Q

What are symptoms of mania?

A
  • Wildness
  • exuberance
  • unrealistic activity
  • rapid speech/thoughts
  • flighty behaviour
  • delusions
26
Q

Give 5 mood disorders

A
  • cyclothymia
  • bipolar II
  • Bipolar I
  • dysthemia
  • Unipolar/ Major depression
27
Q

What is cyclothymia?

A

lesser form of bipolar

28
Q

What is dysthemia?

A

less form of depression

29
Q

What is the possible aetiology of major depression?

A
  • cognitive
  • neurochemical imbalance (less serotonin and noradrenaline)
  • genetics
  • neuropathological and neuroanatomical
30
Q

What is the cognitive aetiology of major depression?

A
  • negative outlook on life
  • pessism
  • distorted view of releality
  • self blame
  • own inadequacies lead to the way the life is
  • BECKS COGNITIVE TRIAD
31
Q

What is the treatment for major depression?

A
  • CBT
  • Cognitive therapy based off Becks cognitive triad
  • antidepressant drugs
32
Q

List some antidepressants

A
  • SSRIs
  • Tricyclic
  • Antimanic
  • MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibtors)
  • dual action antidepressants (both block serotonin receptors and inhibit re uptake)
33
Q

What is bipolar disorder?

A

classified by periods of extreme depression and extreme mania

34
Q

What are the differences between the types of bipolar?

A

II is where there is depression and hypomania

I is where there is depression and mania

35
Q

What is the thinking about why the mania in bipolar occurs?

A

The mania is an extreme defence against the depression and a compensation

36
Q

What is used to treat bipolar? What occurs during curing?

A

Bidirectional mood stabilisers like lithium.

Once symptoms of depression disappears then so should the mania as the mania is a defence against the depression

Individual differences UG (5 decks)

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