Personality

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

Enduring patterns of thought, feeling, motivation and behavior that are expressed in different circumstances

Question 2

What do the different perspectives on personality all highlight

Answer 2

what is thought to be the central components of personality, motives, thoughts, feelings, traits, and behavior

Question 3

What are the three types of mental processes in Freud’s topographical model?

Answer 3

Conscious processes, pre conscious processes, unconscious processes

Question 4

What are conscious processes?

Answer 4

goal directed thoughts (Self awareness)

Question 5

What are pre conscious processes?

Answer 5

Those that are under the threshold of consciousness though can be called upon by awareness.

Question 6

What are unconscious processes?

Answer 6

irrational thoughts that are not logical though organized by associations, not accessible by consciousness. Have been supressed by consciousness to avoid distress.

Question 7

What is ambivalence?

Answer 7

conflicting feelings or motives that can play an important part in out lives.

Question 8

What is Freud’s Drive Model

Answer 8

Humans are motivated by two drives:
Aggressive drive
Sexual (libido) drive

Libido has a wider meaning according to Freud - Pleasure seeking and sensuality as well as desire for intercourse

Question 9

What is conflict?

Answer 9

A battle between conflicting motives that plays out in our lives.

Question 10

What are the stages of Freud’s Developmental Model?

Answer 10

Oral stage - 0-18 months - world explored through infants mouths
Anal stage - 2-3 years - conflicts with parents - association of pleasure with the anus
Phallic stage - 4-6 years - interest develops in the genitals - Oedipus complex - penis envy
Latency stage - 7-11 years - repression of sexual impulses - identification with same sex parent - asexual state
Genital stage - 12 - beyond - conscious sexuality returns after years of supression

Question 11

What is the Oedipus complex

Answer 11

Boys want an exclusive relationship with their mothers and girls want an exclusive relationship with their fathers.

Question 12

What comprises the structural model?

Answer 12

id - instinctive desires, store of sexual and aggressive energy, primary process thinking, ruled by pleasure principle
ego - balances what the id wants with what it can realistically get, juggles conflict between id and superego.
superego - the parent or moral guardian, in conflict with the id,

Question 13

What is a defence mechanism?

Answer 13

An unconscious mental process that protects a conscious person from unpleasant emotions

Question 14

Repression

Answer 14

a mechanism that prevents desires getting into our conscious mind

Question 15

Denial

Answer 15

the unconscious mind refuses to acknowledge the reality of something

Question 16

Projection

Answer 16

Where you don’t acknowledge one aspect of yourself though see the same desire in another person

Question 17

Reaction formation

Answer 17

Where you go to extreme lengths to engage in the opposite behaviour to what you really desire yourself

Question 18

Sublimation

Answer 18

converting sexual or aggressive impulses into socially acceptable activities

Question 19

Ratiionalisation

Answer 19

Explaining actions in a logical way to avoid uncomfortable feelings like guilt or shame

Question 20

Displacement

Answer 20

The direction of emotions away from the real target to another object or person.

Question 21

Regression

Answer 21

When under considerable stress an individual may revert to an earlier psychological state

Question 22

Passive aggression

Answer 22

the indirect expression of anger directed towards others

Question 23

Object Relations Theories

Answer 23

Enduring patterns of behaviour in intimate relationships and the motivational, cognitive, and affective processes that produce those patterns

Question 24

Major tests to asses unconscious patterns?

Answer 24

Life history methods

Projective tests

Question 25

What are the processes in the cognitive-social model?

Answer 25

``` Encoding Personal Values and Goals Expectancies Competences Self regulation ```

Question 26

Encoding

Answer 26

The personal constructs of individuals, experiencing the world differently

Question 27

Personal value and goals

Answer 27

The importance that we attach to outcomes or potential outcomes

Question 28

Expectancies

Answer 28

Behaviour outcome expectancy, a specific behaviour will lead to a specific outcome

Question 29

Competences

Answer 29

Skills and abilities to solve problems

Question 30

What is a trait?

Answer 30

emotional, cognitive, and behavioural tendencies that constitute underlying personality dimensions on which individuals can vary

Question 31

What are the three overreaching psychological traits according to Eysenck?

Answer 31

Extroversion - Introversion Neuroticism - emotional stability Psychoticism - Impulse Control

Question 32

What traits make up the big five?

Answer 32

``` Openness Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism ```

Question 33

What are the core assumptions of Rogers person cantered approach?

Answer 33

Humans are good by nature Self concept - organised patterns of thought about oneself that can diverge from the ideal self Humans have multiple selves, true, false, ideal

Question 34

What is existentialism?

Answer 34

Philosophy that focused on the subjective experience - systematic investigation of the nature of human existence with priority to the experiences of aloneness, death, and moral responcibility - humans create there world

Question 35

Heritabiility

Answer 35

The proportion of variance in a particular trait that is due to genetic influences - some traits have a greater heritability that others.