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PSY2001 > Personality 2/3 > Flashcards

Personality 2/3 Flashcards

1
Q

what factors may contribute to how personality develops?

A
  1. early childhood influences
  2. evolutionary pressures
  3. genetics
  4. brain functioning
  5. brain structure
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2
Q

how do we measure trait procrastination?

A

GPS-20 scale

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3
Q

what determines whether someone is prone to procrastination?

A

developmental influences (parenting style), genetic/evolutionary/brain structure perspectives (self control)

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4
Q

why might children who have overly critical demanding parents procrastinate?

A

learn to avoid tasks rather than risking failure so they aren’t evaluated on it

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5
Q

what did Pschyl et al (2002) hypothesise?

A

that parenting style would be related to self concept which would be related to a tendency to procrastinate

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6
Q

what did Psychyl et al explore?

A

gender differences in parents

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7
Q

low self concept =

A

high procrastination

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8
Q

responsive + demanding = _______, unresponsive + demanding = _______

A

authoritative, authoritarian

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9
Q

responsive + undemanding = ________, unresponsive + undemanding = ________

A

indulgent, neglectful

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10
Q

what type of study was Psychyl et al’s?

A

cross sectional study

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11
Q

did authoritative parenting cause procrastination in both males and females?

A

no > negative correlation. females = -0.52 for mothers and -0.38 for fathers > less of a tendency to procrastinate than authoritarian parents

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12
Q

what were the results for daughters in Psychyl et al’s study?

A

mothers parenting style predicted self worth which predicted procrastination, fathers parenting style had a DIRECT effect on procrastination even after controlling for self worth

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13
Q

what were the results for sons in Psychyl et al’s study?

A

no significant relationship between parenting styles, self concept and procrastination. may not effect boys in the same way

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14
Q

unobservable inherited genetic potential =

A

genotype

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15
Q

observable behavioural expression of the genotype in the environment =

A

phenotype

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16
Q

proportion of phenotypic variance in a sample explained by genetic factors =

A

heritability

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17
Q

how is the role of genetic vs. environmental influences assessed?

A

using twin studies (MZ and DZ twins) to compare concordance rates

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18
Q

the extent to which twins express the same trait =

A

concordance rate

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19
Q

method that determines the degree of shared characteristics between adopted children and their biological vs. adoptive parents =

A

adoptee method

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20
Q

implicit assumption that MZ and DZ twins are treated equally by others =

A

equal environment assumption

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21
Q

why is it important in behavioural genetic studies to determine the role of shared vs. non shared environments?

A

they give good evidence of where personality traits come from

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22
Q

what is personality known to be linked to?

A

impulsivity

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23
Q

describe the evolutionary account of how procrastination has evolved because it had evolutionary value

A

in early times, thinking about the future wasn’t advantageous and if plans/goals were set they would be put off (procrastinated) in the moment to survive, forage for food and act impulsively in dangerous environments. This lead to survival > pass on genes of impulsivity and procrastination

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24
Q

account that suggest procrastination arose as a by-product of impulsivity =

A

evolutionary account

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25
Q

if procrastination is a by-product of impulsivity then these 2 traits should be ______ and share some ______ _____ related to goal management

A

heritable, genetic variation

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26
Q

Gustavson et al (2014) conducted a behavioural genetics analysis of 347 MZ twins and 166 DZ twins. what were the findings?

A

procrastination was distinguishable from impulsivity at the phenotypic level (behaviour) not genotypic level. Shared genetic variation was explained by variations in goal management abilities

27
Q

__% of procrastination can be found to be heritable (Gustavson et al, 2014)

A

46%

28
Q

impulsivity was __% heritable (Gustavson et al, 2014)

A

49%

29
Q

is is definite that procrastination is a by-product of impulsivity?

A

maybe both show + correlations because procrastination may lead to impulsive responding after the long delay

30
Q

poor goal management is linked to poor _______ which is linked to poor _______ so this is linked to __________

A

self control, executive functions, procrastination

31
Q

set of general control mechanisms that are involved in many types of goal related abilities =

A

Executive functions

32
Q

how is EF assessed?

A

objective tasks (stroop, set-shifting tasks)

33
Q

Gustavson et al conducted a behavioural analysis looking at where procrastination and EF ability. what were the results?

A

procrastination related to worse EF ability and both the genotypic and phenotypic level. association explained by self report measures of everyday goal management failures. correlation was due to genetic influences rather than environmental influences

34
Q

why does it make sense that the correlation between procrastination and worse EF was due to genetic influences over non-shared environmental influences?

A

EF functions are at brain level so more likely to be a bigger effect with genetics

35
Q

who made up 2 hypotheses to address whether personality is stable or changing?

A

William James

36
Q

personality is changeable like plastic =

A

plasticity hypothesis

37
Q

personality is enduring like plaster =

A

plaster hypothesis

38
Q

which hypothesis did James support?

A

the plaster hypothesis stating that personality is set by 20-30 but before that its more changeable

39
Q

what did Soto et al, 2011 study?

A

whether personality can change over time (used cross sectional samples of whether individuals expressed different traits at different stages across lifespan)

40
Q

what trait in Soto et al’s study dips in teens (more impulsive/selfish) but then increases with age?

A

conscientiousness

41
Q

what trait in Soto et al’s study increases during anxious teen years and then declines?

A

neuroticism

42
Q

what trait in Soto et al’s study dips around the age of 20 and then increases?

A

openness

43
Q

what does interactionism suggest about life experiences and personality stability?

A

personality is shaped by environmental and social pressures it is exposed to

44
Q

what factors are involved with personality stability?

A

life experiences

genetic factors

45
Q

Specht et al (2011) conducted a 3 year longitudinal study looking at the big 5 traits in relation to age and life events. What were the life events assessed?

A

relationship changes
death of family member
household changes
occupational changes

46
Q

Specht et al (2011) conducted a 3 year longitudinal study looking at the big 5 traits in relation to age and life events. what were the measures?

A

mean level and rank order changes in personality

test-retest correlations measured

47
Q

what were the general findings from Specht et al (2011) study?

A

wasn’t huge changes in personality but changes seen made sense with personality trait and type of life event (levels changed depending on whether someone did or didn’t experience a certain life event)

48
Q

extraversion ______ after marriage as more time spent in a relationship

A

decreased

49
Q

agreeableness ______ after separation

A

decreased

50
Q

changes in conscientiousness showed ________ effects

A

socialisation

51
Q

divorce shows an ______ in conscientiousness

A

increase

52
Q

childbirth shows a ______ in conscientiousness

A

decrease

53
Q

retirement shows a ________ in conscientiousness

A

decrease

54
Q

new job shows an _________ in conscientiousness

A

increase

55
Q

longitudinal stability is ___ in childhood but increases substantially into ________

A

low, adulthood

56
Q

genetic and environmental influences both _______ in stability with age

A

increase

57
Q

Genetic influences exert a relatively ______ influence on stability across the lifespan and fully explain _______ stability at young ages.

A

constant, phenotypic

58
Q

do environmental contributions to stability exist in childhood?

A

no (virtually non existent) so any stability in childhood personality is due to genetic influence

59
Q

what does LOOPR project stand for?

A

Life Outcomes of Personality Replication

60
Q

how many studies did Soto successfully replicate?

A

87/88% of the hypothesised effects

61
Q

how strong were the effects replicated as the original effects?

A

77% > associations were robust

62
Q

what is the recent psychology replication crisis?

A

only 36% of studies have been found to be replicated (crisis state) > literature not accurate

63
Q

what did Soto examine when looking at the big 5 traits and how they are related to important life outcomes?

A

size and significance of correlations from original research (78 previously published studies) and new data collected > wanted to see if there was a replication crisis in personality research

PSY2001 (9 decks)

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