Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSY2001 > Personality 2/3 > Flashcards

Personality 2/3 Flashcards

1
Q

what factors may contribute to how personality develops?

A
  1. early childhood influences
  2. evolutionary pressures
  3. genetics
  4. brain functioning
  5. brain structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how do we measure trait procrastination?

A

GPS-20 scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what determines whether someone is prone to procrastination?

A

developmental influences (parenting style), genetic/evolutionary/brain structure perspectives (self control)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

why might children who have overly critical demanding parents procrastinate?

A

learn to avoid tasks rather than risking failure so they aren’t evaluated on it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what did Pschyl et al (2002) hypothesise?

A

that parenting style would be related to self concept which would be related to a tendency to procrastinate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what did Psychyl et al explore?

A

gender differences in parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

low self concept =

A

high procrastination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

responsive + demanding = _______, unresponsive + demanding = _______

A

authoritative, authoritarian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

responsive + undemanding = ________, unresponsive + undemanding = ________

A

indulgent, neglectful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what type of study was Psychyl et al’s?

A

cross sectional study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

did authoritative parenting cause procrastination in both males and females?

A

no > negative correlation. females = -0.52 for mothers and -0.38 for fathers > less of a tendency to procrastinate than authoritarian parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what were the results for daughters in Psychyl et al’s study?

A

mothers parenting style predicted self worth which predicted procrastination, fathers parenting style had a DIRECT effect on procrastination even after controlling for self worth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what were the results for sons in Psychyl et al’s study?

A

no significant relationship between parenting styles, self concept and procrastination. may not effect boys in the same way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

unobservable inherited genetic potential =

A

genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

observable behavioural expression of the genotype in the environment =

A

phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

proportion of phenotypic variance in a sample explained by genetic factors =

A

heritability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how is the role of genetic vs. environmental influences assessed?

A

using twin studies (MZ and DZ twins) to compare concordance rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the extent to which twins express the same trait =

A

concordance rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

method that determines the degree of shared characteristics between adopted children and their biological vs. adoptive parents =

A

adoptee method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

implicit assumption that MZ and DZ twins are treated equally by others =

A

equal environment assumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

why is it important in behavioural genetic studies to determine the role of shared vs. non shared environments?

A

they give good evidence of where personality traits come from

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is personality known to be linked to?

A

impulsivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

describe the evolutionary account of how procrastination has evolved because it had evolutionary value

A

in early times, thinking about the future wasn’t advantageous and if plans/goals were set they would be put off (procrastinated) in the moment to survive, forage for food and act impulsively in dangerous environments. This lead to survival > pass on genes of impulsivity and procrastination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

account that suggest procrastination arose as a by-product of impulsivity =

A

evolutionary account

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
if procrastination is a by-product of impulsivity then these 2 traits should be ______ and share some ______ _____ related to goal management
heritable, genetic variation
26
Gustavson et al (2014) conducted a behavioural genetics analysis of 347 MZ twins and 166 DZ twins. what were the findings?
procrastination was distinguishable from impulsivity at the phenotypic level (behaviour) not genotypic level. Shared genetic variation was explained by variations in goal management abilities
27
__% of procrastination can be found to be heritable (Gustavson et al, 2014)
46%
28
impulsivity was __% heritable (Gustavson et al, 2014)
49%
29
is is definite that procrastination is a by-product of impulsivity?
maybe both show + correlations because procrastination may lead to impulsive responding after the long delay
30
poor goal management is linked to poor _______ which is linked to poor _______ so this is linked to __________
self control, executive functions, procrastination
31
set of general control mechanisms that are involved in many types of goal related abilities =
Executive functions
32
how is EF assessed?
objective tasks (stroop, set-shifting tasks)
33
Gustavson et al conducted a behavioural analysis looking at where procrastination and EF ability. what were the results?
procrastination related to worse EF ability and both the genotypic and phenotypic level. association explained by self report measures of everyday goal management failures. correlation was due to genetic influences rather than environmental influences
34
why does it make sense that the correlation between procrastination and worse EF was due to genetic influences over non-shared environmental influences?
EF functions are at brain level so more likely to be a bigger effect with genetics
35
who made up 2 hypotheses to address whether personality is stable or changing?
William James
36
personality is changeable like plastic =
plasticity hypothesis
37
personality is enduring like plaster =
plaster hypothesis
38
which hypothesis did James support?
the plaster hypothesis stating that personality is set by 20-30 but before that its more changeable
39
what did Soto et al, 2011 study?
whether personality can change over time (used cross sectional samples of whether individuals expressed different traits at different stages across lifespan)
40
what trait in Soto et al's study dips in teens (more impulsive/selfish) but then increases with age?
conscientiousness
41
what trait in Soto et al's study increases during anxious teen years and then declines?
neuroticism
42
what trait in Soto et al's study dips around the age of 20 and then increases?
openness
43
what does interactionism suggest about life experiences and personality stability?
personality is shaped by environmental and social pressures it is exposed to
44
what factors are involved with personality stability?
life experiences | genetic factors
45
Specht et al (2011) conducted a 3 year longitudinal study looking at the big 5 traits in relation to age and life events. What were the life events assessed?
relationship changes death of family member household changes occupational changes
46
Specht et al (2011) conducted a 3 year longitudinal study looking at the big 5 traits in relation to age and life events. what were the measures?
mean level and rank order changes in personality | test-retest correlations measured
47
what were the general findings from Specht et al (2011) study?
wasn't huge changes in personality but changes seen made sense with personality trait and type of life event (levels changed depending on whether someone did or didn't experience a certain life event)
48
extraversion ______ after marriage as more time spent in a relationship
decreased
49
agreeableness ______ after separation
decreased
50
changes in conscientiousness showed ________ effects
socialisation
51
divorce shows an ______ in conscientiousness
increase
52
childbirth shows a ______ in conscientiousness
decrease
53
retirement shows a ________ in conscientiousness
decrease
54
new job shows an _________ in conscientiousness
increase
55
longitudinal stability is ___ in childhood but increases substantially into ________
low, adulthood
56
genetic and environmental influences both _______ in stability with age
increase
57
Genetic influences exert a relatively ______ influence on stability across the lifespan and fully explain _______ stability at young ages.
constant, phenotypic
58
do environmental contributions to stability exist in childhood?
no (virtually non existent) so any stability in childhood personality is due to genetic influence
59
what does LOOPR project stand for?
Life Outcomes of Personality Replication
60
how many studies did Soto successfully replicate?
87/88% of the hypothesised effects
61
how strong were the effects replicated as the original effects?
77% > associations were robust
62
what is the recent psychology replication crisis?
only 36% of studies have been found to be replicated (crisis state) > literature not accurate
63
what did Soto examine when looking at the big 5 traits and how they are related to important life outcomes?
size and significance of correlations from original research (78 previously published studies) and new data collected > wanted to see if there was a replication crisis in personality research

PSY2001 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions