Personality 1

Question 1

what are some characteristics of personality?

Answer 1

1. stable individual differences
2. present early in life
3. relatively consistent across time and place
4. distinguish the behaviour/thoughts/feelings of an individual

Question 2

how are personality differences expressed in people?

Answer 2

through emotions, behaviours, cognitions, motivations, social tendencies

Question 3

a stable aspect of personality that is inferred from behaviour, dimension to describe people according to the degree they manifest a particular characteristic =

Answer 3

trait

Question 4

traits assume characteristics are?

Answer 4

relatively stable over time and across situations

Question 5

how are traits considered continuous?

Answer 5

people can have more or less of a trait by demonstrating behaviour more frequently, with more intensity, across wider range of situations

Question 6

what are the big 5 higher order personality traits?

Answer 6

1. openness
2. conscientiousness
3. extroversion
4. agreeableness
5. neuroticism

Question 7

what are the HEXACO 6 higher order traits?

Answer 7

1. honesty/humility
2. emotionality
3. extraversion
4. agreeableness
5. conscientiousness
6. openness

Question 8

a profile of different combined traits =

Answer 8

types

Question 9

what are lower order traits derived from?

Answer 9

higher order traits

Question 10

lower order traits have ______ or ______ relationships with different higher order traits

Answer 10

positive, negative

Question 11

Big 5 factors provide ____ descriptions of human nature and have ______ bandwidth than narrower lower order traits

Answer 11

broad, greater

Question 12

what are the facets of higher order traits?

Answer 12

lower order traits (different components)

Question 13

what can higher order traits be used for to predict?

Answer 13

a wide range of consequential outcomes

Question 14

lower level traits give a _______ view and bandwidth the higher order traits

Answer 14

narrower

Question 15

why are narrow, lower order traits important for describing a narrower range of behaviour?

Answer 15

provide more specific and precise info about an individuals personality than broader higher order traits (MORE PREDICTIVE POWER AND PRECISION)

Question 16

why might the interpretation of a correlation between a narrower trait and outcome be be easier than for a broad trait?

Answer 16

narrower traits are linked to more specific ways of thinking/feeling/behaving

Question 17

conscientiousness (higher) might be better at explaining _____ a person is doing but optimism (lower) might be better at explaining ____

Answer 17

what, how

Question 18

common self regulation problem, delay in start/completion of important tasks despite recognition of consequences of delay =

Answer 18

dispositional procrastination

Question 19

trait procrastination is a lower order trait associated with?

Answer 19

high impulsivity
low conscientiousness
high neuroticism
low self efficacy

Question 20

what traits were thought to be predictors of hypertension and CVD in the study?

Answer 20

conscientiousness (higher)
agreeableness (higher)
procrastination (lower)

Question 21

prior to entering procrastination in the model, what trait was thought to be a significant predictor of HT/CVD?

Answer 21

low conscientiousness

Question 22

which trait was found to be the only predictor of HT/CVD and outperformed the other higher order traits?

Answer 22

procrastination

Question 23

risk expressed as a function of 1 point on the scale =

Answer 23

odds ratio

Question 24

for every 1 point increase, risk for HT/CVD increased by __% for procrastination

Answer 24

63

Question 25

what are 2 key predictors of developing HT?CVD?

Answer 25

poor health behaviours | stress

Question 26

which out of the 6 facets of conscientiousness (competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving, self discipline, deliberation) contributes to poor health behaviours?

Answer 26

self discipline (low)

Question 27

are the 6 facets of conscientiousness collectively strong predictors of the 2 key factors that predict HT/CVD (poor health behaviours and stress)?

Answer 27

no, only self discipline

Question 28

what has procrastination shown to contribute to in many studies?

Answer 28

poor health behaviours and high stress (even though lower order trait gives more explanation for risk of HT/CVD diseases)

Question 29

higher order = more ______, lower order = more _____ and better _______

Answer 29

bandwidth, precision, predictor

Question 30

who created the dark triad?

Answer 30

Paulhus & Williams, 2002

Question 31

what are qualities of a character with dark triad traits?

Answer 31

``` socially malevolent self promotion emotional coldness duplicity aggressiveness ```

Question 32

what are the 3 traits in the dark triad?

Answer 32

Machiavellianism Narcissism Psychopathy

Question 33

manipulation and exploitation of others, absence of morality, unemotional, high level of self interest = what dark triad trait?

Answer 33

machiavellianism

Question 34

grandiosity, pride, egotism, lack of empathy = what trait?

Answer 34

narcissism

Question 35

continuous antisocial behaviour, impulsivity, selfishness, remorselessness = which dark triad trait?

Answer 35

psychopathy

Question 36

when the dark triad are compared with other factors, these help an individual acquire positions of leadership. what are these factors?

Answer 36

intelligence | physical attractiveness

Question 37

who created the light triad?

Answer 37

Kaufman et al, 2019

Question 38

what 3 facets comprise the light triad?

Answer 38

kantianism humanism faith in humanity

Question 39

people are not just there to get what you want from them = which light triad trait?

Answer 39

kantianism

Question 40

valuing dignity and worth of each individual =

Answer 40

humanism

Question 41

believing in fundamental goodness of humans =

Answer 41

faith in humanity

Question 42

what scale was used in Kaufman et al's study to measure the dark and light triad traits?

Answer 42

the nomological network

Question 43

network of traits, qualities and outcomes that you would expect to be associated with a trait to demonstrate it is a valid construct =

Answer 43

nomological network

Question 44

what were the results from Kaufman et al's dark vs. light triad study?

Answer 44

light triad related to positive life outcomes and well-being. negative correlation of -0.48. variance is 25%. scatterplot showed that most people fall in light triad

Question 45

what were the results/characteristics of people that fall in the dark triad?

Answer 45

younger, male motivated by power/sex/achievement immature defence styles selfish self enhancement values LOWER life satisfaction/compassion/belief others are good/belief oneself is good

Question 46

what were the results/characteristics of people that fall in the light triad?

Answer 46

older, female spiritual LOWER childhood unpredictability, accepting, compassion, high life satisfaction, + enthusiasm, belief that others and oneself is good

Question 47

dark triad ppts had a ______ number of sexual partners, creativity, bravery, assertiveness and leadership

Answer 47

greater

Question 48

light triad ppts had ______ motives for self enhancement/achievement

Answer 48

weaker

Question 49

what were some of the limitations of Kaufman et al's study?

Answer 49

self report measures > lead to SOCIAL DESIRABILITY BIAS, (consider other methods for assessing the validity of both triads?) samples used > cultural limitations, WEIRD samples, low ecological validity (need a measure of how a scale predicts behaviours in real world settings)