Personality 1 Flashcards
what are some characteristics of personality?
- stable individual differences
- present early in life
- relatively consistent across time and place
- distinguish the behaviour/thoughts/feelings of an individual
how are personality differences expressed in people?
through emotions, behaviours, cognitions, motivations, social tendencies
a stable aspect of personality that is inferred from behaviour, dimension to describe people according to the degree they manifest a particular characteristic =
trait
traits assume characteristics are?
relatively stable over time and across situations
how are traits considered continuous?
people can have more or less of a trait by demonstrating behaviour more frequently, with more intensity, across wider range of situations
what are the big 5 higher order personality traits?
- openness
- conscientiousness
- extroversion
- agreeableness
- neuroticism
what are the HEXACO 6 higher order traits?
- honesty/humility
- emotionality
- extraversion
- agreeableness
- conscientiousness
- openness
a profile of different combined traits =
types
what are lower order traits derived from?
higher order traits
lower order traits have ______ or ______ relationships with different higher order traits
positive, negative
Big 5 factors provide ____ descriptions of human nature and have ______ bandwidth than narrower lower order traits
broad, greater
what are the facets of higher order traits?
lower order traits (different components)
what can higher order traits be used for to predict?
a wide range of consequential outcomes
lower level traits give a _______ view and bandwidth the higher order traits
narrower
why are narrow, lower order traits important for describing a narrower range of behaviour?
provide more specific and precise info about an individuals personality than broader higher order traits (MORE PREDICTIVE POWER AND PRECISION)
why might the interpretation of a correlation between a narrower trait and outcome be be easier than for a broad trait?
narrower traits are linked to more specific ways of thinking/feeling/behaving
conscientiousness (higher) might be better at explaining _____ a person is doing but optimism (lower) might be better at explaining ____
what, how
common self regulation problem, delay in start/completion of important tasks despite recognition of consequences of delay =
dispositional procrastination
trait procrastination is a lower order trait associated with?
high impulsivity
low conscientiousness
high neuroticism
low self efficacy
what traits were thought to be predictors of hypertension and CVD in the study?
conscientiousness (higher)
agreeableness (higher)
procrastination (lower)
prior to entering procrastination in the model, what trait was thought to be a significant predictor of HT/CVD?
low conscientiousness
which trait was found to be the only predictor of HT/CVD and outperformed the other higher order traits?
procrastination
risk expressed as a function of 1 point on the scale =
odds ratio
for every 1 point increase, risk for HT/CVD increased by __% for procrastination
63
what are 2 key predictors of developing HT?CVD?
poor health behaviours
stress
which out of the 6 facets of conscientiousness (competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving, self discipline, deliberation) contributes to poor health behaviours?
self discipline (low)
are the 6 facets of conscientiousness collectively strong predictors of the 2 key factors that predict HT/CVD (poor health behaviours and stress)?
no, only self discipline
what has procrastination shown to contribute to in many studies?
poor health behaviours and high stress (even though lower order trait gives more explanation for risk of HT/CVD diseases)
higher order = more ______, lower order = more _____ and better _______
bandwidth, precision, predictor
who created the dark triad?
Paulhus & Williams, 2002
what are qualities of a character with dark triad traits?
socially malevolent self promotion emotional coldness duplicity aggressiveness
what are the 3 traits in the dark triad?
Machiavellianism
Narcissism
Psychopathy
manipulation and exploitation of others, absence of morality, unemotional, high level of self interest = what dark triad trait?
machiavellianism
grandiosity, pride, egotism, lack of empathy = what trait?
narcissism
continuous antisocial behaviour, impulsivity, selfishness, remorselessness = which dark triad trait?
psychopathy
when the dark triad are compared with other factors, these help an individual acquire positions of leadership. what are these factors?
intelligence
physical attractiveness
who created the light triad?
Kaufman et al, 2019
what 3 facets comprise the light triad?
kantianism
humanism
faith in humanity
people are not just there to get what you want from them = which light triad trait?
kantianism
valuing dignity and worth of each individual =
humanism
believing in fundamental goodness of humans =
faith in humanity
what scale was used in Kaufman et al’s study to measure the dark and light triad traits?
the nomological network
network of traits, qualities and outcomes that you would expect to be associated with a trait to demonstrate it is a valid construct =
nomological network
what were the results from Kaufman et al’s dark vs. light triad study?
light triad related to positive life outcomes and well-being. negative correlation of -0.48. variance is 25%. scatterplot showed that most people fall in light triad
what were the results/characteristics of people that fall in the dark triad?
younger, male
motivated by power/sex/achievement immature defence styles
selfish
self enhancement values
LOWER life satisfaction/compassion/belief others are good/belief oneself is good
what were the results/characteristics of people that fall in the light triad?
older, female
spiritual
LOWER childhood unpredictability, accepting, compassion, high life satisfaction, + enthusiasm, belief that others and oneself is good
dark triad ppts had a ______ number of sexual partners, creativity, bravery, assertiveness and leadership
greater
light triad ppts had ______ motives for self enhancement/achievement
weaker
what were some of the limitations of Kaufman et al’s study?
self report measures > lead to SOCIAL DESIRABILITY BIAS, (consider other methods for assessing the validity of both triads?) samples used > cultural limitations, WEIRD samples, low ecological validity (need a measure of how a scale predicts behaviours in real world settings)
