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Psychology - Intro PSB100 > Personality 2 > Flashcards

Personality 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Term

A

Definition

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2
Q

Personality

A

A unique and enduring set of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions that characterize an individual and influence their interactions with the environment.

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3
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

A theoretical approach to understanding personality, primarily associated with Sigmund Freud, which emphasizes the role of unconscious processes, inner conflicts, and early childhood experiences.

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4
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory

A

Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality that emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind, the role of childhood experiences, and the importance of sexual and aggressive instincts in shaping behavior.

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5
Q

Neoanalytic Approaches

A

Theories that build upon or deviate from Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, often placing less emphasis on sexuality and more on social and cultural factors.

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6
Q

Phenomenological-Humanistic Perspective

A

A theoretical perspective that emphasizes the subjective experiences, self-awareness, and personal growth of individuals.

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7
Q

Personal Construct Theory

A

George Kelly’s theory suggesting that individuals interpret and predict events based on their unique set of cognitive constructs or mental filters.

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8
Q

Self-Actualization

A

In the context of humanistic psychology, the process of realizing and fulfilling one’s potential and capabilities.

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9
Q

Trait Perspective

A

An approach to understanding personality that focuses on identifying and measuring individual traits or characteristics that make up personality.

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10
Q

Factor Analytic Approaches

A

Methods that use statistical techniques to identify underlying factors that explain patterns of correlations among various traits.

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11
Q

Biological Foundations of Personality

A

The study of how genetic and neurological factors contribute to the development and expression of personality traits.

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12
Q

Social-Cognitive Perspective

A

A theoretical approach that emphasizes the influence of cognitive processes, such as perception, memory, and thoughts, in shaping personality.

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13
Q

Locus of Control

A

A concept in social-cognitive theory referring to an individual’s belief in the extent to which they can control events that affect them.

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14
Q

Cognitive-Affective Personality System

A

A model proposed by Walter Mischel and Yuichi Shoda, suggesting that personality traits are not fixed but vary depending on the situation.

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15
Q

Culture and Personality

A

The study of how cultural factors influence the development and expression of personality.

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16
Q

Personality Assessment

A

Methods and tools used to measure and evaluate personality traits, including interviews, behavioral assessment, personality scales, and projective tests.

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17
Q

Projective Tests

A

Personality assessments that involve presenting individuals with ambiguous stimuli and analyzing their responses to reveal underlying thoughts, emotions, and personality dynamics.

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18
Q

Culture Differences

A

Variations in behaviors, values, and customs among different cultural groups.

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19
Q

Conceptions of Personality

A

Diverse perspectives and beliefs about what constitutes personality and how it develops.

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20
Q

Gender Schemas

A

Cognitive structures that organize and influence the processing of gender-related information.

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21
Q

Cyberculture and Personality

A

The impact of digital and online environments on the formation and expression of personality traits.

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22
Q

Personality, Culture, and the Stolen Generations

A

Exploration of the psychological impact of cultural displacement, as seen in the historical context of the Stolen Generations in Australia.

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23
Q

Personality Distortions and Schemas

A

The role of cognitive schemas in shaping memory and perception, leading to memory distortions and the construction of false memories.

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24
Q

Memory Illusions

A

Instances where individuals remember events or details differently from how they occurred, influenced by cognitive processes and schemas.

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25
Q

Misinformation Effects

A

The phenomenon where exposure to misleading information can alter an individual’s memory of an event.

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26
Q

Child as Eyewitness

A

The challenges and limitations associated with children serving as eyewitnesses in legal settings.

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27
Q

Recovered-Memory Controversy

A

Debates and controversies surrounding the accuracy and validity of recovered memories, often associated with traumatic events.

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28
Q

Culture and Memory Construction

A

The influence of cultural factors on the construction and interpretation of memories.

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29
Q

Memory and the Brain

A

An exploration of where and how memories are formed and stored in the brain.

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30
Q

Formation of Memories

A

The processes involved in the creation and consolidation of memories, including encoding, storage, and retrieval.

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31
Q

Levels of Analysis - Memory

A

Different perspectives and approaches to studying memory, ranging from biological and neurological to cognitive and social.

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32
Q

Can Memories Transcend Generations?

A

An exploration of the potential transmission of memories across generations, examining cultural and biological aspects.

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33
Q

Australian Perspective on Memory

A

Consideration of how cultural and historical factors in Australia may influence memory processes and collective memory.

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34
Q

Improving Memory and Academic Learning

A

Practical strategies and interventions to enhance memory and optimize academic learning.

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35
Q

Memory Processes

A

The various stages involved in memory, including encoding, storage, and retrieval.

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36
Q

Memory Retrieval

A

The process of accessing and recalling stored information from memory.

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37
Q

Forgetting Mechanisms

A

The different factors and mechanisms contributing to forgetting in memory.

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38
Q

Prospective Memory

A

Remembering to perform intended actions or tasks in the future.

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39
Q

Amnesia

A

A condition characterized by partial or total loss of memory, often due to brain injury or trauma.

40
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

A neurodegenerative disorder leading to progressive memory loss and cognitive decline.

41
Q

Memory Construction

A

The process of forming memories that may be influenced by external information or internal biases.

42
Q

Memory Distortion

A

Alterations or changes in the content or structure of a memory over time.

43
Q

Sensory Memory

A

The initial stage of memory that briefly holds incoming sensory information.

44
Q

Working Memory

A

A system responsible for temporarily holding and manipulating information needed for cognitive tasks.

45
Q

Levels of Processing

A

A theory suggesting that the depth of processing influences the encoding and retrieval of information.

46
Q

Exposure and Rehearsal

A

The role of repeated exposure and rehearsal in enhancing memory retention.

47
Q

Organization and Imagery

A

Memory techniques involving the organization and visualization of information to aid memory.

48
Q

Effortful vs. Automatic Processing

A

Distinguishing between conscious, effortful processing and automatic, unconscious processing in memory.

49
Q

Distinctiveness in Memory

A

The principle that distinctive information is better remembered than common information.

50
Q

Arousal, Emotion, and Memory

A

How heightened arousal and emotional experiences can influence the encoding and retrieval of memories.

51
Q

State-Dependent Memory

A

The phenomenon where memory retrieval is influenced by the individual’s internal state or mood during encoding.

52
Q

Cognitive-Affective Theories of Emotion

A

Perspectives that highlight the interplay between cognitive appraisal and emotional experience.

53
Q

Happiness and Emotion

A

Exploring the factors contributing to happiness and its relationship with emotional experiences.

54
Q

Memory Errors

A

Common types of memory mistakes or errors, such as misattribution, suggestibility, and bias.

55
Q

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

A

A therapeutic approach that addresses maladaptive thoughts, behaviors, and emotions to improve mental health.

56
Q

Trait Perspective

A

A view of personality that identifies and measures specific characteristics or traits.

57
Q

Biological Foundations

A

The role of genetics and the nervous system in shaping personality.

58
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

An approach to understanding personality that emphasizes the role of unconscious processes, early experiences, and inner conflicts.

59
Q

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

A

Sigmund Freud’s theory proposing that personality is shaped by the interplay of unconscious forces, including the id, ego, and superego.

60
Q

Neoanalytic and Object Relations Approaches

A

Theories building on Freud’s ideas, focusing on interpersonal relationships and the impact of early attachment experiences on personality.

61
Q

George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory

A

A cognitive theory suggesting that individuals develop unique cognitive systems, or personal constructs, to interpret and predict events.

62
Q

Carl Rogers’s Theory of the Self

A

A humanistic theory proposing that personality develops through the formation of the self-concept and the need for positive regard.

63
Q

Self-Actualization

A

In humanistic psychology, the process of realizing and fulfilling one’s potential and capabilities.

64
Q

Trait

A

A stable and enduring characteristic that influences an individual’s behavior.

65
Q

Factor Analytic Approaches

A

Methods of identifying and measuring personality traits through statistical analysis.

66
Q

Biological Foundations

A

The role of genetics and the nervous system in shaping personality.

67
Q

Julian Rotter: Expectancy, Reinforcement Value, and Locus of Control

A

Rotter’s social-cognitive theory emphasizing the role of expectations and perceived control in shaping behavior.

68
Q

Albert Bandura: Social Learning and Self-Efficacy

A

Bandura’s theory highlighting the importance of observational learning and the belief in one’s ability to succeed (self-efficacy).

69
Q

Walter Mischel and Yuichi Shoda: The Cognitive-Affective Personality System

A

Mischel and Shoda’s theory proposing that behavior is influenced by both situational factors and individual differences in cognitive-affective processing.

70
Q

Reconciling Personality Coherence with Behavioral Inconsistency

A

Addressing the challenge of explaining consistent patterns of behavior while acknowledging variability in different situations.

71
Q

Culture, Gender, and Personality

A

Exploring how cultural and gender factors influence the expression and interpretation of personality traits.

72
Q

Conceptions of Personality

A

Different ways cultures conceptualize and define personality.

73
Q

Gender Schemas

A

Cognitive structures influencing the ways individuals perceive and behave in accordance with gender roles.

74
Q

Interviews

A

A method of personality assessment involving direct verbal interaction with an individual to gather information about their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

75
Q

Behavioral Assessment

A

Observing and measuring behavior directly to assess personality traits.

76
Q

Remote Behavior Sampling

A

Gathering information about an individual’s behavior in real-time using technology.

77
Q

Personality Scales

A

Standardized questionnaires or inventories designed to measure personality traits.

78
Q

Projective Tests

A

Personality assessments involving ambiguous stimuli to elicit responses that reveal aspects of an individual’s personality.

79
Q

Defense Mechanism

A

Psychological strategies that individuals unconsciously use to protect themselves from anxiety-provoking thoughts or feelings.

80
Q

Repression

A

Unconscious exclusion of unpleasant or unwanted memories, thoughts, or feelings from awareness.

81
Q

Projection

A

Attributing one’s own undesirable thoughts or emotions to someone else.

82
Q

Denial

A

Refusing to acknowledge or accept the reality of a situation or one’s own feelings.

83
Q

Rationalization

A

Providing logical or reasonable explanations for behaviors or thoughts that are actually irrational or unreasonable.

84
Q

Sublimation

A

Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities.

85
Q

Humanistic Approach

A

Psychological perspective emphasizing the importance of subjective experience, personal growth, and the fulfillment of human potential.

86
Q

Carl Rogers

A

American psychologist and one of the founders of humanistic psychology

87
Q

Gordon Allport

A

American psychologist, one of the pioneers of personality psychology. Known for his trait theory and the idea of cardinal, central, and secondary traits.

88
Q

Modern Trait Theories

A

Contemporary approaches to understanding personality traits, often using statistical methods and factor analysis to identify and describe key dimensions of personality.

89
Q

Big Five Personality Traits

A

A widely accepted model that includes five major dimensions: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

90
Q

Trait Neuroticism

A

A personality trait characterized by emotional instability, anxiety, moodiness, and a higher likelihood of experiencing negative emotions.

91
Q

Trait Conscientiousness

A

A personality trait characterized by organization, dependability, goal-directed behavior, and a focus on planning and achievement.

92
Q

Trait Openness

A

A personality trait characterized by a preference for novelty, curiosity, creativity, and an openness to new experiences and ideas.

93
Q

Trait Agreeableness

A

A personality trait characterized by warmth, kindness, cooperation, and a general concern for others.

94
Q

Trait Extraversion

A

A personality trait characterized by sociability, assertiveness, talkativeness, and a preference for social interactions.

95
Q

Trait Closeness

A

A personality trait characterized by emotional warmth, attachment, and a tendency to form close and meaningful relationships.

Psychology - Intro PSB100 (6 decks)

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