Personality 2 Flashcards
Term
Definition
Personality
A unique and enduring set of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions that characterize an individual and influence their interactions with the environment.
Psychodynamic Perspective
A theoretical approach to understanding personality, primarily associated with Sigmund Freud, which emphasizes the role of unconscious processes, inner conflicts, and early childhood experiences.
Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality that emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind, the role of childhood experiences, and the importance of sexual and aggressive instincts in shaping behavior.
Neoanalytic Approaches
Theories that build upon or deviate from Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, often placing less emphasis on sexuality and more on social and cultural factors.
Phenomenological-Humanistic Perspective
A theoretical perspective that emphasizes the subjective experiences, self-awareness, and personal growth of individuals.
Personal Construct Theory
George Kelly’s theory suggesting that individuals interpret and predict events based on their unique set of cognitive constructs or mental filters.
Self-Actualization
In the context of humanistic psychology, the process of realizing and fulfilling one’s potential and capabilities.
Trait Perspective
An approach to understanding personality that focuses on identifying and measuring individual traits or characteristics that make up personality.
Factor Analytic Approaches
Methods that use statistical techniques to identify underlying factors that explain patterns of correlations among various traits.
Biological Foundations of Personality
The study of how genetic and neurological factors contribute to the development and expression of personality traits.
Social-Cognitive Perspective
A theoretical approach that emphasizes the influence of cognitive processes, such as perception, memory, and thoughts, in shaping personality.
Locus of Control
A concept in social-cognitive theory referring to an individual’s belief in the extent to which they can control events that affect them.
Cognitive-Affective Personality System
A model proposed by Walter Mischel and Yuichi Shoda, suggesting that personality traits are not fixed but vary depending on the situation.
Culture and Personality
The study of how cultural factors influence the development and expression of personality.
Personality Assessment
Methods and tools used to measure and evaluate personality traits, including interviews, behavioral assessment, personality scales, and projective tests.
Projective Tests
Personality assessments that involve presenting individuals with ambiguous stimuli and analyzing their responses to reveal underlying thoughts, emotions, and personality dynamics.
Culture Differences
Variations in behaviors, values, and customs among different cultural groups.
Conceptions of Personality
Diverse perspectives and beliefs about what constitutes personality and how it develops.
Gender Schemas
Cognitive structures that organize and influence the processing of gender-related information.
Cyberculture and Personality
The impact of digital and online environments on the formation and expression of personality traits.
Personality, Culture, and the Stolen Generations
Exploration of the psychological impact of cultural displacement, as seen in the historical context of the Stolen Generations in Australia.
Personality Distortions and Schemas
The role of cognitive schemas in shaping memory and perception, leading to memory distortions and the construction of false memories.
Memory Illusions
Instances where individuals remember events or details differently from how they occurred, influenced by cognitive processes and schemas.
Misinformation Effects
The phenomenon where exposure to misleading information can alter an individual’s memory of an event.
Child as Eyewitness
The challenges and limitations associated with children serving as eyewitnesses in legal settings.
Recovered-Memory Controversy
Debates and controversies surrounding the accuracy and validity of recovered memories, often associated with traumatic events.
Culture and Memory Construction
The influence of cultural factors on the construction and interpretation of memories.
Memory and the Brain
An exploration of where and how memories are formed and stored in the brain.
Formation of Memories
The processes involved in the creation and consolidation of memories, including encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Levels of Analysis - Memory
Different perspectives and approaches to studying memory, ranging from biological and neurological to cognitive and social.
Can Memories Transcend Generations?
An exploration of the potential transmission of memories across generations, examining cultural and biological aspects.
Australian Perspective on Memory
Consideration of how cultural and historical factors in Australia may influence memory processes and collective memory.
Improving Memory and Academic Learning
Practical strategies and interventions to enhance memory and optimize academic learning.
Memory Processes
The various stages involved in memory, including encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Memory Retrieval
The process of accessing and recalling stored information from memory.
Forgetting Mechanisms
The different factors and mechanisms contributing to forgetting in memory.
Prospective Memory
Remembering to perform intended actions or tasks in the future.
Amnesia
A condition characterized by partial or total loss of memory, often due to brain injury or trauma.
Alzheimer’s Disease
A neurodegenerative disorder leading to progressive memory loss and cognitive decline.
Memory Construction
The process of forming memories that may be influenced by external information or internal biases.
Memory Distortion
Alterations or changes in the content or structure of a memory over time.
Sensory Memory
The initial stage of memory that briefly holds incoming sensory information.
Working Memory
A system responsible for temporarily holding and manipulating information needed for cognitive tasks.
Levels of Processing
A theory suggesting that the depth of processing influences the encoding and retrieval of information.
Exposure and Rehearsal
The role of repeated exposure and rehearsal in enhancing memory retention.
Organization and Imagery
Memory techniques involving the organization and visualization of information to aid memory.
Effortful vs. Automatic Processing
Distinguishing between conscious, effortful processing and automatic, unconscious processing in memory.
Distinctiveness in Memory
The principle that distinctive information is better remembered than common information.
Arousal, Emotion, and Memory
How heightened arousal and emotional experiences can influence the encoding and retrieval of memories.
State-Dependent Memory
The phenomenon where memory retrieval is influenced by the individual’s internal state or mood during encoding.
Cognitive-Affective Theories of Emotion
Perspectives that highlight the interplay between cognitive appraisal and emotional experience.
Happiness and Emotion
Exploring the factors contributing to happiness and its relationship with emotional experiences.
Memory Errors
Common types of memory mistakes or errors, such as misattribution, suggestibility, and bias.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
A therapeutic approach that addresses maladaptive thoughts, behaviors, and emotions to improve mental health.
Trait Perspective
A view of personality that identifies and measures specific characteristics or traits.
Biological Foundations
The role of genetics and the nervous system in shaping personality.
Psychodynamic Perspective
An approach to understanding personality that emphasizes the role of unconscious processes, early experiences, and inner conflicts.
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud’s theory proposing that personality is shaped by the interplay of unconscious forces, including the id, ego, and superego.
Neoanalytic and Object Relations Approaches
Theories building on Freud’s ideas, focusing on interpersonal relationships and the impact of early attachment experiences on personality.
George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory
A cognitive theory suggesting that individuals develop unique cognitive systems, or personal constructs, to interpret and predict events.
Carl Rogers’s Theory of the Self
A humanistic theory proposing that personality develops through the formation of the self-concept and the need for positive regard.
Self-Actualization
In humanistic psychology, the process of realizing and fulfilling one’s potential and capabilities.
Trait
A stable and enduring characteristic that influences an individual’s behavior.
Factor Analytic Approaches
Methods of identifying and measuring personality traits through statistical analysis.
Biological Foundations
The role of genetics and the nervous system in shaping personality.
Julian Rotter: Expectancy, Reinforcement Value, and Locus of Control
Rotter’s social-cognitive theory emphasizing the role of expectations and perceived control in shaping behavior.
Albert Bandura: Social Learning and Self-Efficacy
Bandura’s theory highlighting the importance of observational learning and the belief in one’s ability to succeed (self-efficacy).
Walter Mischel and Yuichi Shoda: The Cognitive-Affective Personality System
Mischel and Shoda’s theory proposing that behavior is influenced by both situational factors and individual differences in cognitive-affective processing.
Reconciling Personality Coherence with Behavioral Inconsistency
Addressing the challenge of explaining consistent patterns of behavior while acknowledging variability in different situations.
Culture, Gender, and Personality
Exploring how cultural and gender factors influence the expression and interpretation of personality traits.
Conceptions of Personality
Different ways cultures conceptualize and define personality.
Gender Schemas
Cognitive structures influencing the ways individuals perceive and behave in accordance with gender roles.
Interviews
A method of personality assessment involving direct verbal interaction with an individual to gather information about their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Behavioral Assessment
Observing and measuring behavior directly to assess personality traits.
Remote Behavior Sampling
Gathering information about an individual’s behavior in real-time using technology.
Personality Scales
Standardized questionnaires or inventories designed to measure personality traits.
Projective Tests
Personality assessments involving ambiguous stimuli to elicit responses that reveal aspects of an individual’s personality.
Defense Mechanism
Psychological strategies that individuals unconsciously use to protect themselves from anxiety-provoking thoughts or feelings.
Repression
Unconscious exclusion of unpleasant or unwanted memories, thoughts, or feelings from awareness.
Projection
Attributing one’s own undesirable thoughts or emotions to someone else.
Denial
Refusing to acknowledge or accept the reality of a situation or one’s own feelings.
Rationalization
Providing logical or reasonable explanations for behaviors or thoughts that are actually irrational or unreasonable.
Sublimation
Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities.
Humanistic Approach
Psychological perspective emphasizing the importance of subjective experience, personal growth, and the fulfillment of human potential.
Carl Rogers
American psychologist and one of the founders of humanistic psychology
Gordon Allport
American psychologist, one of the pioneers of personality psychology. Known for his trait theory and the idea of cardinal, central, and secondary traits.
Modern Trait Theories
Contemporary approaches to understanding personality traits, often using statistical methods and factor analysis to identify and describe key dimensions of personality.
Big Five Personality Traits
A widely accepted model that includes five major dimensions: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
Trait Neuroticism
A personality trait characterized by emotional instability, anxiety, moodiness, and a higher likelihood of experiencing negative emotions.
Trait Conscientiousness
A personality trait characterized by organization, dependability, goal-directed behavior, and a focus on planning and achievement.
Trait Openness
A personality trait characterized by a preference for novelty, curiosity, creativity, and an openness to new experiences and ideas.
Trait Agreeableness
A personality trait characterized by warmth, kindness, cooperation, and a general concern for others.
Trait Extraversion
A personality trait characterized by sociability, assertiveness, talkativeness, and a preference for social interactions.
Trait Closeness
A personality trait characterized by emotional warmth, attachment, and a tendency to form close and meaningful relationships.
