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Psychology - Intro PSB100 > Memory 2 > Flashcards

Memory 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Term

A

Definition

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2
Q

Memory as Information Processing

A

The perspective viewing memory as a system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information.

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3
Q

Encoding: Entering Information

A

The process of converting external stimuli into a form that can be stored in memory.

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4
Q

Levels of Processing: When Deeper is Better

A

The idea that the depth of processing affects how easily information can be recalled.

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5
Q

Exposure and Rehearsal

A

Being exposed to information and then repeating or practicing it to improve retention.

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6
Q

Organisation and Imagery

A

Techniques such as organizing information and creating mental images to enhance memory.

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7
Q

How Prior Knowledge Shapes Encoding

A

The influence of existing knowledge and experiences on the encoding of new information.

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8
Q

Would Perfect Memory Be a Gift or a Curse?

A

Exploring the potential advantages and disadvantages of having a perfect memory.

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9
Q

Storage: Retaining Information

A

The process of maintaining encoded information over time.

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10
Q

Memory as a Network

A

Conceptualizing memory as a network of interconnected nodes and associations.

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11
Q

Retrieval: Accessing Information

A

The process of bringing stored information into conscious awareness.

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12
Q

The Value of Multiple Cues

A

Using various cues or hints to facilitate the retrieval of stored information.

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13
Q

The Value of Distinctiveness

A

The idea that distinctive or unique information is more easily remembered.

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14
Q

Arousal, Emotion, and Memory

A

The role of emotional states and arousal in the formation and recall of memories.

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15
Q

The Effects of Context, State, and Mood on Memory

A

How environmental context, mental state, and mood influence memory retrieval.

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16
Q

The Course of Forgetting

A

Patterns and factors influencing the decline of memories over time.

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17
Q

Forgetting to Do Things: Prospective Memory

A

Remembering to perform planned actions or tasks in the future.

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18
Q

Memory Distortion and Schemas

A

The impact of pre-existing mental frameworks (schemas) on memory accuracy.

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19
Q

Memory Illusions: Remembering Things That Never Occurred

A

False memories influenced by misinformation or suggestive questioning.

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20
Q

Misinformation Effects and Eyewitness Testimony

A

The influence of misleading information on eyewitness recall and testimony.

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21
Q

The Child as Eyewitness

A

Examining the reliability and limitations of children’s eyewitness testimony.

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22
Q

Recovered-Memory Controversy

A

Debates regarding the validity of recovered memories, especially in therapy settings.

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23
Q

Memory Error: Cannot Retrieve File

A

Challenges and limitations in comparing memory to computer storage and retrieval.

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24
Q

Challenging the Computer–Brain Analogy

A

Critically assessing the limitations of comparing human memory to computer systems.

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25
Q

Memory and the Brain

A

The neurobiological processes involved in memory formation, storage, and retrieval.

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26
Q

Where Are Memories Formed and Stored?

A

Investigating the brain regions involved in the formation and storage of memories.

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27
Q

How Are Memories Formed?

A

Exploring the neural and synaptic processes underlying memory formation.

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28
Q

Can Memories Transcend Generations?

A

Examining the possibility of memories being transmitted across multiple generations.

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29
Q

Memory and the Australian Perspective

A

Considering the role of cultural and societal factors in shaping memory in Australia.

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30
Q

Improving Memory and Academic Learning

A

Strategies and techniques to enhance memory and optimize learning outcomes.

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31
Q

Episodic Memory

A

The type of long-term memory that involves the recall of specific events, situations, and experiences.

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32
Q

Semantic Memory

A

A form of long-term memory that encompasses general knowledge, facts, and concepts.

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33
Q

Procedural Memory

A

The type of long-term memory responsible for remembering how to perform various skills and tasks.

34
Q

Declarative Memory

A

A type of long-term memory that includes facts and events that can be consciously recalled.

35
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Memory that is not consciously recollected but can still influence behavior and performance.

36
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

The system responsible for temporarily holding and processing information.

37
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

The system for permanently storing, managing, and retrieving information.

38
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

The tendency to remember items at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list better than those in the middle.

39
Q

Chunking

A

The process of organizing information into smaller, manageable units (chunks) to improve memory.

40
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

A highly detailed, exceptionally vivid ‘snapshot’ of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising and consequential news was heard.

41
Q

Source Monitoring

A

The ability to identify the origin of a particular memory, including whether it is from personal experiences or external sources.

42
Q

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

A

The feeling of being on the verge of remembering something but not being able to retrieve it immediately.

43
Q

State-Dependent Memory

A

The phenomenon where memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed.

44
Q

Metamemory

A

An individual’s awareness and understanding of their own memory processes.

45
Q

Cued Recall

A

A memory retrieval task where individuals are provided with cues to aid in the recall of specific items.

46
Q

Recognition

A

A memory retrieval task where individuals are asked to identify previously encountered information from a list of options.

47
Q

Reconstructive Memory

A

The process of rebuilding or updating memories based on new information or experiences.

48
Q

Encoding Specificity Principle

A

The idea that the effectiveness of memory retrieval is influenced by the similarity between encoding and retrieval environments.

49
Q

Hippocampus

A

A brain structure crucial for the formation of new memories, particularly episodic and declarative memories.

50
Q

Amnesia

A

A condition characterized by significant memory loss, often resulting from damage to the brain regions involved in memory.

51
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

A progressive neurodegenerative disorder leading to memory loss, cognitive decline, and changes in behavior.

52
Q

Proactive Interference

A

The phenomenon where previously learned information interferes with the ability to remember new information.

53
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

The phenomenon where newly learned information interferes with the recall of previously learned information.

54
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The brain’s ability to reorganize itself, forming new neural connections throughout life, including in response to learning, experience, and injury.

55
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that transmit signals between nerve cells (neurons) in the brain.

56
Q

Synaptic Plasticity

A

The ability of the connection (synapse) between two neurons to change in strength.

57
Q

Neural Network

A

Interconnected neurons that work together to process and store information in the brain.

58
Q

Sensory Memory

A

The initial stage of memory that briefly holds a large amount of incoming sensory information in the form of iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memories.

59
Q

Iconic Memory

A

A type of sensory memory that temporarily holds visual information for a fraction of a second.

60
Q

Echoic Memory

A

A type of sensory memory that temporarily holds auditory information for a few seconds.

61
Q

Selective Attention

A

The process of focusing on a particular stimulus while ignoring others, facilitating the transfer of information from sensory memory to working memory.

62
Q

Working Memory

A

A system responsible for temporarily holding and manipulating information needed for cognitive tasks, often involving the central executive, phonological loop, and visuospatial sketchpad.

63
Q

Central Executive

A

The component of working memory that coordinates and controls cognitive processes, managing the flow of information.

64
Q

Phonological Loop

A

A component of working memory responsible for the temporary storage of acoustic and verbal information.

65
Q

Visuospatial Sketchpad

A

A component of working memory responsible for the temporary storage and manipulation of visual and spatial information.

66
Q

Dual Coding Theory

A

The idea that information is more easily remembered when it is processed in both verbal and visual forms.

67
Q

Baddeley’s Model

A

A model of working memory proposed by Alan Baddeley, consisting of the central executive, phonological loop, and visuospatial sketchpad.

68
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

Repeating information to oneself to maintain it in working memory without fully engaging in deeper processing.

69
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing information into meaningful units or chunks to increase the capacity of working memory.

70
Q

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

A

The long-lasting strengthening of synaptic connections, often associated with learning and memory.

71
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

The tendency to remember items at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list better than those in the middle.

72
Q

Cognitive Load

A

The amount of mental effort required to process information, influencing the efficiency of working memory.

73
Q

Episodic Buffer

A

A component added to Baddeley’s model that integrates information from the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory into a single, coherent representation.

74
Q

Mnemonic Devices

A

Techniques or strategies that aid in memory, often involving associations, imagery, or organization.

75
Q

Visuo-spatial Working Memory

A

The ability to temporarily hold and manipulate visual and spatial information in working memory.

76
Q

State-Dependent Memory

A

The phenomenon where retrieval is more effective when an individual is in the same physiological or psychological state as when the information was encoded.

77
Q

Cue-Dependent Memory

A

The idea that retrieval cues present at the time of encoding serve as effective triggers for memory recall.

78
Q

Mood-Congruent Memory

A

The tendency to recall information more easily when the mood at the time of retrieval matches the mood during encoding.

79
Q

Emotion-Induced Amnesia

A

The impaired recall of neutral information following exposure to emotionally arousing stimuli.

80
Q

Reminiscence Bump

A

The phenomenon where individuals tend to recall a disproportionately large number of personal memories from adolescence and early adulthood, typically between the ages of 10 and 30 years. This period is often associated with a heightened encoding of memories due to novel and self-relevant experiences.

81
Q

Autobiographical Memory

A

The aspect of memory that relates to the recollection of personally experienced events. It includes memories of specific events, personal facts, and general knowledge about oneself.

Psychology - Intro PSB100 (6 decks)

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