Motivation 2 Flashcards
Motivation
The psychological force or energy that drives behavior toward a specific goal or outcome.
Perspectives on Motivation
Different theoretical frameworks and approaches to understanding why individuals are motivated to act in certain ways.
Maslow’s Need Hierarchy
Abraham Maslow’s theory suggesting that human needs are arranged in a hierarchy, from basic survival needs to higher-order needs like self-actualization.
Physiology of Hunger
The biological processes and mechanisms that regulate hunger, involving hormones, the brain, and digestive system.
Psychological Aspects of Hunger
The psychological factors influencing hunger, such as emotional states, stress, and learned behaviors.
Environmental and Cultural Influences
External factors and cultural contexts that impact eating habits and weight regulation.
Obesity
A medical condition characterized by excessive body fat accumulation, influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.
Eating Disorders
Mental health conditions characterized by abnormal eating habits, including anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
Sexual Motivation
The psychological and physiological factors that drive sexual behavior, encompassing patterns, changes, and variations in sexual activity.
Physiology of Sex
The biological processes and mechanisms involved in sexual arousal and response.
Psychology of Sex
The psychological aspects of sexual behavior, preferences, and experiences, shaped by cognitive, emotional, and social factors.
Cultural and Environmental Influences
External factors and societal contexts that influence sexual attitudes, norms, and behaviors.
Sexual Orientation
An individual’s enduring emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to members of the same and/or opposite sex.
Same-Sex Marriage in Australia
A contemporary issue involving legal recognition of marriage between individuals of the same gender.
Achievement Motivation
The drive and desire for accomplishment, success, and mastery in activities.
Motive for Success and Fear of Failure
Individual incentives and concerns that influence the pursuit of success and avoidance of failure.
Achievement Goal Theory
A framework proposing that individuals adopt different goals in achievement settings, such as mastery goals or performance goals.
Achievement Goal Orientations
Individuals’ orientations toward achievement settings, influenced by the emphasis on task mastery, performance improvement, or outperforming others.
Family, Culture, and Achievement Needs
The role of family dynamics and cultural values in shaping an individual’s motivation and approach toward achievement.
Motivational Conflict
Instances where individuals experience conflicting motives or goals.
Systematic Goal Setting
An approach involving the establishment of clear, specific, and achievable goals to enhance performance and motivation.
Emotion
A complex psychological state involving physiological arousal, subjective feelings, cognitive interpretation, and behavioral expression.
Nature of Emotions
The fundamental characteristics and components of emotions, encompassing physiological changes, subjective experiences, and expressive behaviors.
Aboriginal Expressions of Emotion
Cultural variations in the expression and interpretation of emotions within Aboriginal communities.
Theories of Emotion
Different perspectives and explanations of how emotions are generated and experienced.
Cognition-Arousal Relations
The interplay between cognitive processes and physiological arousal in shaping emotional experiences.
Happiness
A positive emotional state characterized by feelings of joy, contentment, and satisfaction.
What Makes Us Happy?
Factors contributing to happiness, including relationships, experiences, and individual perspectives.
Levels of Analysis in Emotion
Examining emotions from multiple perspectives, including biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
Norms, Conformity, and Obedience
Social phenomena related to adherence to social norms, group conformity, and obedience to authority figures.
The Dilemma of Obedience
Ethical considerations and challenges associated with obeying authority figures.
Do Women Differ from Men in Obedience?
Exploring gender differences in responses to obedience.
Detecting and Resisting Compliance Techniques
Recognizing and resisting persuasive tactics and strategies used to influence behavior.
Behavior in Groups
How individuals behave when part of a group, including group dynamics, decision-making, and social influence processes.
Social Media and Group-Level Behavior
Impact of social media on group behavior, including the fear of missing out and phubbing.
Attraction
Psychological and emotional factors influencing liking and loving relationships between individuals.
Prejudice
Negative attitudes and biases toward individuals or groups based on factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, or other characteristics.
Decreasing Prejudice
Strategies and interventions aimed at reducing prejudice and promoting tolerance.
Aggression
Behaviors intended to harm or injure others, influenced by various factors.
Instinct Theory
An early psychological theory proposing that behavior is primarily driven by innate, biologically determined instincts.
Biological Determinants
Factors originating from an organism’s biology, such as instincts, influencing behavior.
Fixed Action Patterns
Innate, stereotypical behaviors triggered by specific stimuli in the environment, as proposed by instinct theory.
Evolutionary Perspective
A framework suggesting that behaviors, including instincts, have evolved over time to enhance survival and reproduction.
Critiques of Instinct Theory
Criticisms and limitations of the instinct theory, including challenges in defining and identifying instincts.
Comparisons with Drive Reduction Theory
Distinguishing between instinct theory and drive reduction theory in explaining motivation and behavior.
Application to Human Behavior
Examining how instinct theory applies to human behavior and societal practices.
Modern Perspectives on Instinct
Contemporary views acknowledging the role of biology in behavior but emphasizing learning and cultural influences.
Drive Reduction Theory
A psychological theory proposing that motivation arises from the need to reduce internal physiological tension (drives) and return the body to a state of homeostasis.
Homeostasis
The body’s tendency to maintain a stable internal environment by regulating various physiological processes.
Drive
A state of internal tension or discomfort arising from a physiological need, motivating organisms to engage in behaviors that reduce this tension.
Primary Drives
Biologically rooted drives, such as hunger and thirst, essential for survival and maintaining homeostasis.
Secondary Drives
Learned drives or motives that become associated with primary drives, often through conditioning and experience.
Incentive
An external stimulus or reward that motivates behavior by providing positive reinforcement.
Critiques of Drive Reduction Theory
Limitations and criticisms of drive reduction theory, including its inability to explain all types of motivation and behaviors.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
An alternative framework proposing that human needs are organized in a hierarchical order, with higher-level needs emerging once lower-level needs are satisfied.
Application to Behavior
Examining how drive reduction theory applies to various behaviors, motivations, and psychological states.
Achievement Motivation
The drive or desire to excel, accomplish goals, and outperform others.
Motive for Success and Fear of Failure
The internal factors that drive individuals to succeed and the fear of failure that may hinder their performance.
Achievement Goal Theory
A framework that categorizes achievement goals into mastery (learning) and performance (demonstrating competence) goals.
Achievement Goal Orientations
Patterns of beliefs and behaviors individuals adopt in achievement situations, influencing their approach to tasks.
Family, Culture, and Achievement Needs
Examines how family upbringing and cultural factors influence an individual’s motivation for achievement.
Motivational Conflict
The experience of competing motives that interfere with each other, creating inner tension.
Systematic Goal Setting
A motivational approach that involves setting specific, challenging goals to enhance performance and achievement.
Intrinsic Motivation
Engaging in an activity for the inherent satisfaction and pleasure derived from the activity itself.
Extrinsic Motivation
Engaging in an activity to attain external rewards or avoid punishment.
Self-Determination Theory
A theory of motivation that distinguishes between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, emphasizing the importance of autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
Cognitive Evaluation Theory
A sub-theory of self-determination theory that focuses on how rewards can either enhance or diminish intrinsic motivation.
Controlling Rewards
Rewards that are perceived as external pressure or coercion, diminishing intrinsic motivation.
Informational Rewards
Rewards that provide positive feedback or information, enhancing intrinsic motivation.
Need for Achievement
A psychological factor reflecting the extent to which an individual desires to excel, overcome obstacles, solve problems, and achieve goals.
Atkinson’s Model
A theoretical model explaining the relationship between the need for achievement, motivation, and performance.
TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)
A projective psychological test used to assess implicit motives, including the need for achievement.
McClelland’s Theory of Needs
David McClelland’s theory proposing three primary needs: the need for achievement, the need for affiliation, and the need for power.
High N-Ach Individuals
Individuals with a strong need for achievement, often characterized by a preference for moderately challenging tasks, a focus on personal responsibility, and a desire for feedback.
ERG Theory
A motivation theory proposed by Clayton Alderfer, positing three core needs: Existence, Relatedness, and Growth.
Existence Needs
The first category in ERG theory, representing an individual’s desire for physiological and material well-being.
Relatedness Needs
The second category in ERG theory, involving interpersonal relationships, social interactions, and a sense of belonging.
Growth Needs
The third category in ERG theory, encompassing an individual’s desire for personal development, learning, and the realization of one’s potential.
Frustration-Regression Principle
A principle in ERG theory suggesting that if an individual is unable to satisfy higher-level needs, they may regress to pursuing lower-level needs to alleviate frustration.
Dual Factor Theory
Frederick Herzberg’s theory proposing two sets of factors influencing job satisfaction and dissatisfaction: hygiene factors and motivators.
Motive Conflict
A psychological state in which an individual experiences competing or conflicting motivations, often related to achieving different goals.
Approach-Approach Conflict
A type of motive conflict where an individual must choose between two desirable goals.
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
A type of motive conflict involving a choice between two undesirable outcomes or goals.
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
A type of motive conflict where an individual faces a single goal or event with both positive and negative aspects.
Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict
A complex form of motive conflict involving two or more goals, each with both positive and negative aspects.
