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Psychology - Intro PSB100 > Motivation 2 > Flashcards

Motivation 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Motivation

A

The psychological force or energy that drives behavior toward a specific goal or outcome.

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2
Q

Perspectives on Motivation

A

Different theoretical frameworks and approaches to understanding why individuals are motivated to act in certain ways.

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3
Q

Maslow’s Need Hierarchy

A

Abraham Maslow’s theory suggesting that human needs are arranged in a hierarchy, from basic survival needs to higher-order needs like self-actualization.

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4
Q

Physiology of Hunger

A

The biological processes and mechanisms that regulate hunger, involving hormones, the brain, and digestive system.

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5
Q

Psychological Aspects of Hunger

A

The psychological factors influencing hunger, such as emotional states, stress, and learned behaviors.

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6
Q

Environmental and Cultural Influences

A

External factors and cultural contexts that impact eating habits and weight regulation.

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7
Q

Obesity

A

A medical condition characterized by excessive body fat accumulation, influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.

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8
Q

Eating Disorders

A

Mental health conditions characterized by abnormal eating habits, including anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

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9
Q

Sexual Motivation

A

The psychological and physiological factors that drive sexual behavior, encompassing patterns, changes, and variations in sexual activity.

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10
Q

Physiology of Sex

A

The biological processes and mechanisms involved in sexual arousal and response.

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11
Q

Psychology of Sex

A

The psychological aspects of sexual behavior, preferences, and experiences, shaped by cognitive, emotional, and social factors.

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12
Q

Cultural and Environmental Influences

A

External factors and societal contexts that influence sexual attitudes, norms, and behaviors.

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13
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

An individual’s enduring emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to members of the same and/or opposite sex.

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14
Q

Same-Sex Marriage in Australia

A

A contemporary issue involving legal recognition of marriage between individuals of the same gender.

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15
Q

Achievement Motivation

A

The drive and desire for accomplishment, success, and mastery in activities.

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16
Q

Motive for Success and Fear of Failure

A

Individual incentives and concerns that influence the pursuit of success and avoidance of failure.

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17
Q

Achievement Goal Theory

A

A framework proposing that individuals adopt different goals in achievement settings, such as mastery goals or performance goals.

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18
Q

Achievement Goal Orientations

A

Individuals’ orientations toward achievement settings, influenced by the emphasis on task mastery, performance improvement, or outperforming others.

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19
Q

Family, Culture, and Achievement Needs

A

The role of family dynamics and cultural values in shaping an individual’s motivation and approach toward achievement.

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20
Q

Motivational Conflict

A

Instances where individuals experience conflicting motives or goals.

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21
Q

Systematic Goal Setting

A

An approach involving the establishment of clear, specific, and achievable goals to enhance performance and motivation.

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22
Q

Emotion

A

A complex psychological state involving physiological arousal, subjective feelings, cognitive interpretation, and behavioral expression.

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23
Q

Nature of Emotions

A

The fundamental characteristics and components of emotions, encompassing physiological changes, subjective experiences, and expressive behaviors.

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24
Q

Aboriginal Expressions of Emotion

A

Cultural variations in the expression and interpretation of emotions within Aboriginal communities.

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25
Q

Theories of Emotion

A

Different perspectives and explanations of how emotions are generated and experienced.

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26
Q

Cognition-Arousal Relations

A

The interplay between cognitive processes and physiological arousal in shaping emotional experiences.

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27
Q

Happiness

A

A positive emotional state characterized by feelings of joy, contentment, and satisfaction.

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28
Q

What Makes Us Happy?

A

Factors contributing to happiness, including relationships, experiences, and individual perspectives.

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29
Q

Levels of Analysis in Emotion

A

Examining emotions from multiple perspectives, including biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

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30
Q

Norms, Conformity, and Obedience

A

Social phenomena related to adherence to social norms, group conformity, and obedience to authority figures.

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31
Q

The Dilemma of Obedience

A

Ethical considerations and challenges associated with obeying authority figures.

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32
Q

Do Women Differ from Men in Obedience?

A

Exploring gender differences in responses to obedience.

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33
Q

Detecting and Resisting Compliance Techniques

A

Recognizing and resisting persuasive tactics and strategies used to influence behavior.

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34
Q

Behavior in Groups

A

How individuals behave when part of a group, including group dynamics, decision-making, and social influence processes.

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35
Q

Social Media and Group-Level Behavior

A

Impact of social media on group behavior, including the fear of missing out and phubbing.

36
Q

Attraction

A

Psychological and emotional factors influencing liking and loving relationships between individuals.

37
Q

Prejudice

A

Negative attitudes and biases toward individuals or groups based on factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, or other characteristics.

38
Q

Decreasing Prejudice

A

Strategies and interventions aimed at reducing prejudice and promoting tolerance.

39
Q

Aggression

A

Behaviors intended to harm or injure others, influenced by various factors.

40
Q

Instinct Theory

A

An early psychological theory proposing that behavior is primarily driven by innate, biologically determined instincts.

41
Q

Biological Determinants

A

Factors originating from an organism’s biology, such as instincts, influencing behavior.

42
Q

Fixed Action Patterns

A

Innate, stereotypical behaviors triggered by specific stimuli in the environment, as proposed by instinct theory.

43
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

A framework suggesting that behaviors, including instincts, have evolved over time to enhance survival and reproduction.

44
Q

Critiques of Instinct Theory

A

Criticisms and limitations of the instinct theory, including challenges in defining and identifying instincts.

45
Q

Comparisons with Drive Reduction Theory

A

Distinguishing between instinct theory and drive reduction theory in explaining motivation and behavior.

46
Q

Application to Human Behavior

A

Examining how instinct theory applies to human behavior and societal practices.

47
Q

Modern Perspectives on Instinct

A

Contemporary views acknowledging the role of biology in behavior but emphasizing learning and cultural influences.

48
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A

A psychological theory proposing that motivation arises from the need to reduce internal physiological tension (drives) and return the body to a state of homeostasis.

49
Q

Homeostasis

A

The body’s tendency to maintain a stable internal environment by regulating various physiological processes.

50
Q

Drive

A

A state of internal tension or discomfort arising from a physiological need, motivating organisms to engage in behaviors that reduce this tension.

51
Q

Primary Drives

A

Biologically rooted drives, such as hunger and thirst, essential for survival and maintaining homeostasis.

52
Q

Secondary Drives

A

Learned drives or motives that become associated with primary drives, often through conditioning and experience.

53
Q

Incentive

A

An external stimulus or reward that motivates behavior by providing positive reinforcement.

54
Q

Critiques of Drive Reduction Theory

A

Limitations and criticisms of drive reduction theory, including its inability to explain all types of motivation and behaviors.

55
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

An alternative framework proposing that human needs are organized in a hierarchical order, with higher-level needs emerging once lower-level needs are satisfied.

56
Q

Application to Behavior

A

Examining how drive reduction theory applies to various behaviors, motivations, and psychological states.

57
Q

Achievement Motivation

A

The drive or desire to excel, accomplish goals, and outperform others.

58
Q

Motive for Success and Fear of Failure

A

The internal factors that drive individuals to succeed and the fear of failure that may hinder their performance.

59
Q

Achievement Goal Theory

A

A framework that categorizes achievement goals into mastery (learning) and performance (demonstrating competence) goals.

60
Q

Achievement Goal Orientations

A

Patterns of beliefs and behaviors individuals adopt in achievement situations, influencing their approach to tasks.

61
Q

Family, Culture, and Achievement Needs

A

Examines how family upbringing and cultural factors influence an individual’s motivation for achievement.

62
Q

Motivational Conflict

A

The experience of competing motives that interfere with each other, creating inner tension.

63
Q

Systematic Goal Setting

A

A motivational approach that involves setting specific, challenging goals to enhance performance and achievement.

64
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

Engaging in an activity for the inherent satisfaction and pleasure derived from the activity itself.

65
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

Engaging in an activity to attain external rewards or avoid punishment.

66
Q

Self-Determination Theory

A

A theory of motivation that distinguishes between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, emphasizing the importance of autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

67
Q

Cognitive Evaluation Theory

A

A sub-theory of self-determination theory that focuses on how rewards can either enhance or diminish intrinsic motivation.

68
Q

Controlling Rewards

A

Rewards that are perceived as external pressure or coercion, diminishing intrinsic motivation.

69
Q

Informational Rewards

A

Rewards that provide positive feedback or information, enhancing intrinsic motivation.

70
Q

Need for Achievement

A

A psychological factor reflecting the extent to which an individual desires to excel, overcome obstacles, solve problems, and achieve goals.

71
Q

Atkinson’s Model

A

A theoretical model explaining the relationship between the need for achievement, motivation, and performance.

72
Q

TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)

A

A projective psychological test used to assess implicit motives, including the need for achievement.

73
Q

McClelland’s Theory of Needs

A

David McClelland’s theory proposing three primary needs: the need for achievement, the need for affiliation, and the need for power.

74
Q

High N-Ach Individuals

A

Individuals with a strong need for achievement, often characterized by a preference for moderately challenging tasks, a focus on personal responsibility, and a desire for feedback.

75
Q

ERG Theory

A

A motivation theory proposed by Clayton Alderfer, positing three core needs: Existence, Relatedness, and Growth.

76
Q

Existence Needs

A

The first category in ERG theory, representing an individual’s desire for physiological and material well-being.

77
Q

Relatedness Needs

A

The second category in ERG theory, involving interpersonal relationships, social interactions, and a sense of belonging.

78
Q

Growth Needs

A

The third category in ERG theory, encompassing an individual’s desire for personal development, learning, and the realization of one’s potential.

79
Q

Frustration-Regression Principle

A

A principle in ERG theory suggesting that if an individual is unable to satisfy higher-level needs, they may regress to pursuing lower-level needs to alleviate frustration.

80
Q

Dual Factor Theory

A

Frederick Herzberg’s theory proposing two sets of factors influencing job satisfaction and dissatisfaction: hygiene factors and motivators.

81
Q

Motive Conflict

A

A psychological state in which an individual experiences competing or conflicting motivations, often related to achieving different goals.

82
Q

Approach-Approach Conflict

A

A type of motive conflict where an individual must choose between two desirable goals.

83
Q

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

A

A type of motive conflict involving a choice between two undesirable outcomes or goals.

84
Q

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A

A type of motive conflict where an individual faces a single goal or event with both positive and negative aspects.

85
Q

Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A

A complex form of motive conflict involving two or more goals, each with both positive and negative aspects.

Psychology - Intro PSB100 (6 decks)

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