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Psychology - Intro PSB100 > Learning 2 > Flashcards

Learning 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

ESR

A

The mental processes that enable the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

Encoding Storage Retrieval

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2
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Brief storage of sensory information for continuity in perceptions.

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3
Q

Short-Term Memory (STM)

A

Temporary storage with limited capacity and duration.

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4
Q

Working Memory

A

Temporarily holds and manipulates information for cognitive tasks.

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5
Q

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

A

Relatively permanent storage of vast information.

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6
Q

Encoding

A

The process of converting sensory information into a form that can be stored in memory.

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7
Q

Storage

A

The process of maintaining encoded information in memory over time.

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8
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of bringing stored information back into conscious awareness.

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9
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

Tendency to remember the first (primacy) and last (recency) items in a list more effectively.

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10
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing information into meaningful units to enhance memory.

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11
Q

Proactive Interference

A

Past learning interferes with recalling recently learned information.

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12
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

New learning impairs recalling previously learned information.

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13
Q

Amnesia

A

A condition characterized by significant memory loss.

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14
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Conscious, intentional recollection of information (declarative memory).

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15
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Unconscious memory influencing behavior without awareness (non-declarative memory).

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16
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Memory for specific events or experiences, a type of declarative memory.

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17
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Memory for general knowledge and concepts, a type of declarative memory.

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18
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

Exceptionally vivid memory of emotionally significant events.

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19
Q

Source Memory

A

Remembering the origin of information.

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20
Q

Retrospective Memory

A

Memory for past events, experiences, or information.

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21
Q

Prospective Memory

A

Memory for future intentions.

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22
Q

Cued Recall

A

Memory retrieval with cues aiding recall.

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23
Q

Free Recall

A

Recalling information in any order without specific cues.

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24
Q

State-Dependent Memory

A

Recalling information better in the same physiological or psychological state as during encoding.

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25
Q

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

A

Feeling on the verge of recalling information but not quite able to do so.

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26
Q

Encoding Specificity Principle

A

Effective retrieval occurs in a similar context to encoding.

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27
Q

Spaced Repetition

A

Reviewing information at increasing intervals over time for optimal learning.

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28
Q

Memory Reconstruction

A

The process of rebuilding memories during retrieval, subject to distortion.

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29
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

Incorporation of misleading information into one’s memory of an event.

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30
Q

Levels of Processing

A

The depth at which information is processed determines its ease of retrieval.

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31
Q

Learning

A

The process of acquiring new knowledge or behaviors through experience.

32
Q

Adapting to the Environment

A

Adjusting behavior to fit the demands of the environment.

33
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Associating one stimulus with another to produce a learned response.

34
Q

Pavlov’s Pioneering Research

A

Ivan Pavlov’s experiments with dogs, demonstrating classical conditioning.

35
Q

Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning

A

Unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response.

36
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Learning through consequences, involving rewards and punishments.

37
Q

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

A

Behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely to be repeated.

38
Q

Antecedent Conditions in Operant Conditioning

A

Identifying when to respond based on environmental cues.

39
Q

Consequences in Operant Conditioning

A

Determining how to respond based on rewards or punishments.

40
Q

Biological Constraints in Conditioning

A

Evolutionary factors that influence learning and behavior.

41
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learning by watching and imitating others.

42
Q

Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory

A

Albert Bandura’s theory emphasizing the role of cognitive processes in observational learning.

43
Q

Crossroads of Conditioning

A

Exploring the intersection of biological factors, cognition, and conditioning.

44
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement

A

Patterns governing when and how often reinforcement occurs.

45
Q

Escape and Avoidance Conditioning

A

Learning to escape or avoid aversive stimuli.

46
Q

Behavioral Addictions

A

Understanding and addressing addictive behaviors through behavioral principles.

47
Q

Hero Rats Detect Landmines

A

An application of operant conditioning using rats to detect landmines.

48
Q

Delayed Reinforcers

A

The power and challenges of reinforcement delayed in time.

49
Q

Shaping and Chaining

A

Gradual shaping of complex behaviors through reinforcement.

50
Q

Generalization and Discrimination

A

The phenomena of responding to stimuli similar or different from the learned stimulus.

51
Q

Sensitization

A

An increase in responsiveness or sensitivity to a repeated or novel stimulus, often resulting in an amplified response.

52
Q

Habituation

A

A decrease in responsiveness or sensitivity to a repeated or continuous stimulus, leading to a diminished response over time.

53
Q

UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus)

A

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior conditioning.

54
Q

UCR (Unconditioned Response)

A

An unlearned, innate response to the unconditioned stimulus.

55
Q

CS (Conditioned Stimulus)

A

A previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus, comes to evoke a conditioned response.

56
Q

CR (Conditioned Response)

A

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus, which occurs after the stimulus has been paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

57
Q

Acquisition

A

The initial stage in classical or operant conditioning when an association is formed between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus or between a behavior and its consequence.

58
Q

Extinction

A

The diminishing of a learned response when the conditioned stimulus (CS) or the reinforcer is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) or the reinforcer.

59
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response (CR) after a pause or rest period.

60
Q

Generalization

A

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS) with the same conditioned response (CR).

61
Q

Discrimination

A

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), leading to a selective conditioned response (CR).

62
Q

Little Albert Experiment

A

A classical conditioning experiment conducted by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner in 1920, where a young boy (Little Albert) was conditioned to fear a white rat through the pairing of the rat with a loud, frightening noise.

63
Q

Operant Behavior

A

Voluntary behaviors that an organism emits to produce a desirable outcome or avoid an undesirable one, often associated with operant conditioning.

64
Q

Consequences

A

The outcomes or results of a behavior, which can be reinforcing (increasing the likelihood of the behavior) or punishing (decreasing the likelihood of the behavior).

65
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

The presentation of a desirable stimulus following a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

66
Q

Positive Punishment

A

The presentation of an aversive stimulus following a behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

67
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

The removal of an aversive stimulus following a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

68
Q

Negative Punishment

A

The removal of a desirable stimulus following a behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

69
Q

Shaping

A

The process of gradually molding or reinforcing behaviors that are closer and closer to the desired behavior.

70
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as food or water, that satisfies a biological need.

71
Q

Secondary Reinforcer

A

A learned or conditioned reinforcer that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer or other established reinforcer.

72
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs, leading to rapid learning but also rapid extinction when reinforcement stops.

73
Q

Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule

A

Reinforcing a behavior after a specific number of occurrences, promoting a high response rate.

74
Q

Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule

A

Reinforcing a behavior after an unpredictable number of occurrences, also promoting a high response rate.

75
Q

Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule

A

Reinforcing a behavior after a specific amount of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement, resulting in a moderate response rate.

76
Q

Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule

A

Reinforcing a behavior after an unpredictable amount of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement, also resulting in a moderate response rate.

Psychology - Intro PSB100 (6 decks)

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