Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

study > Personality 2 > Flashcards

Personality 2 Flashcards

1
Q

In order for our research to be useful it needs to have validity.

A

it measures what you want to measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Measuring personality abstract and specific

A
  1. abstract: broad— conceptual
  2. specific thing to measure the abstract thing operational
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Correlation vs. Causation

A

Research question: What factors are related to well-being
Hypothesis: Extraversion is related to well being
correlation does not equal causation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Study: Costa and Macrae: participants complete measures of extraversion and well-being independent and dependent

A

Independent variable: Extraversion (I see myself as someone who is…)
Dependent variable: Well-being: Positive affect (Indicate to what extent you have felt during the past month)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Study: Steel, Schmidt and Schultz
findings between positive and extraversion

A

Meta-anaysis of 50 relevant studies found a strong, positive correlation between extraversion and positive affect r=.44

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define well-being

A

emotions over the last 30 days
stress levels over 60 days
informant report

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does this correlation not tell us about how these variables are related to one another?

A

Causal hypothesis 1: Extraversion causing your wellbeing
Causal hypothesis 2: Well-being causing your extraversion: reverse causality
third variable explanation: Number of siblings, family dynamic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

study: Manipulation extroversion vs. introversion

A

Instructed to be extroverted for a week then introverted for a week. Told to do a list of specific ideas for how and when you will use these types of behaviors in ur life.
Participants completed three online assignments. 1. at the beginning of the study after the 1st week of behavior change. (day 8) and after the second week of behavior change.
then asked about life satisfaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Results of the extro vs. introversion study

A

Extroversion increases your well-being introversion decreases your well-being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the logic here? how do experiments tell us about causality?

A

Everything should be the same about each group, except for the independent variable they received.
Our study was high in internal validity, to know there was a change in the independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Disadvantages of experiments

A

this is not the real world, they have a lot of control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

predicted validity

A

if your measures are capturing personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Objective tests

A

Clear with one answer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

projective tests

A

have no answer, open to interpretation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

objective tests: rational method

A

how can i tell how empathetic someone is?
“I find that i am in tune with others moods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Empirically-derived tests

A

Known groups: find people in the world where some are highly empathetic and those who are not
find a group we know are low hostility–> then look who have high hostility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

IAT tests

A

Press 2 different keys for calm or anxious words as well as words presented about yourself “I, Me, Self”
Are you faster when anxiety and self are grouped together or when calm and self are grouped together?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

single trait approaches

A

Really only one major dimension of a persons personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Within the single trait approaches: high Self monitoring

A

High self monitor: you know when you are changing your behavior around different people and they actively try to change their behavior to fit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

low self monitor

A

have one personality and dont trying to fit for others. you’re authentic and true to urself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The big 5

A

they are specific so there power is limited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the many trait apprach

A

at its extreme argues that if you really want o know about somebody, you need to measure a bunch of specific traits about them.

23
Q

essential trait

A

Spearate and continuous dimensions of personality. knowing these allows the greatest predictive power
ex. i am genuinely outgoing

24
Q

the big 5

A

Conscientious –> organized
Agreeableness –> soft-hearted
Neuroticism –> anxious
Openness –>
Extraversion–> sociable

25
Reliable associations with a wide range of life outcomes study
subjective well-being extraversion predicts subjective well-being extravert --> social relationships show high well being Negative emotionality: nerocisiom: constantly feeling dissatisfaction shows lower well-being
26
Forgiveness: aggreeableness
how nice you are shows how forgiving you are
27
Traits don't allow for perfect prediction of behavior
the big 5 is not allows accurate well being comes from extraversion and other aspects of personality. Ex. socio-economic status, life events...
28
Multi-determination
anything that happens in your life is multiply determined.
29
Interactive effects
individual traits interact with each other. Relationship of the two variables change when interact with the 3rd variable.
30
can skills explain unique in relevant outcomes beyond what can be explained by traits alone?
ex. predict peoples delivery of a speech. measure using the big 5 then add in the skill Skills help predict a better outcome of how they will do
31
Physiological reactivity study
participants with strong political attitudes skin conductance with filler images and threatening images of spiders. Measures average persons response to filler image and average response to threatening image. this shows what they look like when threatened. liberals and conservatives might be this bc of how reactive they are when u threaten them hypothesis was supported
32
Neurotransmitters
Stressor, body releases epinephrine and norepinephrine then fight or flight can kick in. and see can u deal with the stress or not
33
men vs. women
men: fight or flight women tend (calm and quiet children; protects them and helps them develop) and befriend (call their friends to tell them what is going on, helps you deal with things).
34
Stressful day at work study
fathers after a stressful day tend to withdrawal from family Mothers after a stressful day use that stress to be more nurturing to their children
35
There is rarely a 1:1 ratio between personality and biology
low serotoin= depression
36
High testosterone
Aggression, sexual behavior
37
Bydirectional relationships
causal effects on behavior on biology one is contributing to the other
38
Study in marriages taking blood samples and tests levels of testosterone after marriage and having children
results: usually in men the levels go down more than women
39
Experimental manipulation
-for high power people, power only made them narcissistic if you also have high testosterone - if you got power with low testosterone, you end up not using your power to become narcissistic
40
Cortisol levels high and low associations
Chronically high cortisol is associated w anxiety, depression, and a high risk of cardiovascular disease - Chronically low levels associated with dangerous senstation seeking
41
Oxytocin
Some kind of empirical data shows a relationship between oxytocin and morality
42
trustworthiness with oxytocin
the more oxytocin you have the more trustworthy you are ex. the money game and your brain produced oxytocin, the more oxytocin on deck, the more likely you will return the money
43
Measure of trust (money)
give 10 dollars to another person and it tripples
44
measure of trustworthiness
how much they give back to you. Were you right or wrong to give this money to them?
45
Oxytocin= the love hormone (study of relationships)
moral behavior and oxytocin only a small number of studies showed a difference between oxytocin and morality oxytocin increases your desire to affiliate with others
46
barriers of oxytocin and morality
Avoidant attachment style: they do not feel they can trust cannot build connections. this is frustrating
47
Study in the netherlands
Oxytocin spray or saline, asked to take a 5 moral choice dilemma questions: sacrifice one person to save a larger group of people?? Oxytocin group: sacrificed person an ingroup members Saline: sacrificed a person in an outgroup member
48
Oxytocin study on sprays type of design and independent and dependent variables
Experimental study Independent: oxytocin or not second independent: ingroup sacrifice vs. outgroup sacrifice Dependent: how many people say they would save one person or not the placebo group: there was no difference between ingroup and out-
49
twin studies: heritability
Usually find more similarities in identical twins than fraternal twins; meaning traits are more heritable. (the larger the number the more heritable it is on the scale)
50
what can heritability tell you
genes matter; everything is heritable environment matters; shared family environment influences psychopathology, most big 5 traits
51
what does heritablity not tell u
does not mean genetic it cannot tell you HOW genes effect personality and behavior, there is no pin point effect
52
the problem of mediation
genes-- there's a genetic componement but not a rise in behavior
53
principals of multideterminsim

study (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions