Personality 2

Question 1

In order for our research to be useful it needs to have validity.

Answer 1

it measures what you want to measure

Question 2

Measuring personality abstract and specific

Answer 2

1. abstract: broad— conceptual
2. specific thing to measure the abstract thing operational

Question 3

Correlation vs. Causation

Answer 3

Research question: What factors are related to well-being
Hypothesis: Extraversion is related to well being
correlation does not equal causation

Question 4

Study: Costa and Macrae: participants complete measures of extraversion and well-being independent and dependent

Answer 4

Independent variable: Extraversion (I see myself as someone who is…)
Dependent variable: Well-being: Positive affect (Indicate to what extent you have felt during the past month)

Question 5

Study: Steel, Schmidt and Schultz
findings between positive and extraversion

Answer 5

Meta-anaysis of 50 relevant studies found a strong, positive correlation between extraversion and positive affect r=.44

Question 6

Define well-being

Answer 6

emotions over the last 30 days
stress levels over 60 days
informant report

Question 7

what does this correlation not tell us about how these variables are related to one another?

Answer 7

Causal hypothesis 1: Extraversion causing your wellbeing
Causal hypothesis 2: Well-being causing your extraversion: reverse causality
third variable explanation: Number of siblings, family dynamic

Question 8

study: Manipulation extroversion vs. introversion

Answer 8

Instructed to be extroverted for a week then introverted for a week. Told to do a list of specific ideas for how and when you will use these types of behaviors in ur life.
Participants completed three online assignments. 1. at the beginning of the study after the 1st week of behavior change. (day 8) and after the second week of behavior change.
then asked about life satisfaction

Question 9

Results of the extro vs. introversion study

Answer 9

Extroversion increases your well-being introversion decreases your well-being

Question 10

What is the logic here? how do experiments tell us about causality?

Answer 10

Everything should be the same about each group, except for the independent variable they received.
Our study was high in internal validity, to know there was a change in the independent variable

Question 11

Disadvantages of experiments

Answer 11

this is not the real world, they have a lot of control

Question 12

predicted validity

Answer 12

if your measures are capturing personality

Question 13

Objective tests

Answer 13

Clear with one answer

Question 14

projective tests

Answer 14

have no answer, open to interpretation

Question 15

objective tests: rational method

Answer 15

how can i tell how empathetic someone is?
“I find that i am in tune with others moods

Question 16

Empirically-derived tests

Answer 16

Known groups: find people in the world where some are highly empathetic and those who are not
find a group we know are low hostility–> then look who have high hostility

Question 17

IAT tests

Answer 17

Press 2 different keys for calm or anxious words as well as words presented about yourself “I, Me, Self”
Are you faster when anxiety and self are grouped together or when calm and self are grouped together?

Question 18

single trait approaches

Answer 18

Really only one major dimension of a persons personality

Question 19

Within the single trait approaches: high Self monitoring

Answer 19

High self monitor: you know when you are changing your behavior around different people and they actively try to change their behavior to fit.

Question 20

low self monitor

Answer 20

have one personality and dont trying to fit for others. you’re authentic and true to urself

Question 21

The big 5

Answer 21

they are specific so there power is limited

Question 22

the many trait apprach

Answer 22

at its extreme argues that if you really want o know about somebody, you need to measure a bunch of specific traits about them.

Question 23

essential trait

Answer 23

Spearate and continuous dimensions of personality. knowing these allows the greatest predictive power
ex. i am genuinely outgoing

Question 24

the big 5

Answer 24

Conscientious –> organized
Agreeableness –> soft-hearted
Neuroticism –> anxious
Openness –>
Extraversion–> sociable

Question 25

Reliable associations with a wide range of life outcomes study

Answer 25

subjective well-being
extraversion predicts subjective well-being
extravert –> social relationships show high well being
Negative emotionality: nerocisiom: constantly feeling dissatisfaction shows lower well-being

Question 26

Forgiveness: aggreeableness

Answer 26

how nice you are shows how forgiving you are

Question 27

Traits don’t allow for perfect prediction of behavior

Answer 27

the big 5 is not allows accurate
well being comes from extraversion and other aspects of personality.
Ex. socio-economic status, life events…

Question 28

Multi-determination

Answer 28

anything that happens in your life is multiply determined.

Question 29

Interactive effects

Answer 29

individual traits interact with each other. Relationship of the two variables change when interact with the 3rd variable.

Question 30

can skills explain unique in relevant outcomes beyond what can be explained by traits alone?

Answer 30

ex. predict peoples delivery of a speech.
measure using the big 5
then add in the skill
Skills help predict a better outcome of how they will do

Question 31

Physiological reactivity study

Answer 31

participants with strong political attitudes
skin conductance with filler images and threatening images of spiders. Measures average persons response to filler image and average response to threatening image.
this shows what they look like when threatened. liberals and conservatives might be this bc of how reactive they are when u threaten them
hypothesis was supported

Question 32

Neurotransmitters

Answer 32

Stressor, body releases epinephrine and norepinephrine then fight or flight can kick in. and see can u deal with the stress or not

Question 33

men vs. women

Answer 33

men: fight or flight
women tend (calm and quiet children; protects them and helps them develop) and befriend (call their friends to tell them what is going on, helps you deal with things).

Question 34

Stressful day at work study

Answer 34

fathers after a stressful day tend to withdrawal from family
Mothers after a stressful day use that stress to be more nurturing to their children

Question 35

There is rarely a 1:1 ratio between personality and biology

Answer 35

low serotoin= depression

Question 36

High testosterone

Answer 36

Aggression, sexual behavior

Question 37

Bydirectional relationships

Answer 37

causal effects on behavior on biology one is contributing to the other

Question 38

Study in marriages taking blood samples and tests levels of testosterone after marriage and having children

Answer 38

results: usually in men the levels go down more than women

Question 39

Experimental manipulation

Answer 39

-for high power people, power only made them narcissistic if you also have high testosterone
- if you got power with low testosterone, you end up not using your power to become narcissistic

Question 40

Cortisol levels high and low associations

Answer 40

Chronically high cortisol is associated w anxiety, depression, and a high risk of cardiovascular disease
- Chronically low levels associated with dangerous senstation seeking

Question 41

Oxytocin

Answer 41

Some kind of empirical data shows a relationship between oxytocin and morality

Question 42

trustworthiness with oxytocin

Answer 42

the more oxytocin you have the more trustworthy you are
ex. the money game and your brain produced oxytocin, the more oxytocin on deck, the more likely you will return the money

Question 43

Measure of trust (money)

Answer 43

give 10 dollars to another person and it tripples

Question 44

measure of trustworthiness

Answer 44

how much they give back to you. Were you right or wrong to give this money to them?

Question 45

Oxytocin= the love hormone (study of relationships)

Answer 45

moral behavior and oxytocin only a small number of studies showed a difference between oxytocin and morality
oxytocin increases your desire to affiliate with others

Question 46

barriers of oxytocin and morality

Answer 46

Avoidant attachment style: they do not feel they can trust
cannot build connections. this is frustrating

Question 47

Study in the netherlands

Answer 47

Oxytocin spray or saline, asked to take a 5 moral choice dilemma questions: sacrifice one person to save a larger group of people??
Oxytocin group: sacrificed person an ingroup members
Saline: sacrificed a person in an outgroup member

Question 48

Oxytocin study on sprays type of design and independent and dependent variables

Answer 48

Experimental study
Independent: oxytocin or not
second independent: ingroup sacrifice vs. outgroup sacrifice
Dependent: how many people say they would save one person or not
the placebo group: there was no difference between ingroup and out-

Question 49

twin studies: heritability

Answer 49

Usually find more similarities in identical twins than fraternal twins; meaning traits are more heritable. (the larger the number the more heritable it is on the scale)

Question 50

what can heritability tell you

Answer 50

genes matter; everything is heritable
environment matters; shared family environment influences psychopathology, most big 5 traits

Question 51

what does heritablity not tell u

Answer 51

does not mean genetic
it cannot tell you HOW genes effect personality and behavior, there is no pin point effect

Question 52

the problem of mediation

Answer 52

genes– there’s a genetic componement but not a rise in behavior

Question 53

principals of multideterminsim