Argument & Advocacy final Flashcards
How to deliver your speech
good delivery connects you to the audience
helps you sound spontanious
control your voice
volume, pitch, inflection, vocial variety(everything),
articlation “I am going to” instead of “Im gunna”
rate, pauses, pronunciation
Delivery modes
impromtu
manuscript: prepared without reading or memorization
memorization
Impromptu speech
gathering and summarizing thoughts
PREP and FAT
manuscript
off a prompter
sounds conversational
Extemporaneous
speaker notes
preparation
prepare and practice
practice at least half a week before
rehearse examples and illustrations
rehearse with visual aids
help work out any electronic
Visual aids
your visual aids need to help you in your speech
why are visual aids required
audience engagement
promote comprehension
promote memory and recall
directs attention and control interest
wrong ways to use visuals
hold up visuals in a dark setting
do not stand in front of the screen
select best aid
ask how can you improve presentation
rehearse before
small enough to carry and handle
add credibility
photographs
audience needs to see
reveal and remove (add black screen)
Graphs
show stat
source the graph
help interpret the graph
Audio and video clips
exciting, dynamic, keep clip short
Informative
convey something new or not fully understood
purpose
educate, fresh perspective or new, useful information
do not data dump
Persuade
Attempts to change attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors
we engage in persuasion daily
remain ethical while persuading
Attitude
leads to respond positive or negative
measured along positive or negative continuum
Assess attitude
differ in direction, intensity, salience
Belief
Accept true or fase
goal
aim to speech influence audience response
in 7-9 mins you cannot fully convince the audience all the way.
in conclusion
you want to be clear for an inch of change
“Hear me out”
How to best motivate your audience
adopt, sustain, discontinue or avoid
organize speech
goals –> facts—> desired conclusion
3 categories –> question of fact, of value, of policy
each propositon requires evidence
- claim of fact
does not exist
evidence or arguments that is valid
- question of values
- proposition of value - what is bad moral/not moral
-justified by evidence compiled receivers to believe it
organize
reasons approach
supports the reason as a point
refute information/theory and refut it
- change of policy
seeks to support policy change
supports stance with reasons
organize
- problem-cause-solution
-comparative advantages format
-aspects of policy disagreement usually addressed
Monroes organization
reflects nature of questions
effective in motivating people to act
enables questions
5 phases
attention-let them know the problem
satisfy the need
visualize- why this solution is the best
action
Methods of persuasion:
varying view point of target audience
be clear
consider target audience when designing presentation
some hold different opinions on your topic
strive for small change
how to increase your chances of ethos
credibility statements
3 factors affect audience judgement of credibility
- perception of competence
- perception of personal character
- opinion of charisma
logos
- logic
- must be reasonable
- evidence/information/facts
- adding ethos and logos has a high success rates
Pathos- emotions
- Positive or negative appeals
- factors necessary for a fear appeal to work
- credible source
-real threat
