Personality Flashcards by Veronica Pereira

Why is personality difficult to define?

There are so many facets to our identity, which makes
personality complicated to define

There are dozens of theories on personality and only
some consensus on the best ways to describe it

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What are the Big 5 personality traits?

Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Openness to experience

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The state of or tendency toward being predominantly concerned with and obtaining gratification from what is outside the self; a
personality trait or style characterized by a preference for or orientation to engaging socially with others

Extraversion

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What are the 6 extraversion subscales of the NEO-PI?

Warmth
Gregariousness
Assertiveness
Activity level
Excitement-seeking
Positive emotion

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The state or quality of having a pleasant manner in socializing with others

Agreeableness

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What are the 6 agreeableness subscales of the NEO-PI?

Trust in others
Morality
Altruism
Cooperation
Modesty
Sympathy

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Very careful about doing what you are supposed to do; concerned with doing
something correctly

Self-efficacy
Orderliness
Dutifulness (Sense of duty)
Achievement striving
Self-discipline
Cautiousness

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The tendency towards experiencing intense negative emotions

Neuroticism

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One of the most robust predictive factors related to personality for experiencing a mental health problem

Neuroticism

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What are the 6 neuroticism subscales of the NEO-PI?

Anxiety
Anger
Depression
Self-consciousness
Immoderation/impulsiveness
Vulnerability to stress

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What are the 6 openness subscales of the NEO-PI?

Imagination
Artistic interest
Emotionality
Adventurousness
Curiosity
Liberal values

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Enjoying trying new things, even when they are less practical

Openness to experience

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A personality
trait that determines how much people regulate their behaviour based on the context

Self-monitoring

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Describe the difference between high and low self-monitors

High-self monitors adjust their behaviours based on who is around

Low-self monitors do not filter themselves based on context; act similarly regardless of situation

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Describe the Myers-Briggs personality framework

People are placed into 16 personality types based on Carl Jung’s theories

Extraversion (E) vs introversion (I)
Sensing (S) versus intuition (N)
Thinking (T) versus feeling (F)
Judging (J) versus perceiving (P)

Widely used by businesses and corporations

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Why is the Myers-Briggs framework far from ideal?

Psychometric evidence suggests that this test has poor validity and reliability

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People endorse vague and
general information as highly accurate to their
specific circumstances

Barnum/Forer effect

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Persistent (stable) pattern of emotions, cognitions, and behaviour that results in enduring emotional distress for the person affected and for others and may cause difficulties with work and
relationships

Personality Disorders

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Describe personality disorders as they relate to the lifecourse

Generally considered chronic - Often developing gradually from childhood/adolescence

Symptoms for some personality disorders may improve as people age

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List the 3 cluster A personality disorders in the DSM-5 TR

Paranoid
Schizoid
Schizotypal

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What are cluster A personality disorders characterized by?

“Odd” and “eccentric”

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What are the 4 cluster B personality disorders in the DSM-5 TR?

Antisocial
Histrionic
Borderline
Narcissistic

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What are cluster B personality disorders characterized by?

“Dramatic,” “emotional,” “erratic”

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What are the three cluster C personality disorders in the DSM-5 TR?

Dependent
Avoidant
Obsessive-compulsive

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What are cluster C personality disorders characterized by?

"Anxious" and "fearful"

Personality disorders are --- co-morbid with one another

Highly

Explain the categorical approach to personality disorders and their advantages and disadvantages

Personality disorders are clear categories and have a clear physiology and underlying cause Advantage: simplicity Disadvantage: co-morbidity; overlapping symptoms

Explain the dimensional approach to personality disorders and the advantages and disadvantages

Personality traits exist on a continuum Advantage: captures the full range of personality concerns Disadvantage: when does a personality trait become a “disorder”?

Explain the prototypical approach to personality disorders and the advantages and disadvantages

Contains elements of both the dimensional and categorical approach Diagnoses require some essential features while also containing flexibility Advantage: captures a wide range of personality traits Disadvantage: the presentation of the personality disorder may vary

What are the two self dimensions of criterion A of describing personality functioning with the alternative model?

Identity: Experience of oneself as unique, stability of self-esteem, accuracy of self-appraisal, emotional regulation Self-direction: Pursuit of coherent short and long-term goals, constructive and prosocial standards of behaviour, productive self-reflection

What are the two interpersonal dimensions of criterion A of describing personality functioning with the alternative model?

Empathy: Comprehension and appreciation of the experiences of others, tolerance of different perspectives, understanding the effects of one's behaviour on others Intimacy: Depth and duration of connection with others, desire and capacity for closeness, mutuality of regard

What are the five dimensions of criterion B for defining personality disorders with the alternative model?

Negative affectivity vs emotional stability Detachment vs extraversion Antagonism vs agreeableness Disinhibition vs conscientiousness Psychoticism vs lucidity

Frequent and intense experiences of high levels of negative emotions and their behavioural manifestations

Negative affectivity

Avoidance of socioemotional experience, restricted affective experience and expression

Detachment

Behaviours that put the individual at odds with others including exaggerated self-importance, antipathy, readiness to use others

Antagonism

Orientation towards immediate gratification, leading to impulsive behaviour

Disinhibition

Wide range of culturally incongruent odd, eccentric, or unusual behaviours and cognitions

Psychoticism

A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships, as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortion and eccentricities of behavior, beginning by early adulthood

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

What is the treatment for Schizotypal Personality Disorder?

People with SPD often get referred to therapy for help with mood or anxiety and thus often end up treated for depressive disorders. Much like schizophrenia, a combination of medication and community integration programs seems to be effective

A persistent pattern of detachment and restricted emotion in interpersonal settings in which one neither desires nor enjoys close relationships and shows emotional coldness, detachment, or flattened affectivity not better explained by another psychotic disorder, mood disorder, or autism spectrum disorder

Schizoid Personality Disorder

What makes treatment particularly difficult for schizoid personality disorder and other related disorders?

Quite rare for people to present to services for support There is little research in this area

When do those with schizoid personality disorder most often seek treatment?

When public attention is drawn to a person or family encourages them

What does treatment for schizoid personality disorder involve?

Treatment often involves social skills training to help clients identify emotions in others, foster empathy May involve roleplaying What is/what isn’t effective in interpersonal settings

A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts

Paranoid personality disorder

A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, occurring since age 15 years, characterized by failure to conform to social norms, deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability/aggressiveness, reckless disregard, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse

Antisocial personality disorder

Up to --- percent of adult males have antisocial personality disorder; up to --- percent among new male inmates in Canadian correctional facilities

5.7, 44

What are the two neurobiological differences hypothesized to influence antisocial personality disorder?

Underarousal hypothesis: evidence that people with ASPD are chronically understimulated Fearlessness hypothesis: people with ASPD do not experience fear to the same degree as other people

What does treatment for antisocial personality disorder?

Treatment typically involves behavioural interventions and social skills training, best outcomes come if caught

Why does the dark triad suck

More pop psychology instead of evidence-focused Stigmatizing, overly simplistic

What is the dark triad?

Psychopathy, machiavellianism, narcissism

A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts

Borderline personality disorder

What four characteristics summarize borderline personality disorder?

Unstable relationships Unstable identity Impulsivity Unstable affect

Borderline personality disorder is among the most common personality disorders, affecting between --- and --- percent of the population

1.6 and 5.9

What is the treatment for borderline personality disorder?

Dialetical Behaviour Therapy - Acceptance and change - Achieving safety

Four requirements of dialetical behavioural therapy (DBT) skills?

Distress tolerance Interpersonal effectiveness Emotion regulation Mindfulness

A pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts

Histrionic personality disorder

A pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, and lack of empathy, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts

Narcissistic personality disorder

What is the treatment for narcissistic personality disorder?

Some research suggests cognitive therapy can help clients get unstuck from fantasies (i.e., grandiosity) and focus on day-to-day pleasurable experiences Coping strategies such as relaxation training and mindfulness

A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts

Dependent personality disorder

A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts

Avoidant personality disorder

A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts - defined by extreme conscientiousness

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)