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Psychopathology > Introduction and Historical Review > Flashcards

Introduction and Historical Review Flashcards

1
Q

The scientific study of psychological/mental disorders

A

Psychopathology

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2
Q

Which three things contribute to the importance of psychopathology?

A

Mental disorders are extremely common

Mental disorders are a leading cause of death and disability worldwide

Mental health is complicated, stigmatized, and poorly understood

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3
Q

Term that is often used to when a clear diagnosis has been made and/or when symptoms are severe

A

Mental illness

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4
Q

A term that is often used when a clear diagnosis has been made, but is an alternative to “mental illness” since it does not imply that there is a “disease”

A

Mental/psychological disorder

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5
Q

A general and neutral term that can apply to any context, often used by mental health professionals and the general population, especially if no diagnosis has been made

A

Mental health problem/concern/issue

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6
Q

Problem someone might present with, not associated or not yet associated with a diagnosis

A

Presenting concern

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7
Q

Give two general reasons as to why stigma is important to consider

A

Impact thoughts, feelings, experiences

Can sometimes impact or worsen symptoms

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8
Q

List the three components that make up a mental disorder

A

Cause dysfunction to daily life

Cause personal distress

Are atypical or not culturally expected

(Each of these elements is insufficient on its own)

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9
Q

What is Wakefield’s (1992) definition of “harmful dysfunction?”

A

Which consists of (1) a disorder caused by a failure of a mechanism(s) to do their evolved function and (2) the dysfunction causes harm or distress

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10
Q

When a mental health problem interferes with the ability to complete day-to-day tasks

A

Dysfunction

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11
Q

Give three drawbacks of the “atypical or not culturally expected” criterion

A

Being different does not mean anything is wrong

The cultural norms and human rights of the time/place determine what counts as a pathology (e.g. being gay)

Culture is constantly changing

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12
Q

What is a fourth factor that could be used to describe a mental disorder?

A

Danger (to others and to oneself)

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13
Q

What are the 4 Ds of psychopathology?

A

Dysfunction
Distress
Deviance (atypicality)
Danger

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14
Q

Name three controversies concerning defining mental disorders

A

Who decides what is normal or abnormal?

What counts as one single disease, disorder, or syndrome?

Do mental illnesses exist at all? Are they “real”?

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15
Q

An organization that oversees and regulates a health professionals

A

College

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16
Q

Only individuals with certain training credentials can legally refer to themselves with a specific title

A

Protected title

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17
Q

Only individuals with certain training credentials are permitted to perform certain procedures

A

Protected act

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18
Q

Compare and contrast psychiatrists and psychotherapists

A

Psychiatrists:
- Are medical doctors (MD)
- Regulated by the province (e.g., College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario)
- Can diagnose mental disorders, prescribe medications, and conduct psychotherapy
- Due to time constraints and a lack of supply in Canada, psychiatrists often focus on medication-management and diagnosis (limited time available for psychotherapy)

Psychotherapists:
- Not a regulated health profession in most provinces (are a regulated health profession in Ontario)
- Do not diagnose mental disorders or prescribe medications
- Can perform psychotherapy to treat mental health problems

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19
Q

What were the main focuses of the supernatural tradition of psychopathology?

A

Demons and witches, stress and melancholy

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20
Q

What were some changes that arose with the focus on stress and melancholy during the middle ages and beyond?

A

Psychopathology described as a natural phenomenon

First “asylums” were formed that recommended rest, sleep, baths, ointments, and a healthy and happy environment

Some medieval treatments align directly with evidence-based interventions

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21
Q

Using cold water to “shock patients back to their senses”

A

Hydrotherapy (middle ages)

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22
Q

Who/what represented three hallmarks of the biological tradition before biological breakthroughs?

A

Hippocrates
Galen
Development of biological treatments in the 20th century

23
Q

Name three biological treatments developed in the 20th century

A

Insulin shock therapy
Lobotomies
Electro-convulsive therapy

24
Q

Creating separate spaces where people could rest, recover, and live normal lives (similar to medieval ideas)

A

Moral therapy

25
Q

What did the mental hygiene movement rise in response to?

A

A backlash against the worsening conditions at asylums

Re-invigorated the call for humane treatment and increased access to services

26
Q

What was the unintended consequence of the mental hygiene movement?

A

This movement may have actually increased the number of patients in institutions, further worsening the conditions

27
Q

What were the three traditions associated with the rise of psychotherapy in the 20th century?

A

Psychoanalysis
Humanistic psychology
Behaviourism

28
Q

What did Freud push concerning psychoanalysis?

A

Emphasized understanding the unconscious mind (e.g., Id, Ego, Superego)

29
Q

What was Maslow’s contribution to humanistic psychology?

A

Self-actualization and the hierarchy of needs

30
Q

What was Rogers’ contribution to humanistic psychology?

A

Person-centred therapy, unconditional positive regard, genuineness as core components of therapy

31
Q

What three things classify a “scientist-practitioner?”

A

Keep up with latest scientific developments (evidence-based practice)

Evaluate their own assessments and treatments (practice-based evidence)

Conduct research

32
Q

An early physician who rejected notions of demons and witches and instead attributed psychological functioning to movements of the stars and moon

A

Paracelsus (1493-1541)

33
Q

Describe Hippocrates’ humoral theory of disorders

A

Hippocrates assumed that normal brain functioning was related to four bodily fluids (humors): Blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm

34
Q

What was John P. Grey’s position on psychological disorders in the 1800s?

A

They always have physical causes

35
Q

Approach that focuses on psychological, social, and cultural factors

A

Psychosocial approach

36
Q

Recalling and reliving emotional trauma that has been made unconscious and releasing the accompanying tension

A

Catharsis

37
Q

An overriding goal of maximizing pleasure and eliminating tension or conflicts

A

Pleasure principle

38
Q

Summarize what Freud believed to be the roles of the id, ego, and superego

A

Id operates according to the pleasure principle, primary process

Ego operates according to the reality principle, ensures we act realistically, secondary process

Superego represents moral principles, the conscience

39
Q

Conflicts in the mind (psychoanalytic theory)

A

Intrapsychic conflicts

40
Q

Unconscious protective processes that keep “primitive” emotions associated with conflict in check

A

Defence mechanisms

41
Q

Identify six main defence mechanisms (psychoanalytic theory)

A

Denial
Projection
Rationalization
Reaction formation
Repression
Sublimation

42
Q

What are the five stages of psychosexual development?

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

43
Q

Summarize Freud’s theory of psychosexual development

A

We pass through several stages in childhood that impact us in adulthood depending on whether or not one has successfully passed through a stage

44
Q

Freud theorized this was caused by a battle between lustful impulses and castration anxiety

A

Oedipus/Electra complex

45
Q

How did Jung and Adler’s perspectives differ from Freud’s?

A

More positive outlook focused on the human propensity for growth

46
Q

Patients are instructed to say whatever comes to mind (psychoanalytic)

A

Free association

47
Q

Content of dreams is related to symbolic aspects of unconscious conflicts

A

Dream analysis

48
Q

Patients come to relate to a therapist in the way they did towards an important figure in childhood

A

Transference

49
Q

Therapists project some of their own feelings and issues onto the patient

A

Countertransference

50
Q

What is a main criticism of psychoanalysis?

A

Basically unscientific

51
Q

The assumption that given the freedom to grow, anyone can reach their highest potential

A

Self-actualization

52
Q

Sympathetic understanding of an individual’s view of the world

A

Empathy

53
Q

Form of therapy focusing on people’s positive and creative potential

A

Gestalt therapy

Psychopathology (13 decks)

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