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Psychopathology > Integrative Approach > Flashcards

Integrative Approach Flashcards

I accidentally added some history cards to this deck too, oops

1
Q

The reason that a person seeks mental health services

A

Presenting problem

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2
Q

Why are one-dimensional models of causality inadequate?

A

Incomplete, things are not so linear

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3
Q

Details of the combination of behaviours, thoughts, and feelings that an individual experiences that make up a particular disorder

A

Clinical description

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4
Q

The cause or source of a disorder

A

Etiology

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5
Q

A clinician’s hypothesis about the relative contribution of different causal factors (e.g. biological, psychological, social)

A

Case conceptualization

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6
Q

What are the contributors to a mental disorder?

A

Evolution
Social, cultural, historical forces
Genetics
Developmental factors
Biopsychosocial factors

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7
Q

Short-lived, temporary states lasting from several minutes to several hours, occurring in response to an external event.

A

Emotions

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8
Q

More persistent, long-term, emotional states

A

Moods

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9
Q

What are the six universal basic emotions (Paul Ekman)

A

Sadness, Fear, Anger, Surprise, Disgust, Happiness

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10
Q

When you see this card, study the emotions Venn diagram

A

N/A

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11
Q

Name some reasons as to why we have emotions.

A

Emotions motivate (and organize) specific actions

Emotions are an efficient way to communicate with other humans about our needs (e.g. we need social support)

Emotions communicate important information to ourselves (e.g. sadness when we have lost something important to us)

The fight-or-flight response is a helpful evolutionary adaptation (motivated by emotion)

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12
Q

Biological reaction to alarming stressors that musters the body’s resources to resist or flee the threat.

A

Fight-or-flight response

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13
Q

What is the relationship between the fight-or-flight response and chronic stress?

A

The same fight-or-flight response is often triggered by situations that are not dangerous

Chronic stimulation of fight-or-flight response leads to chronic stress

Chronic stress can lead to numerous health problems (e.g. heart disease)

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14
Q

What is the relationship between gender and mental health problems?

A

Women experience higher rates of certain mental health problems, such as depression, than men

While the exact cause is unclear why these discrepancies exist, it is likely that the cultural forces facing men, women, and gender queer and non- conforming people affect how mental disorders present

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15
Q

Name an impact of urbanization on mental health.

A

The incidence of schizophrenia is 38 percent greater in men who had been raised in cities than in those raised in rural areas (even after controlling for other factors like cannabis use, parental divorce, and family history)

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16
Q

Describe three factors related to mental health concerns in indigenous communities in Canada

A

Historical oppression (residential schools)
Ongoing discrimination
Poverty and living conditions

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17
Q

A stretch of DNA within a chromosome

A

Gene

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18
Q

The structure that carries DNA contained in every human cell

A

Chromosomes

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19
Q

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene

A

Allele

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20
Q

What is the arrangement of chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes are arranged in pairs: Each cell has 46 chromosomes (23 from each parent)

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21
Q

Many genes exert a small effect

A

Polygenic

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22
Q

Estimating the heritability of traits (e.g. intelligence)

A

Quantitative genetics

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23
Q

Examining the structure and function of genes

A

Molecular genetics

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24
Q

What is the relationship between gene expression and the environment?

A

Our environment can determine whether our genes are expressed (or not)

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25
Q

A pre-existing genetic vulnerability

A

Diathesis

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26
Q

Explain the diathesis-stress model

A

People may have the same underlying vulnerability, but will only get a mental disorder if they encounter a particular stressor (or stressors)

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27
Q

Explain the evidence for gene-environment interaction found by Caspi et al.?

A

There is a gene involved in a serotonin transporter that has two alleles: the long allele (L) and the short allele (S) (Long allele = better stress coping, short allele = worse stress coping)

People with two short alleles for a serotonin transporter gene were more likely to experience depression following severe childhood treatment

Disclaimer: “Using enormous samples (up to near half a million people), researchers have been unable to replicate any polymorphism or gene effects on depression, or gene-by-environment interactions on depression.”

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28
Q

Biological factors other than DNA that influence gene expression and the traits passed on to future generations (likely related to the proteins that organize DNA)

A

Epigenetics

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29
Q

People’s genetic predispositions often influence their environments

A

Gene-environment correlation

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30
Q

What are the three types of gene-environment correlation?

A

Passive gene–environment correlation:
Our environment is often created by our parents, who share 50% of their genes with us

Reactive gene–environment correlation: Genes evoke a response from the environment

Active gene-environment correlation:
Genes make us seek out environments

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31
Q

Name three types of ACES?

A

Abuse (physical, sexual, emotional)

Household Challenges (domestic violence, substance use, severe mental illness, divorce, legal problems)

Neglect (physical, emotional)

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32
Q

When you see this card, study the ACES diagram

A

N/A

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33
Q

The same environmental conditions can produce a range of outcomes

A

Multifinality

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34
Q

A behaviour or disorder may have several different cause

A

Equifinality

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35
Q

People systematically underestimate how much they will change in the future at almost every age.

A

The “end of history” illusion (Quoidbach et al., 2013)

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36
Q

Describe Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development (no need for all the stages)

A

Every stage of life has a crisis that must be resolved based on our biological maturity and the unique demands of that time period

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37
Q

The CNS consists of…

A

Brain and spinal cord

38
Q

Neurons are…

A

Brain cells that transmit information, the fundamental unit of communication in the brain

39
Q

Neurons release…

A

Neurotransmitters (like serotonin) to other neurons/cells when they “fire”

40
Q

Name the three main parts of the neuron (excluding cell body) and their functions

A

Dendrite: location of receptors

Axon: transmits the signal

Synaptic cleft: the space between the axon of one neuron (presynaptic) and the dendrite of another neuron (postsynaptic)

41
Q

When you see this card, study the neurotransmitter diagram

A

N/A

42
Q

Part of the brain that regulates many automatic activities, such as breathing, the pumping action of the heart (heartbeat), and digestion

A

Hindbrain

43
Q

Part of the brain that contributes to processes of arousal and tension, such as whether we are awake or asleep

A

Midbrain

44
Q

Part of the brain containing the limbic system and the cerebral cortex

A

Forebrain

45
Q

Part of the forebrain that helps regulate our emotional experiences and expressions

A

Limbic system

46
Q

Part of the forebrain associated with our ability to think, reason, and solve problems (notably the prefrontal cortex in the frontal lobe)

A

Cerebral cortex

47
Q

Nervous system containing the somatic and autonomic systems

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

48
Q

Nervous system that controls muscles and voluntary movements

A

Somatic nervous system

49
Q

Nervous system that controls the cardiovascular (heart) and endocrine (hormone) functions

A

Autonomic nervous system

50
Q

Division of the autonomic nervous system associated with stress and the fight-or-flight reaction

A

Sympathetic nervous system

51
Q

Division of the autonomic nervous system that functions to oppose the stress response
(“Rest and digest”)

A

Parasympathetic system

52
Q

When you see this study the nervous system diagrams

A

N/A

53
Q

Released throughout the body through the endocrine system

A

Hormones

54
Q

A stress hormone implicated in the fight-or-flight response

A

Cortisol

55
Q

The “cuddle hormone” associated with social bonding

A

Oxytocin

56
Q

Compare the time needed for hormones and neurotransmitters to take effect

A

Hormones: Minutes to days before

Neurotransmitters: Milliseconds before

57
Q

Both amino acid neurotransmitters, the two of the most common neurotransmitters in all parts of the brain

A

Glutamate and GABA

58
Q

Compare glutamate and GABA

A

Glutamate: An excitatory neurotransmitter (increases the firing of neurons)

GABA: An inhibitory neurotransmitter (decreases the firing of neurons)

59
Q

Name the three main monoamine neurotransmitters

A

Serotonin
Dopamine
Norepinephrin

60
Q

The “liking” neurotransmitter associated with feelings of well-being, important for managing mood and anxiety

A

Serotonin

61
Q

Modern anti-depressant drugs primarily target…

A

Serotonin levels

62
Q

Learning through repeatedly pairing unconditioned stimulus and response (e.g. salivating at a treat) with a conditioned stimulus (e.g. a bell)

A

Classical conditioning

63
Q

Learning through understanding the consequences (e.g. rewards and punishments) of a behaviour

A

Operant conditioning

64
Q

Learning through social observation

A

Social learning

65
Q

Learning that has been wired in us through evolution via natural selection

A

Prepared learning

66
Q

What did learned helplessness experiments discover and what are the implications for mental health?

A

Animals who learn that they have no control over their environment (i.e. learn that they are helpless) became depressed and stopped trying to avoid shocks

Could be a similar mechanism for humans

67
Q

Cognitive behavioural therapy is based on…

A

The principle that how we interpret a situation influences how we feel; We can change our thoughts, beliefs, attitudes

68
Q

How many new cases appear during a given period

A

Incidence

69
Q

How many people in a population have a disorder

A

Prevalence

70
Q

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired with another stimulus

A

Classical conditioning

71
Q

Responding to stimuli that are similar to a paired stimulus

A

Stimulus generalization

72
Q

A stimulus that requires no pairing for a response to occur

A

Unconditioned stimulus

73
Q

Response to an unconditioned stimulus

A

Unconditioned response

74
Q

A stimulus that generates a response because it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

A

Conditioned stimulus

75
Q

A response generated by a conditioned stimulus

A

Conditioned response

76
Q

Process in which a response is no longer elicited by a conditioned stimulus because it ceases to be paired with a reward/punishment

A

Extinction

77
Q

Reporting on inner thoughts and feelings

A

Introspection

78
Q

Introducing individuals to a stimulus in order to gradually decrease their response

A

Stimulus desensitization

79
Q

A type of learning in which behaviour changes as a function of what follows the behaviour

A

Operant conditioning

80
Q

What is Thorndike’s law of effect?

A

Behaviour is either strengthened or weakened depending on the consequences of the behaviour

81
Q

Positive stimulus (reward) associated with a behaviour

A

Reinforcement

82
Q

Negative stimulus associated with a behaviour

A

Punishment

83
Q

A process of reinforcing successive approximations to a final behaviour

A

Shaping

84
Q

What five factors are considered in an integrative approach to psychopathology?

A

Behavioural
Biological
Emotional
Social
Developmental

85
Q

Specific location on a chromosome that codes for a gene

A

Genetic locus

86
Q

The appearance of an organism

A

Phenotype

87
Q

Represented by each pair of alleles for a specific gene

A

Genotype

88
Q

Different forms of alleles

A

Polymorphism

89
Q

The most common polymorphism in the human genome

A

Single nucleotide polymorphism

90
Q

Structures that cap the ends of chromosomes that are positively correlated with lifespan and seem to be shortened by stress

A

Telomeres

Psychopathology (13 decks)

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