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Psychopathology > Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis > Flashcards

Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four common types of assessments?

A

Psycho-diagnostic
Psycho-educational
Neuropsychological
Assessment at the beginning of psychotherapy

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2
Q

Assessment to identify and diagnose specific mental disorders (non-cognitive)

A

Psycho-diagnostic assessment

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3
Q

To identify and diagnose specific learning problems, neurodevelopmental disabilities, and mental health problems (cognitive)

A

Psycho-educational assessments

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4
Q

Assessing and diagnosing the possible contribution of brain damage or dysfunction to the patient’s condition

A

Neuropsychological assessments

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5
Q

Assessment when a diagnosis may not be requested or necessary

A

Assessment at the beginning of psychotherapy

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6
Q

List the seven limits to confidentiality

A

A person is at serious risk of harming themselves or others

A child is being abused or neglected

Any information about a regulated health profession committing a sexually inappropriate act (reported to that professions college)

Information about a person being neglected in a long-term care home

If a psychologist receives a subpoena from a judge

If the College of Psychologists audits a psychologist’s files

In missing persons investigations when information is requested from authorities

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7
Q

Used to gather relevant information related to the client’s mental health (i.e. presenting problem, demographic information)

A

Clinical interview

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8
Q

What are the three main types of clinical interviews?

A

Unstructured interviews
Semi-structured interviews
Structured interviews

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9
Q

Interview style focusing on free speech, not guided

A

Unstructured interviews

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10
Q

Interview style using a structure that can be naturally built off of to gather more information

A

Semi-structured interviews

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11
Q

Interview style that’s useful for research but not as common in clinical practice

A

Structured interviews

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12
Q

Name a pro and con of each main interview style

A

Unstructured interviews:
Pro - more natural conversation
Con - important information may be missed

Semi-structured interviews:
Pro - information can be gathered both systematically and efficiently
Con - can be challenging to balance flexibility and structure

Structured interviews:
Pro - guarantees all relevant information will be collected; contains specific scoring instructions for disorders
Con - may be overly rigid; may negatively affect relationship with client; time- consuming

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13
Q

What are the five key focuses of a mental status exam?

A

Appearance and behaviour: Dress, general appearance, posture, and facial expression.

Thought processes: Speech rate and coherence

Mood (described by the individual) and affect (what you notice as the clinician)

Cognitive/intellectual functioning: Any concerns with ability to pay attention, follow the conversation, remember details

Sensorium: Are they oriented to space and time?

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14
Q

Behavioural observations (e.g. mental status exam) are made through direct observation in a specific setting (at school, at home)

A

Behavioural assessment

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15
Q

The act of measuring a behaviour changes that behaviour

A

Reactivity

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16
Q

Does the test measure what it is supposed to measure?

A

Validity

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17
Q

Does the test consistently measure the same thing?

A

Reliability

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18
Q

What characterizes a good test?

A

Good validity and reliability

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19
Q

Name the two noted types of validity and give an example of each

A

Concurrent validity (e.g. one measure of anxiety correlates with other measures of anxiety)

Predictive validity (e.g. intelligence tests correlate with school grades in the future)

20
Q

Why are projective tests for personality not commonly used in the 21st century?

A

Questionable validity and reliability

21
Q

Self-report questionnaires about personality that have been administered to thousands of people (allows for norms)

A

Personality inventories

22
Q

Give two examples of personality tests

A

The Multiphasic Minnesota Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)

NEO-PI

23
Q

Name and describe the “Big 5” personality traits

A

Extroversion: socially outgoing and excitement-seeking

Agreeableness: friendliness and compassion

Openness to experience: curiosity and adventurousness

Conscientiousness: organized and systematic

Neuroticism: sensitive and nervous

24
Q

Give a reason as to why intelligence testing is controversial

A

There are objections about whether the tests are culturally-appropriate and are valid for people from all backgrounds

25
Q

Name two types of intelligence tests

A

WAIS-IV and WISC-V

26
Q

Name four different types of intelligence that modern tests such as the WAIS-IV and WISC-V assess

A

Verbal comprehension
Perceptual reasoning
Working memory
Processing speed

27
Q

What are five areas of cognitive functioning that neuropsychological tests assess?

A

Receptive and expressive language, attention and concentration, memory, motor skills, perceptual abilities

28
Q

Using self-report measures throughout treatment to measure effectiveness

A

Outcome monitoring

29
Q

In the DSM-5 TR, most diagnostic categories…

A

Assess for the dysfunction and distress associated with mental health problems and whether they are culturally expected

30
Q

Which characteristics of the symptom are considered when making a diagnosis?

A

Severity/intensity
Duration
Frequency

31
Q

A tool that allows us to classify the distinct patterns that characterize mental health problems

A

Diagnosis

32
Q

Name the three different approaches to diagnosis

A

Categorical approach
Dimensional approach
Prototypical approach

33
Q

A diagnostic approach treating mental disorders as clear categories with a clear physiology and underlying cause

A

Categorical approach

34
Q

Name an advantage and a disadvantage of the categorical approach to diagnosis

A

Advantage: simplicity
Disadvantage: excludes significant numbers of people

35
Q

Why has the categorical approach to diagnosis largely been abandoned?

A

Mental disorders are not caused by a single underlying pathology

36
Q

Diagnostic approach that treats mental disorders as existing on a continuum

A

Dimensional approach

37
Q

Name an advantage and a disadvantage to the dimensional diagnostic approach

A

Advantage: captures the full range of mental health problems

Disadvantage: more challenging to tell when problems become a “disorder”; little agreement on how many dimensions to consider

38
Q

Diagnostic approach that requires some essential features while also containing flexibility

A

Prototypical approach

39
Q

Name an advantage and a disadvantage of the prototypical approach

A

Advantage: captures a wide range of problems while also keeping categories distinct

Disadvantage: People can present in many different ways

40
Q

Which diagnostic approach does the DSM-5 use?

A

Prototypical approach

41
Q

List five advantages to diagnoses in general

A

Allows for communication among professionals

Creates some structure and consistency within the healthcare system

Allows us to study specific problems and test specific interventions for those problems

May allow people to access certain services

Can give people a sense of relief

42
Q

List six disadvantages to diagnoses in general

A

Certain labels can be stigmatizing

Diagnoses are not entirely objective of thoughts, behaviours, and emotions and they can be wrong

Some labels are persistent (even if they may not be accurate)

A diagnosis implies a disease or pathology

Diagnostic categories have changed over time and are influenced by the current culture

Many mental health problems are co-morbid and overlapping

43
Q

What does it mean that diagnosis is a “controlled act?”

A

Only medical doctors and psychologists can diagnose mental disorders in Ontario

44
Q

Rule stating that “A psychiatrist may share with the public his or her expertise about psychiatric issues in general. However, it is unethical for a psychiatrist to offer a professional opinion unless he or she has conducted an examination and has been granted proper authorization for such a statement.”

A

Goldwater rule

45
Q

The process of determining which of two or more diseases or disorders with overlapping symptoms a particular patient has

A

Differential diagnosis

46
Q

What are four tricky issues with differential diagnoses?

A

Equifinality and multifinality

What is “normal”

Understanding overlap across diagnoses

Change/onset/symptom progression

Psychopathology (13 decks)

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