Personality

Question 1

Reliability

Answer 1

Stability and consistency of the test

Question 2

Validity

Answer 2

Does it measure the characteristics it claims to measure?

Question 3

Test-Retest Reliability

Answer 3

Consistency scores over time

Question 4

Internal Consistency Reliabilty

Answer 4

Expect the questionnaire to be measuring the same thing

Question 5

Inter-rater Reliabilty

Answer 5

Results must be read consistently

Question 6

Face Validity

Answer 6

Does it accurately measure what it sets out to measure?

Question 7

Content validity

Answer 7

Does it measure all aspects of the characteristic?

Question 8

Criterion Validity

Answer 8

How does it correlate to other measures of the same construct?

Question 9

Measures can be reliable but NOT ______.

Answer 9

Valid

Question 10

If a measure is not reliable then it CANNOT _______.

Answer 10

Be valid

Question 11

Modern personality measures MUST be ___________.

Answer 11

Reliable and valid

Question 12

Who developed the psychoanalytical approach?

Answer 12

Sigmund Freud

Question 13

Psychoanalytical approach

Answer 13

Unconscious and intrapsychic process in shaping and driving behaviour

Question 14

Aspects of Freudian theory

Answer 14

1. Levels of consciousness
2. Structural model of personality
3. Defense mechanisms
4. Psychoanalytical development

Question 15

Consciousness

Answer 15

Thoughts feelings and behaviours you’re unaware of

Question 16

Preconscious

Answer 16

Can readily be bought to mind if needed

Question 17

Unconscious

Answer 17

Basic instincts and emotions. Not safe to let near the surface

Question 18

Id

Answer 18

Unconscious- satisfies primitive instincts. “I want everything and I want it now”

Question 19

Ego

Answer 19

Mainly in conscious and preconscious- satisfies urges of the id but in ways that is morally and socially acceptable. Delayed gratification until appropriate outlet is found.

Question 20

Superego

Answer 20

Morality principle. “Should’s and should not’s”. Conflicts with id

Question 21

The ego attempts to _______

Answer 21

Negotiate the intrapsychic conflicts between the id and superego

Question 22

What happens when we fail to negotiate the conflicts between the id and the superego?

Answer 22

We get anxious and uncomfortable

Question 23

How does the ego reduce anxiety?

Answer 23

Unconsciously distorting reality (defense mechanisms)

Question 24

Examples of defense mechanisims

Answer 24

• Repression
• Projection
• Sublimation

Question 25

Repression

Answer 25

Preventing painful or dangerous thoughts or memories from entering consciousness

Question 26

Projection

Answer 26

Transferring unacceptable thoughts or impulses to others

Question 27

Sublimation

Answer 27

Channeling unacceptable impulses into constructive/ socially acceptable activities

Question 28

Psychosocial Development

Answer 28

Personality developments through a series of stages characterised by a conflict centred on an erogenous zone

Question 29

Neo-Freudians

Answer 29

Accepted unconscious influences, importance of childhood. Placed emphasis on the conscious mind

Question 30

Why are objective personality tests inadequate?

Answer 30

They only capture conscious material

Question 31

Examples of objective personality tests

Answer 31

Free association, hypnosis, dream analysis

Question 32

Projective tests

Answer 32

Assume that someone presented with an ambiguous stimulus will project their unconscious thoughts, feelings and ideas

Question 33

Contribution of Psychoanalytical Theory

Answer 33

- Emphasis on unconscious processes - Importance of childhood experiences on personality

Question 34

Limitations of Psychoanalytical Theory

Answer 34

- Not solidly based on scientific observation - Not testable - Gender and cultural biases

Question 35

Humanistic Approach

Answer 35

Innate tendency to fulfil unique potential

Question 36

The phenomenology of the individual ______________.

Answer 36

Guides behaviour behaviour and shapes personality.

Question 37

Humanistic Approach Theorists

Answer 37

Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow

Question 38

Carl Roger's theory

Answer 38

Innate tendency towards growth and fulfilment

Question 39

Carl Roger's 3 required conditions that people need to fulfill

Answer 39

Genuineness, Empathy and Acceptance

Question 40

Unconditional positive regard

Answer 40

An attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Question 41

Personality =

Answer 41

Self-actualisation + Conditions of Worth

Question 42

Conditions of Worth

Answer 42

Conditions we believe we need to fill in order to receive acceptance

Question 43

Abraham Maslow

Answer 43

Behaviour motivated by a tendency towards growth

Question 44

Hierarchy of needs

Answer 44

- Self actualisation - Esteem Needs - Belongingness and Needs - Safety Needs - Psychological Needs

Question 45

Humanistic Assessment

Answer 45

Objective Personality Tests. Open-ended interviews and life histories.

Question 46

Humanistic Theory Contributions

Answer 46

- Focus on 'higher' human functioning & innate growth potential -Successful therapeutic techniques - Impact on ideas about child-rearing, education, management etc.

Question 47

Humanistic Theory Limitations

Answer 47

- Naive, romantic, unrealistic and limited in scope - Genetic, situational/ environmental factors - Concepts like free-will and self-actualisation are vague

Question 48

Barnum Effect

Answer 48

When people are told a generic evaluation and told it is tailored to them (astrology)

Question 49

Personality

Answer 49

Distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling and acting

Question 50

3 characteristics of individual's personality

Answer 50

1. Behavioural components of identity 2. Internal rather than environmental 3. Organisation and structure

Question 51

Psychosexual stages

Answer 51

1. Oral stage 2. Anal stage 3. Phallic stage 4. Latency stage