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Intro to Psychology > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Reliability

A

Stability and consistency of the test

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2
Q

Validity

A

Does it measure the characteristics it claims to measure?

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3
Q

Test-Retest Reliability

A

Consistency scores over time

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4
Q

Internal Consistency Reliabilty

A

Expect the questionnaire to be measuring the same thing

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5
Q

Inter-rater Reliabilty

A

Results must be read consistently

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6
Q

Face Validity

A

Does it accurately measure what it sets out to measure?

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7
Q

Content validity

A

Does it measure all aspects of the characteristic?

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8
Q

Criterion Validity

A

How does it correlate to other measures of the same construct?

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9
Q

Measures can be reliable but NOT ______.

A

Valid

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10
Q

If a measure is not reliable then it CANNOT _______.

A

Be valid

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11
Q

Modern personality measures MUST be ___________.

A

Reliable and valid

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12
Q

Who developed the psychoanalytical approach?

A

Sigmund Freud

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13
Q

Psychoanalytical approach

A

Unconscious and intrapsychic process in shaping and driving behaviour

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14
Q

Aspects of Freudian theory

A
  1. Levels of consciousness
  2. Structural model of personality
  3. Defense mechanisms
  4. Psychoanalytical development
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15
Q

Consciousness

A

Thoughts feelings and behaviours you’re unaware of

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16
Q

Preconscious

A

Can readily be bought to mind if needed

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17
Q

Unconscious

A

Basic instincts and emotions. Not safe to let near the surface

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18
Q

Id

A

Unconscious- satisfies primitive instincts. “I want everything and I want it now”

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19
Q

Ego

A

Mainly in conscious and preconscious- satisfies urges of the id but in ways that is morally and socially acceptable. Delayed gratification until appropriate outlet is found.

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20
Q

Superego

A

Morality principle. “Should’s and should not’s”. Conflicts with id

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21
Q

The ego attempts to _______

A

Negotiate the intrapsychic conflicts between the id and superego

22
Q

What happens when we fail to negotiate the conflicts between the id and the superego?

A

We get anxious and uncomfortable

23
Q

How does the ego reduce anxiety?

A

Unconsciously distorting reality (defense mechanisms)

24
Q

Examples of defense mechanisims

A
  • Repression
  • Projection
  • Sublimation
25
Q

Repression

A

Preventing painful or dangerous thoughts or memories from entering consciousness

26
Q

Projection

A

Transferring unacceptable thoughts or impulses to others

27
Q

Sublimation

A

Channeling unacceptable impulses into constructive/ socially acceptable activities

28
Q

Psychosocial Development

A

Personality developments through a series of stages characterised by a conflict centred on an erogenous zone

29
Q

Neo-Freudians

A

Accepted unconscious influences, importance of childhood. Placed emphasis on the conscious mind

30
Q

Why are objective personality tests inadequate?

A

They only capture conscious material

31
Q

Examples of objective personality tests

A

Free association, hypnosis, dream analysis

32
Q

Projective tests

A

Assume that someone presented with an ambiguous stimulus will project their unconscious thoughts, feelings and ideas

33
Q

Contribution of Psychoanalytical Theory

A
  • Emphasis on unconscious processes
  • Importance of childhood experiences on personality
34
Q

Limitations of Psychoanalytical Theory

A
  • Not solidly based on scientific observation
  • Not testable
  • Gender and cultural biases
35
Q

Humanistic Approach

A

Innate tendency to fulfil unique potential

36
Q

The phenomenology of the individual ______________.

A

Guides behaviour behaviour and shapes personality.

37
Q

Humanistic Approach Theorists

A

Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow

38
Q

Carl Roger’s theory

A

Innate tendency towards growth and fulfilment

39
Q

Carl Roger’s 3 required conditions that people need to fulfill

A

Genuineness, Empathy and Acceptance

40
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

An attitude of total acceptance toward another person

41
Q

Personality =

A

Self-actualisation + Conditions of Worth

42
Q

Conditions of Worth

A

Conditions we believe we need to fill in order to receive acceptance

43
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Behaviour motivated by a tendency towards growth

44
Q

Hierarchy of needs

A
  • Self actualisation
  • Esteem Needs
  • Belongingness and Needs
  • Safety Needs
  • Psychological Needs
45
Q

Humanistic Assessment

A

Objective Personality Tests. Open-ended interviews and life histories.

46
Q

Humanistic Theory Contributions

A
  • Focus on ‘higher’ human functioning & innate growth potential
    -Successful therapeutic techniques
  • Impact on ideas about child-rearing, education, management etc.
47
Q

Humanistic Theory Limitations

A
  • Naive, romantic, unrealistic and limited in scope
  • Genetic, situational/ environmental factors
  • Concepts like free-will and self-actualisation are vague
48
Q

Barnum Effect

A

When people are told a generic evaluation and told it is tailored to them (astrology)

49
Q

Personality

A

Distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling and acting

50
Q

3 characteristics of individual’s personality

A
  1. Behavioural components of identity
  2. Internal rather than environmental
  3. Organisation and structure
51
Q

Psychosexual stages

A
  1. Oral stage
  2. Anal stage
  3. Phallic stage
  4. Latency stage

Intro to Psychology (5 decks)

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