Memory

Question 1

Memory Processes

Answer 1

1. Encoding
2. Storage
3. Retrieval

Question 2

Stages of processing memory

Answer 2

1. Sensory Memory
2. Working/ Short Term Memory
3. Long Term Memory

Question 3

Sensory Memory

Answer 3

Raw perception of senses (1+ seconds)

Question 4

Short Term Memory Limits

Answer 4

7 +/- 2 bits of information. About 18 seconds

Question 5

Working/ Short Term Memory Components

Answer 5

1. Visuospatial Sketchpad
2. Episodic Buffer
3. Phonological Buffer
4. Central Executive

Question 6

Long Term Memory

Answer 6

Unlimited capacity. Accessed via working memory

Question 7

Types of long term memory/ storage

Answer 7

1. Declarative
2. Non-declarative (Procedural)

Question 8

Declarative memory

Answer 8

Explicit memory with conscious recall

Question 9

Components of Declarative Memory

Answer 9

1. Semantic Memory
2. Episodic Memory

Question 10

Semantic Memory

Answer 10

Facts- general knowledge (Declarative Memory)

Question 11

Episodic Memory

Answer 11

Personally experienced events (Declarative Memory)

Question 12

Non-declarative (Procedural) Memory

Answer 12

Implicit memory without conscious recall

Question 13

Components of Non-declarative (Procedural) Memory

Answer 13

1. Skills- Motor & Cognitive
2. Classical conditioning effects

Question 14

Encoding

Answer 14

Getting information into the brain by translating it into neural codes

Question 15

Retrieval

Answer 15

Bringing stored information into consciousness

Question 16

Context Effects- Physical Environment (Context-Dependent Memory)

Answer 16

Trigger associations by environment

Question 17

Context Effects- Internal Environment
Mood Congruent Memory

Answer 17

Tendency to recall memories that are consistent with our current mood

Question 18

Context Effects- Internal Environment
State Dependent Memory

Answer 18

What is learned in one state is more easily remembered when in the same state

Question 19

Phonological Loop

Answer 19

Briefly stores mental representations of sounds

Question 20

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Answer 20

Stores visual and spatial information

Question 21

Episodic Buffer

Answer 21

Temporary storage space where info from long-term, phonological and visuospatial can be made into conscious awareness

Question 22

Central Executive

Answer 22

Directs the overall action. Plans and controls subsystems and integrates with episodic buffer

Question 23

Key Researcher of Working Memory

Answer 23

Alan Baddley

Question 24

Decay Theory

Answer 24

With time and disuse the long-term memory fades

Question 25

Interference Theory

Answer 25

Forget information because other items of information in long-term memory interfere with retrieval

Question 26

Proactive Interference

Answer 26

Material learned in the past interferes with recall of new memory

Question 27

Retroactive Interference

Answer 27

Newly acquired information interferes with the ability to recall previously learned information

Question 28

Repression

Answer 28

Blocking conscious recall of anxiety-arousing information

Question 29

Prospective Memory

Answer 29

Concerns remembering to perform an activity in the future

Question 30

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 30

Memory loss for events that took place prior to the onset of amnesia

Question 31

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 31

Memory loss for events that occur after the onset of amnesia

Question 32

Dementia

Answer 32

Impaired memory and other cognitive deficits that accompany brain degeneration

Question 33

Infantile Amnesia

Answer 33

Memory loss for childhood

Question 34

Primary Effect

Answer 34

Reflecting the superior recall of the earliest items

Question 35

Recency Effect

Answer 35

Superior recall of the most recent items

Question 36

Chunking

Answer 36

Combining individual items into larger units of meaning to improve retention

Question 37

Retrieval Cues

Answer 37

A stimulus that activates information stored in long term memory

Question 38

Effortful Processing

Answer 38

Initiated intentionally and requires conscious attention

Question 39

Automatic Processing

Answer 39

Encoding that occurs without intention and requires minimal attention

Question 40

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 40

Simple, rote repetition. Keeps information active in working memory

Question 41

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 41

Focusing on expanding on the meaning of information

Question 42

Dual Coding Theory

Answer 42

Encoding using both verbal and visual codes enhances memory

Question 43

Method of Loci

Answer 43

A memory that associates information with mental images of physical locations

Question 44

Mnemonic Devices

Answer 44

A memory that reorganises information into more meaningful units and provides extra cues

Question 45

Schema

Answer 45

Mental framework about an aspect of the world (generalised idea)

Question 46

Source Monitoring Error

Answer 46

Attributing an event to the wrong source (misattribution)

Question 47

Misinformation Effect

Answer 47

Information encountered after the event can affect what is remembered about the event

Question 48

Suggestive Questioning

Answer 48

The language that is used when questioning can distort memory

Question 49

Memory Distortion

Answer 49

Memory reconstruction can lead to memory distortion. People fill in gaps with plausible guesses and assumptions

Question 50

Autobiographical Memory

Answer 50

Memory for the events we have experienced in our own lives

Question 51

Reminiscence Bump

Answer 51

Memories recalled between 10 years- 30 years