personality Flashcards
personality=?
the unique patterns of enduring thoughts, feelings and actions that Characterise a person.
Trait=?
A stable tenancy that influences our behaviour
state=?
Current affect, mood?
Differences between traits and states
(You’re usually a calm person but are currently a bit dramatic)
Nomothetic=?
Theories that are focused on the understanding of Individual differences of personality traits we all possess to a different scale.
Idiographic=?
Believes that people are entirely unique As individuals and that comparing particular treats is useless.
What are fraud’s 4 main theories?
1: Topographic
2: drive
3: Developmental,
4: Structural
Topographic theory=?
a map of how the mind works, conscious mind, preconscious mind and unconscious mind
Drive theory=?
The belief that we are pleasure-seeking beings and that we possess a libido
Developmental theory=?
Psychosexual development, the stages in which children grow into their Sexual maturity.
Structural theory=?
The belief that the conscious, Preconscious and unconscious mind Are dictated by a sense of morality and social norms.
Core assumptions of fraud’s theories?
1: Psychic determinism: We are at the mercy of our consciousness, our uncossios thoughts can slip into our mind at any time (frauding slip).
2: Symbolic meaning, Fraud believed that every action had an unconscious thought driving it (Usually these were sexual in nature because were talking about fraud here). Ie dreaming of snakes means your gay lol (Or more accurately dreaming of long phallic objects represents your sexual Desire)
3: Unconscious motivation, the belief that we possess enconscious drives that dictate all of our behaviour.
Parapraxis=?
an error in speech in wich we mean to say something but say (a mother, i mean) another. Fraud thought these were representations of the state of our unconscious mind.
What did fraud believe humans were driven by?
1: Aggressive Drive (Freud believed that all humans have an innate desire for death this comes out as aggressive behaviour but is tempered by our will to live, Example: Trauma
survivors Indulging in negative coping mechanisms, doing drugs etc)
2: Sexual (labido) drive (Refers to exactly what you think but also Pleasure-seeking of Pleasant feelings, Freud believed that people that truly gravitate towards pleasure seeking behaviour (Tried being Freud this was usually about sex)
Freud’s developmental Theory Of psychosexual development stages
1:oral (0-18 mouths), Dependency. named after mouth due to that being the way a child expearces pleure (eating, putting toys in mouth).
2:anal 2-3 years, (named after potty training) Orderliness, Cleanness, Control and Compliance (were the frase being anal comes from)
3:phalic 4-6 years, falls in love with Opposite sex Parents (for boys oedipus colplex, for girls electra complex) sees other perent as competition and Possess an unconscious desire to kill them. (Freud believed that all women envy men, penis envy)
4:Latency 7-11 years, Relationships take a backseat. Children focus on education and same-sex friendships, social Relationships, Development of identity.
5:Genital 12+ years, children Develop sexul intresits as well as engae in sexal relshonships.
Freud’s Structural model aspects.
ID=Underlying biological Desire to seek pleasure. Underlying Desires and Drives(Unconscious)
Ego=our understanding of reality. Interact with the real world makes Decisions (Combination of the conscious and preconscious)
(preposed later) superego=our understand Of morality and social norms, Manages the balance of ID and ego. Direct us to behave morally
Defence mechanisms=?
People Regulate their emotions And deal with conflict by using Unconscious defense mechanisms which aim to reinforced Positive Emotions and Protect from unpleasant ones.
types of Defence mechanisms=?
Repression:Memories or thoughts are kept from our conscious mind. (A soldier forgets his near-death experience)
Denial: Refusing to accept External reality. (A wife refuses to believe her husband has died in the car crash)
Displacment: Emotions are directed at a Substitute Target (Parents yells at a child who has done nothing wrong after fighting with her husband)
Regression: The regression to an earlier stage of psychosexual development (an adult throwing a Temper tantrum upon not getting their way)
Reaction formation: Unacceptable feelings for impulses turned into their Opposites (Apparent results for child but Spoils them)
Rationalisation: Actions are explained away to avoid unpleasant feelings. Procrastination. (Avoiding studying watching TV by saying you need a break and that’s starting what do any good).
Projective tests=?
These tests assume that if you present a person with a neutral stimulus the individual Project their own Impulses and desire on to it.
Thematic apperception test (TAT)=?
A psychologist Presents an image And ask the client explain what happened. What are the events leading up to this picture? What are the thoughts and feelings that are being expressed in this picture? What happens after this pictures taken? The narrative that the client comes up with is a representation of the unconscious mind.
Neo-freudian=?
A professional that Accepted the main principles of Freud’s ideas but disagreed with certain elements.
Alfred Adler believed what?
The father of individual psychology: he Believed that humanities Focus priority is for superiority rather than sex.
Strive for superior=?
The belief that we have Do you need to desire To better ourselves, to become our best self because, to strive for fulfillment.
Inferiority complex=?
A basic feeling of inadequacy, And insecurity Driving from actual or imagined Physical or psychological deficiency.
Carl Jung Collective unconscious=?
our unconscious drives and desires are inherited from past ancestor. (can not be tested)
Escape from freedom=?
we crave socal conection but through the advancement of Technology We no longer require it on a logical sense.
Prose of Psychodynamic personality theories
Acknowledges unconscious influence on behaviour, Importance of childhood experiences in behaviour in adulthood. Belief that humans thought and action have meaning.
cons of psychodynamic personality theories.
Lack of scientific basis, Lack of testability, Sexism.
social cognitive=?
a combination of Social learning Theory and Behaviourism.
Humanistic theories of Personality=?
theories focused on how humans are different from animals
Behavioural approaches says=?
Differences in a personality Are largely due to past experiences.
Operant and classic conditioner Dictate The habits we form.
(how have our past experiences effected how we reat to things, what have we been reward or punished for in the past and what have we made that mean)
To a certain extent our personality is dictated by our genetic makeup and our environments.
Social cognitive theories=?
The way people process, Encode and think about information dictates their personality.
Necessary conditions for a behaviour (A personality trait)=?
1: The situation Is encoded As being meaningful and relevant
2: Belief in one’s own ability (Disbelief can be distorted and still get the same effect)
3: Self-regulation of ongoing active
Albert bandura- Social learning Theory=?
We Learn how to behave by watching how are others behave and how there are rewarded As well as punished for their behaviour. (Through vicarious operant conditioning)
Reciprocal determinism=?
Personality is a constant back and forth of environment Behaviour and our beliefs.
How we behave affects others and how others react to our behaviour effect how we behave in the future.
Julian rotter, Locus of control=?
Discusses what people think they can control.
Inner Locus of control=?
People with this Locus of control Believe that every outcome in their life can be controlled (or at the very least is effected) by their behavior.
Traits of Inner Locus of control=?
. They believe they have control of their relationships
. they have higher self esteem
. more likely to focus on problem focused coping (Focusing on how to fix a problem Rather than getting caught up in the emotion of it)
External Locus of control=?
People with this Locus of control believe their Behaviour has no effect on the outcome of situations.
Traits of external locus control=?
They don’t consider Positive or negative outcomes to be because of them (If they get a new job they believe it was like rather than their skill).
how to measure Locus of control
A set of questions that are labelled as true or false such as:
1:Many People live miserable lives Because of their parents.
2:If you set realistic goals you can achieve anything
3:You can climb the corporate ladder if you’re in the right place at the right time
4:If you study hard enough you can pass any subject
Item is 1 and 3 if Answered as true Points towards an external Locus of control
Items 2 and 4 if answered true points towards an internal Locus of control.
Walter Mischel- Cognitive effective Theory=?
He believed that In Our personality we possess cognitive personal variables That dictate how we react to things.
Cognitive affective Theory variables
1: Encoding’s, Beliefs about the world and other people, is the world a stove place? Is it a dangerous place?
2: Expectancy, Self-efficacy, How competence do they believe they are? What do they Believe will happen Following actions.
3: Affect, Feelings and emotions. Are there logical person? Are they a Irrational? Are they a happy or a depressed person?
4: Goals and values, What does the person believe in or want to achieve? What are they hoping will happen. Are their dreams directed at career or famly? What do they want.
5:Competencies and self regulating plans, things a person is capable of doing. What are thor skills? What is their skill set. Is that skill set relvne to the problem they are trying to solve? Do they understand those competencies in order to solve a problem?
pros of cognitive social Theories of personality.
Due to these theories being so heavily rooted in memory, Thought and experience, They are easily tested and measured.
cons of cognitive social theories of personality.
Emphasises rationality of emotion (Other than Other than Mischel’s theory), Assumes that people know what they want and think Accurately and concisely.
Humanistic approaches focus=?
Focuses on what makes us distinctly human rather than Focusing on the innate Drives and instincts.
Self-actualization=?
the realization or fulfilment of one’s talents and potentialities, especially considered as a drive or need present in everyone.
What makes humans distinct?
our drive for Fulfilment and self Betterment.
Abraham Maslow-Hierarchy of needs=?
He argued that all people are tryingto find the meaning of life and reach Self actualisation but that is Impossible unless we facilitate our basic needs.
Hierarchy of needs
7:Physiological nees, hunger etc
6: Safety and security needs, somewhere to sleep, defences.
5: Belongingness and love needs, the need to feel loved.
4: Achievements and gaining recognition
3: Cognitive needs, the need to learn
2: Aesthetic needs, the desire to look good.
1: Self-actualisation
Carl rogers key concpets
Rejected all notions of determinism and embraced free will.
He believed we are abel to controle our behaviors and outcomes.
He agreed with Maslow’s theory but disagreed with the aspect of it being a drive as well as the top being Self actualisation.
he believed self-actualizing was the driving force for guiding our behaviours and thus Personality.
Carl rogers Three main elements of personalty=?
1:The organism, genetics
2: the self, our beliefs of self, our sense of identity.
3: Conditions of worth, expectations we put on ourselves, If the expectations we put on her selves are consistent with how people treat us we can achieve Self-actualisation.
(if inconsistent, can lead to Incongruence which can lead to Self-discrepancy Which can lead to mental illness)
Carl Rogers’ model
How people react to the sense of self Dictates our mental health and sense of personalty (stable or unstable sense of self/personalty)
Unconditional positive regard: A positive opinion that was not dependant on specific actions, Please to self actualisation.
Conditioned positive regard: Encouraging so long as you behave in a certain way, Positive regard on the given under certain circumstances, Leads to self-discrepancy. (Do two conflicting desires to be true to yourself but also please others, even if inconsistent)
Divergent/In congruence of self Concept steps=?
1: We believe that Affection from others is conditional. If we act a certain way, people will like us.
2: Need to distort behaviour to gain the most affection possibly
3:This distortion Leads to an inconvenient self-concept
4: leadsto Anxiety
5: Defence mechanisms due to anxiety protects an inaccurate self-concept, which Leads to further distortion, which to anxiety and depression.
pros of humanistic approach
Has been influential In the production of programs For parents to allow their children to achieve full Potential (By teaching them how to talk to them in a way that engocres them to grow into who they are, rather then how they should be)
Emphasises the uniqueness of the individual and the imprantce of being themselves (being ture to self allows for more stable mental health)
Cons of humanistic approach
Naive and Romanticised view of humananty (The belief that all humans tried to be their best selves is not always the case)
Better at describing personality then explaining it.
Allport says that traits are two things. What two things?
1:an Observed tendency to behave in a certain way.
2: An underlying disposition that Results in behavioural tendencies.
characteristics of traits=?
1: Traits should be stable
2: traits should be stable across situations (creative in all aspects of life, not just one area)
3: no two people are Exactly like in all traits
Four level Hierarchy of behavioural organisation was made by
Hans Eysenck
Four-level Hierarchy of behavioural organisation=?
1: Specific responses, specific actions and Cognitions a human will perform (Completing an Assignment)
2: Habits, Must be reliable and consist (Student continuously works on an assignment until it is done)
3:Traits are formed by Several Habitual responses (The individual works on assignments until they are done, they work on multiple assignments until they are done; this individual is considered reliable person)
4: type, (Superfactors or Supertraits), Made up of multiple interconnected traits.
The 3 supertraits=?
1:scale, Psychoticism to Normality (high Psychoticism= Higher chance of risk-taking and Irresponsible behaviour, Less susceptible to conditioning, higher creativity, less restrained by social norms)
2: scale, Extraversion to Introversion (Self-explanatory)
3: scale, Neuroticism to Emotional stability. (high Neuroticism=high stress, Bad coping mechanisms. High emotional stability=Good at coping
Lexical approach to personality Key assumptions
1: Important personality characteristics will have terms used a day to day (ie, someone is outgoing, creative etc)
2: More important Personality characteristics will be defined by a single word (ie, Extroverted)
Gordon Allport and henry Odbert made Influential Treat theories through the —–?
1930s
How did Gordon Allport and henry Odbert create their theories?
Went through dictionaries and pulled out all words that could be used to describe someone. Found 1800. Cut back and identified 4,500 traits.
Gordon Allport and henry Odbert Three types of traits=?
1: Cardinal traits (using a single term to Describe someone’s predominant personality, ie scrooge is greedy)
2:central traits (General characteristics all people have in Some level, extraversion, introversion)
3: Secondary traits (Traits that are only made obvious in certain situations, Confident most of the time anxious around cats)
Raymon Cattell used who’s research?
Gordon Allport and henry Odbert
How many traits were in Raymon Cattell original revision?
171
Surface traits=?
Obvious characteristics that are Easily Identifiable (outgoing)
Source traits=?
less obvious Characteristics that give rise to Surface traits (Person is outgoing due to extraversion)
The 16 personality factors (16pf)=?
1: warmth
2:Reasoning
3:Emotional stability
4:Dominance
5:Liveliness
6:Rule conscious
7:Social boldness
8:Sensitivity
9:Vigilance
10:Abstractness
11:Privateness
12:Apprehension
13:Openess to change
14:Self reliance
15:Perfectionism
16:Tension
The big 5 or Five-factor model (ffm) was made by who?
McCrea & coster
Aspects of factors (FFM)=?
1: Stable during adulthood (high extraversion will remain high through life)
2: Factors are culturally universal (Slightly different between cultures but in general the same)
3: Specific parts of factors are inherited, The can be influenced by the environment.
Factors (ffm)=?
1:Openness to experience (high=Curious, creative, imaginative, independent in judgement and decision making)
2:Conscientiousness (high=Reliable, careful, hard-working, well-organised, Most associated with good outcomes in employee performance
3:Extraversion (high=Social, Talkative, Open with others)
4:Agreeable (high=Friendly, understanding, caring, Empathetic)
5:Neuroticism (high=Nervous hostile insecure sad Associated with some level of emotional instability)
Factors are generally culturally universal, true or false?
mostly true, four or five of them.
Which of the factors (FFM) is not supported in Asia
Openness to Experience is not Supported in some Asian countries.
In general, Women tend to be higher in=?
Neuroticism, Extraversion Agreeableness and conscientiousness.
6 dimensional model=?
1:Honesty-humility
2:Emotionality
3:Extraversion
4:Agreeableness
5:Conscientiousness
6:Open to experience
People question if HEXACO is—-?
a Big 5 + 1 model
The dark triad Theory=?
A collection of Dark, Socially undesirable traits.
Aspects of The dark triad Theory=?
1:Narcissism (Entitlement, superiority, dominant from others)
2:Machiavellianism (Cynica, unprincipled, manipulative. Manipulative in interpersonal relationship, strong belif in Manipulating others to Achieve goals)
3: Psychopathy (Impulsivity, thrill-seeking Behaviour, low or lacking empathy)
Some argue that their is a 4th aspect. what is it?
4: Sadism (Getting pleasure or Satisfaction from Others pain and suffering) has strong correlation with Dark triad traits Better predictor of severe antisocial issues/
Scoring high on dark triad traits is Associated with=?
Reduced empathy
Sexual harassment
Bullying
Assault
Prejudice
Aggression
Machiavellianism and Narcissism are linked to–?
General hostility rather then violence (due to them belveing they are better then others)
Psychopathy and sadism are strongly linked to—?
violence and aggression
Life history Theory (wilson, 1995)=?
This theory suggests that there are two different types of people who make decisions for two different Reasons.
Fast life Strategys=?
thinks in short term goals, Doesn’t consider consequences, thinks about what behaviours will lead to the achievement of short-term goals, here and now. (high Dark triad scores are more likely to be fast life people)
Fast life Strategys=?
thinks in short term goals, Doesn’t consider consequences, thinks about what behaviours will lead to the achievement of short-term goals, here and now. (high Dark triad scores are more likely to be fast life people)
Slow Reproductive strategy=?
long term goals, long term benefits, considers consequences, parenting.
Psychopath is common in High Success Professional positions due to what?
Wealthy people usually Expressing the same four traits.
Wealthy people usually Expressing the same four traits which are?
1:Claims credit for others work (How to get the ball rolling)
2:Takes advantage of others (Especially people in lower possessions of power to them, employes in Institutes)
3:Superficially Pleasant (Appears Charming, great at interviews, True colours show after being hired)
4:Don’t mind firing others or making ruthless decisions (they don’t mind Manipulating others or hurting people’s feelings)
Controversy about genes and personality=?
Ideological concerns such as Eugenics
Eugenics=?
a frame of mind that strives to Improve The genetics of the human Population.
Eugenics past problems=?
the Suppression and Genetic eradication of minorities and those who are seen as Genetically inferior.
Goals of behavioural genetics=?
To determine the percentage of individual differences such as Personality traits that can be Attributed to genetics vs the Environment.
to understand How are genetics Interact with the environment.
Misconceptions about heritability=?
heritability cannot Be applied to a single person
heritability is not Constant or immutable (Heritability is constantly changing)
heritability Is not a precise statistic
Behavioural genetics research methods=?
Selective breeding (Can only be done if the trait is Hereditary) Example: selective Breeding studies of dogs (work behavor, energy, rounding up animals)
Family Studies: Starting the behaviour of a specific family and The personality traits throughout the generations.
(Psychologies favorite) Twin studies: Studying identical and non identical twins To see what aspects of a personality traits are genetic.
Adoption studies: Studying the similarities and differences between an adopted child and their siblings (Who are the no dna with)
Cultural universals: on average, Men are regarded as=?
Active, adventurous, obnoxious, aggressive, opinionated, arroganet conceited.
Cultural universals: on average Women are regarded as=?
Affectionate, compassionate, patient, charming, malleable, open to change.
Why are personalty tests used=?
It is believed that almost all mental illness is have some basis in personality .
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory-2 Restructured format (MMIP-2-RF) is how many questions long?
338 Questions long (was 567)
How many scales are in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory-2 Restructured format (MMIP-2-RF)?
51 scales
Pros of trait theory=?
easily measured and tested, alow for individuality in trait expression, allows for Categorisation of Personality.
Cons of trait theory=?
Heavily reliant on self-report, Analysis may govern the outcome (Do to models like the big five being made by Creating categories of seemingly related traits this could alow for people to be but in Categories That do not fit them entirely) Does not examine the process of personality.
