culture, stress and coping.

Question 1

Stress=?

Answer 1

An internal process that we experience as we adjust too certain events and circumstances

Question 2

Stressors=?

Answer 2

The events and circumstances we need to adjust too (can be both positive and negative) any aspect that we feel we might struggle to adept to the change or worry about are ability to cope with the change and or new responsibilities.

Question 3

Stressors intensity levels=?

Answer 3

1: Daily hassles (simple daily things, stress level low but can build up over time)
2:Chronic problems (on going issues, ongoing level of stress)
3: Life changes and strains (event in life like a Divorce, things that change life for better or worse)
4: Catastrophic (Traumatic) events (events were Safety is threatened, either The individual’s or The individual’s close Relations. Examples: Car accidents, Assaults. Things that happen suddenly, unpradicplby and cause substantial change, Either in moment or after)

Question 4

Stress reactions: Emotional=?

Answer 4

Initially, low mood, crying, irritability, Negative emotions. Prolonged: low Affect, sadness, lake of enjoyment, blunted mood.

Question 5

Stress reactions: Cognitive=?

Answer 5

disruptions of Concentration, inability to make decisions, Rumination (the tendacy to overthink things, dwelling on past events) Inhibits competency and other areas

Question 6

Behavioural: avoidance=?

Answer 6

(can be both maladaptive and adaptive) Maladaptive Coping mechanism: Drinking, Substance misuse, Decreased physical activity leading to many Health consequences, Overeating or loss of appetite, Sleep disturbances.

Question 7

Stress reactions: Physical=?

Answer 7

heart rate increase, clammy hands, breathing rate increase, tunnel vision, pins and needles.

Question 8

General adaptation syndrome=?

Answer 8

How we respond Physically to a stressor (chart in class)

Question 9

General adaptation syndrome progression

Answer 9

Alarm: when we first Interpret the stressful event, onset of Physical stress response. Adrenaline, Cortisol.
Resistance: We begin to adapt to the stressor, we Physiologically overcome the response. We use cognitive and behavioural to cope with the stressor (breathing techniques, avoidance techniques, moving away).
Exhaustion: when we can no longer cope with the stressor (are Resources to manager have been depleted) Past stressors If severe enough Can damage ability to cope with similar stresses in the future. (can be Initiated easier if Proper coping mechanisms are not inplace)

Question 10

Disease-prone personalities=?

Answer 10

A type of personality prone to disease. Pessimistic, Catastrophizes, Believes the world is dangerous, Applies the catastrophizing to other areas of their life such as relationships, Ruminants on stress, Emotion-focused coping.

Question 11

Disease-resistant personalities=?

Answer 11

A type of personality resistant to disease. see stressors as challenges to be overcome, Optimistic, Uses problem-focused coping.

Question 12

Side effects of an overactive stress response: adrenaline=?

Answer 12

Can cause harmful effects when Over released due to a certain part of the body becoming damaged when Introduce to prolonged Exposure.

Question 13

Side effects of an overactive stress response: Cortisol=?

Answer 13

when over released can cause a depleted release and thus will be unable to stop stress response.

Question 14

Critical incident debriefing=?

Answer 14

meeting with a person after a trauma to Immediately teaches them how to manage the stress.

Question 15

Critical incident stress debriefing process=?

Answer 15

1: Introduction phase: explanation of session
2: fact phase: what happened
3: thought phase: what they were thinking during and after.
4: reaction phase: Express current emotions
5: Symptom phase: Monitoring for physical and psychological symptoms.
6: teaching phase: teaches the person how to mange stress.
7: Reentry phase: Summary of session

Question 16

rosenstock Health beliefs model=?

Answer 16

A model that shows what is required for a person to want to change an unhealthy habit.

Question 17

Rosenstock Health beliefs model markers =?

Answer 17

1: perception of personal threat, understanding that the behavour is danger to them.
2: perception of serriosness of illness, if they belive the problem will cuse a Serious threat to their health they will be more likely to change.
3: perception of beavhour change effctaveness, do they believe that changing will help.
4:Perceived costs and benefits, they believe that the Benefits will outway the costs.

Question 18

Stages of readiness=?

Answer 18

stages of readiness to change an unhealthy habit

Question 19

Stages of readiness stages=?

Answer 19

1:Pre-contemplation, a person hasn’t thought about it. (low chance of change)
2:Contemplation, they are aware of there behavior and it’s Dangerous, they’re thinking about it.
3:Preparation, the person has looked into the options and have educated themselves, they are planing to change.
4:Action stage, they have committed to change, tube taken action,
5: Maintenance, they have stuck to the plan for at lest 6 mouths (After 6 months people are far less likely to relapse)

Question 20

types of Coping strategies

Answer 20

Cognitive coping strategy: Involves Identifying negative thought patterns then Developing and practising more effective processes.(goal isn’t to remove stress but to Recognise them And alter them to something effective)

Emotion coping strategies: Social support Appears to be the best Emotional coping strategy For dealing with negative emotions, though Cognitive behavioural and physical strategies appear to be more effective overall.

Behavioural coping strategies: Involves introducing small changes to day to day to reduce Response to stressors. Making a time management planner is the most common behavioural coping strategy. Another behaviour coping strategy is to avoid toxic personalties (ie, bad coworkers)

Physical copying strategies: Prescribe medication can redo stress and depressive symptoms but Also pose a risk of causing dependence on them rather than getting to the root of the issue (ie Going through psychotherapy for anxiety keeping a bottle of pills in the car thus making the anxiety worse by not actively opposing it)

Question 21

Culture is=?

Answer 21

1: a set of shared meanings and ideas that are passed down from generations (how you see the world)
2: artifacts such as symbols , art, dance, language, values.
3: the way we think, how we feel about ourselves and others.
4:It helps us orientate ourselves in our Environment (Who do I respect?)

Question 22

Characteristics of culture=?

Answer 22

Language
Fashion
Food (not just what you eat but how you eat, who you eat with)
Music Dance Art
Relationship with time (some cultures perceive time differently)
Interpersonal relationships (what Relationships are most important how are your relationships Undertaken)
Beliefs attitudes values.

Question 23

Why do we have culture?

Answer 23

Terror management Theory: Humans are aware of their own mortality and the fear of that causes them to come together to be apart of something bigger and more important.

Creation of shared reality:Humans have a basic need to Feel as if other people think and feel about things the same way they do or at the very least understand why they think the way they do.

By-product of human interaction: Culture is a byproduct of human interaction. for humans to live we communicate to communicating we need language. we need a rules understand how we should interact with others. These are the Foundations of a culture.

Question 24

Enculturation=?

Answer 24

the processing Of becoming Intermingled with a culture by simply growing up at it or being surrounded by it and it unconsciously affecting you.

Question 25

Systems theory=?

Answer 25

the theory that states that Culture exists on three levels

Question 26

Systems theory levels

Answer 26

1: Ontogenic System, Individual has own perception of culture (How they believe the culture they grew up in actually.is)
2:Proximate culture, Friends, family, Community the people you are most likely to model your behaviour off
3:Distant culture, The large-scale picture of the culture are they more laber or libral are they largely religious or not?

Question 27

Cultural development stages=?

Answer 27

Stage one:
Ecological factors:The environment A culture is founded in forms it (Is it cold or hot? What sort of houses do they build considering the temperature? Are they able to stay in one place or do they have to move a lot?)

Social factors: Problems that are founded and solved As a byproduct of human interaction (Who takes care of the children? Are people being fair?)

Biological factors: Biological problems that require others to solve (What kind of problems needing to be solved shape the culture)

Stage 2: Culture is formed
Stage 3: Through enculturation, the culture is maintained
Stage 4: The culture we are raised in forms you as a person (belifs, Attitudes, Worldview)

Question 28

Individualis=?

Answer 28

Cultures Place importance of the Independency of the individual (Get a job, Succeed in a career)

Question 29

Collective=?

Answer 29

Cultures Place importance on interpersonal relationships And thinking of oneself as a part of a group.

Question 30

Hofstede’s Dimensions=?

Answer 30

1: Individualism vs collectivism (Already discussed)

2: power/distance (How much people change their demeanour when interacting with someone of a higher or lower power, In Australia we try to Minimise the difference in Demeanor when interacting with someone in a position of power, in japan they show respect by Exaggerating this change in Demeanor)

3:Uncertainty Avoidance (The level of which cultures tolerate uncertainty, ie bali sets times for events as around 10 rather then Australia Which has exact times)

4:Masculinity vs femininity (The level to which a culture Values masculinity or femininity In day to day life, are stronger Providers held as being important to being a good person Or is being nurturing better?)

5:Long term Forster short term correlation (The level to which cultures plan ahead, Do they Make long-term plans That will benefit them in the future, Or do they make short-term plants that benefit them now?)

Question 31

Tight vs loose cultures=?

Answer 31

Tight cultures: Has strong Social norms and a low Tolerance for deviant behaviour.
Loose culture: Has weak Socia norms But higher tolerance of deviant behaviour.

Question 32

Cultural psychologist=?

Answer 32

Studies the ways of which people are affected and Shaped by their day-to-day lives (Similar to social anthropology)

Question 33

Cross-cultural psychology=?

Answer 33

Compares the similarities and differences between cultures.

Question 34

Emic Perspective=?

Answer 34

Involves the immersion into a culture Understanding the specific inner workings of that culture rather than the broad picture.

Question 35

Etic Perspective=?

Answer 35

Involves the logical and Systematic research of culture and the creation of Universal principles that could be applied to other cultures.

Question 36

Absolutism=?

Answer 36

The assumption that Psychological phenomena are universal across cultures

Question 37

Relativism=?

Answer 37

All human behaviour is culturally determined

Question 38

Universalism=?

Answer 38

the assumption that there are Basic Principles Underlying behaviour, But that culture will shape how we demonstrate that behaviour.

Question 39

Are the universal human emotions?

Answer 39

yes (or at lest it appears that way). There are 6 of them (Anger, disgust, fear, Happiness, sadness, surprise)

Question 40

Cross-cultural comparison study=?

Answer 40

The comparison of two or more different cultures In relation to a particular Psychological Variable ie Depression.

Question 41

Cross-cultural validation study=?

Answer 41

the Examination if a Psychological variable from one culture Can be applied effectively to another ie Depression questionnaire.

Question 42

Unpackaging studies=?

Answer 42

Attempts to see If cultural differences occur and if they do why.

Question 43

Criticism WEIRD Psychology=?

Answer 43

Western
Educated
Industrialised
Rich
Democratic
Psychology tends to research in a very specific demographic this skews results.

Question 44

Remote Enculturation=?

Answer 44

Enculturation online (this is important with refugees and migrants)

Question 45

Ethnocentrism=?

Answer 45

The sense that we review all cultures in relation to Ourselves and our culture (can cross over into raceism)