intelligence

Question 1

Definitions of Intelligence=?

Answer 1

1: the ability to carry out abstract thinking (terman, 1916. He studded intelligence, Many of his tests revolved around this concept)

2: power of good responses from a point of view of truth ot fact (thorndike 1921, he was a Behaviourist and so you can see this in his point of view)

3: Adjustment and adaptation Of the individual to his total environment (freemen 1955, freeman was a humanist and so you can see this vaguely reflected in his answer)

4: the ability to plan and structure One’s behavior with an end in view (Das 1973, he was a Cognitive psychologist this response is based on problem solving this makes sense considering his Specialisation)

5: The ability to Resolve genuine problems Or difficulties as they are encountered (Gardner 1983. He was another psychologist who studied intelligence and will be discussed later on this week)

6: Error-free Transmission of Intelligence through the cortex (Eysenck 1986, he studded how intelgnce could be messed by the functioning of the brain)

7:Reflex survival skills of species Beyond those Associated with basic psychological process (sattler 2001, an Evolutionary psychologists his repsonce related to a brouder view of both human and non human intelange wich relates to his field)

Question 2

What do most normal people think intel is?

Answer 2

1: practical problem solving
2: verbal ability
3: social competence

Question 3

What do psychologists think intel is?

Answer 3

4: verbal intelligence
5: problem solving ability
6: practical intelligence.

Question 4

Does culture dictate intelligence?

Answer 4

yes, intelligence is Certain circumstances a particular culture or Society views as necessary to adapt

Question 5

Spearman’s two-factor Theory=?

Answer 5

Factor 1: General ability (G)= an underlying, latent factor of intelligence (sort of like ram on a pc) that underpins your capability in all areas of intelligence

Factor 2: Specific ability = the more specific areas of ability (such as music or mathamatic intelligence)

Question 6

Thurston’s 7 Primary mental abilities=?

Answer 6

1: Word fluency (How quickly someone can generate words)
2: Verbal comprehension (Understanding of language)
3: Special ability (The ability to think in three-dimensional space)
4: Perceptual speed (the ability to Perceive and Understand knowledge quickly) some argue this is proof of G
5: Numerical ability (The ability to think in numbers)
6: Inductive reasoning (logic problems/Intellectual problems solving)
7: memory (The ability at which a person can integrate and recall things into and from memory) some argue this is proof of G.

Question 7

Cattell and Horn A new structure of Intelligence=?

Answer 7

Fluid vs crystallised intelligence

Question 8

Fluid intelligence Peaks around–?

Answer 8

20 to 25 afterward we just get slightly slower

Question 9

Crystallised intelligence peaks when?

Answer 9

Crystallised intelligence only increases across your lifespan (ability to recall things from Memory peaks at around 30 then flattens)

Question 10

Cattell-horn-Carrol (CHC) Theory of cognitive abilities=?

Answer 10

A later theory heavily constructed on Thurston’s 7 primary mental abilitis but in a more Complicated fashion.

Question 11

the 3 Stratum Cattell-horn-Carrol (CHC) Theory of cognitive abilities=?

Answer 11

Stratum 3: G, The emergent underpinning aspect of Intelligence (Is made up of the Specific factors of Intelligent)

Stratum 2: The specific abilities of Intelligence (There is arguement about how many there are and where to draw the lines between them)

Stratum 1: Sets of skills within stratum 2.

Question 12

The information-processing approach=?

Answer 12

This theory Is unlike all the other theories because it doesn’t deal in the nature of Intelligence but rather what it can do.

Question 13

main markers of intelligence (the information-processing approach)=?

Answer 13

Speed processing: how fast You can process information

Knowledge base:Information you can store and long-term Memory

Ability to Acquire and apply mental Processes: leanring new skills, Applying learnt knowledge.

Question 14

Sternberg’s triarchic Theory=?

Answer 14

Confidential/Analytical Intelligence: Accommodation of all the previously discussed types of Intelligence in one category.

Experiential/Creative intelligence: The ability to take previously learnt facts and apply them in a creative matter to new problems.

Contextual/Practical Intelligence:The ability to interact with the people and environment around you.

Question 15

Gardner: Multiple intelligence theories=?

Answer 15

1:Body-kinesthetic, The ability to express emotion solve problems and move adaptly with one’s body.
2: Musical intelligence, The ability to create, solve problems and expressed emotion through music.
3: Visual intelligence/Picture smarts, When’s ability to understand visual problems as well as loan from them?
4: Self smart, the Ability to understand oneself and their emotions.
5: Nature smart, Once ability to be connected to nature as well as understanding it.
6: Logic smarts, School smarts, Logic problems that sort of thing.
7: Word intelligence, Pretty self-explanatory, honestly.
8: people smarts, The ability to understand and recognise emotions other people and use them to solve your problem through the manipulation (not a bad thing Necessarily) of relationship with other people

Question 16

Criticisms of gardner

Answer 16

1: Is too Broad
2: Too difficult to test
3: Blurred Line Between intelligence and Talent
4: Ends up proving that there is a correlation between certain smarts implying that G is a real concept
5: Doesn’t discuss the underlying elements of Intelligence
6: Close the lime of intelligence and personality
7: Almost no solid evidence

Question 17

Emotional intelligence (Golemen)=?

Answer 17

People Smarts, the Ability to understand emotions in others and use those to better interact with them.

Question 18

Alfred binet created his test for–?

Answer 18

Wanted to create a test that could group children of similar intelligence together so they could be teached at the correct level for the intellectual capacity.

Question 19

Stanford-binet test was revied by who?

Answer 19

Lewis Terman

Question 20

Lewis ternman’s revisal added –?

Answer 20

1: Made items more accessible for American children (Like children counting in French not being fair)
2: Added adults list to the item selection (Had a darker chapter in its Ethical viability, Like testing immigrants)

Question 21

1: IQ works well with children and not so well with adults, why?

Answer 21

because children are constantly learning and improving while adults remain more stagnet and are harder to test whats average

Question 22

David Wechsler (WAIS, The Wechsler adult intelligence scale)

Answer 22

The test measured 11 separate abilities The intelligences that we’re discussed in the previous lecture

Question 23

what are WAIS, WISC, WPPSI?

Answer 23

WAIS used from 16 - 89
WISC for children 6-16
WPPSI 2 six mouths - 7 years - 3 mouths

Question 24

The WAIS has four segments, which are?

Answer 24

1: Verbal comprehension index scale (VCI) mesures Verbal intelligence
2: Perceptual reasoning index scale (PRI) Measures perceptual reasoning, seeing patterns and non-Verbal reasoning (Meant to be non bias Add to measure intelligence rather than personal experience)
3:Working memory index scale (WMI) Measures memory, concentration, multitasking. A measure of cognitive capacity
4:Processing speed index scale (PSI) Measure speed of thinking. Separated out from the rest of the test due to it being completed faster. Is used to measure thinking speed which changes across the lifespan and can be indicative of disabilities Such as dementia.

Question 25

Verbal comprehension Subtests=?

Answer 25

Similarities: Identify the similarities between two different words.
How are you Migration and hibernation the same.
You get more points for a more Accurate answer Like things various do is less points than things animals do seasonally.

Vocabulary: Identify objects from photos. (These photos have changed over the years Due to common knowledge changing) Define words.
More accuracy = more points

Information: General knowledge test This can be culturally biased For instance What continent is France on?

Question 26

Perception reasoning subtests=?

Answer 26

Block design: You are given blocks with pictures on them and a photo of a design and you must align the blocks to match the design in the photo, Depending on who is running the test it may measure how long it takes you to do it or how many moves it takes you to do it .

Matrix reasoning: You are given a graph with one symbol missing from a set and a list of options that may Fit the aim is to asing the right symbol for the pattern.

Visual puzzles: Do you will be showing an image with multiple pieces listed below it you must visually align the correct pieces to match the image shown .

Question 27

Working memory subtests=?

Answer 27

1: Digit span forward = You are read aloud a list of numbers one by one Increasing by 1 number each time and you must write down the numbers you hurt this continues until you get
2 wrong in a row

2: Digit span backward = You are read aloud a list of numbers one by one increasing by one number each time you miss right down the numbers backwards from the Order you heard them discontinues until you get 2 wrong in a row

3: Digit span sequencing. Do you write down pairs of numbers (Wasn’t discussed in detail)

Arithmetic: You are given simple mental arithmetic problems that get steadily harder as a test continues.

Question 28

Processing speed subtests=?

Answer 28

Symbol search= You are presented with an image that is filled with patterns and you must list the amount of a certain number of patterns, Sometimes colour matters sometimes it doesn’t.

Coding: You were showing a list of shapes with numbers attached to them, Square = 1 triangle = 2 circle= 3 so Triangle square circle square = 2131

Question 29

Stratified Sampling=?

Answer 29

Sampling To get a rough estimate of a certain group of people (in this case, The American population)

Question 30

Intellectual disability=?

Answer 30

Intellectual disability Encompasses a wide Spectrum of Cognitive abilities and deficits.

Question 31

Criteria of intellectual disability=?

Answer 31

2: Significant deficit in intellectual functioning (IQ of 70 or below)
1: Concurrent deficits Or impairment In adaptive functioning (does there Low intelligence negatively impact on their life?)
2:Onset in childhood/Developmental period

Question 32

Causes of intellectual disabilites=?

Answer 32

Genetic (down Syndrome)
Biological (brian Injury during birth)
Environmental (Exposure to substances pre-birth such as Alcohol)

Question 33

Adaptive skills, Conceptual=?

Answer 33

1: Communication (the ability to The ability to speak communicate to others and community or work environment)
2: Functional Academics (The ability to read and write enough to function in day to day life)
3: Self-direction (The ability To make good Decisions in day-to-day life)

Question 34

Adaptive skills, Social=?

Answer 34

1: Leisure (The ability to choose leisure activities as well as to know when to choose leisure activities)
2: Social interaction (The ability to interact with other people in a way that is positive)

Question 35

Adaptive skills, Practical=?

Answer 35

1: Community (Example: can you go to the shops and buy toothpaste)
2: Home Living (Example: Can you wash your clothes, or clean the dishes)
3: health and safty (Recognising illness, or Physical dysfunction, the understanding that Certain behaviours are dangerous)
4: self care (Basic hygiene, eating, Maintaining appearance)

Question 36

Are those who are Gifted gifted in all aspects of intelligence?

Answer 36

no, Those that are gifted tend to be gifted in one Area of Intelligence but above average in others.

Question 37

Characteristics of the Gifted as children=?

Answer 37

Above average height, Strength and Emotional maturity.

Question 38

Characteristics of the Gifted as adults=?

Answer 38

Healthy, Emotionally stable, And satisfied

Question 39

Giftedness=?

Answer 39

1: an IQ of 145 or above.
2: They are creative (they come up with ideas no one else has)
3: Incredible motivation (“You don’t wake up and write a concerto”)

Question 40

Divergent thinking=?

Answer 40

A way of thinking that allows for many ideas to be generated (Different ways to use the same object. Different ways to solve the same problem)

Question 41

Convergent thinking=?

Answer 41

A way of thinking That finds the best way to solve a problem or the best outcome.

Question 42

Does brain size matter for IQ?

Answer 42

sort of (there is only a small difference) the difference is due to both intelligence and bigger brain size being due to growing up in a good environment.

Question 43

Is intelligence influenced by other abilities?

Answer 43

working memory is linked to intelligence. Long-term Memory is loosely linked.

Question 44

Is intelligence influenced by things like Reaction time?

Answer 44

yes, there is a correlation, though the collection is small, only moderate (how fast your brain works isn’t a Substitute for an Intelligence test)

Question 45

Nature vs nurture, intelligence. Is it genetic or environmental?

Answer 45

It is both.

Question 46

Heritability Ratio=?

Answer 46

how much is Inherited from family or blood.

Question 47

What are the best Predictors of high Intelligence?

Answer 47

1: Enriched home environment (a house with access to books, art, culture, music anything that encourages thinking and curiosity)
2: A parent that encourages interest and Exploration
3: a mother’s knowledge of child-raising (experience in being a parent)

Question 48

Risk factors for low IQ=?

Answer 48

1:Poor maternal education
2: Maternal mental illness
3: Minority status (and all the things it entails)
4: Large family size
5: Poverty
6:Poor nutrition

Question 49

Environmental factors for high intelligence=?

Answer 49

Education: Higher education is associated with higher IQ, Lower risk of dementia, and Prolonged high mental status into old age.

Question 50

Is it the case that higher education makes people smarter or that smart people seek higher education?

Answer 50

Higher education makes people smarter.

Question 51

IQ between the highest and lowest Classes is about —?

Answer 51

20 to 30 points.

Question 52

Stereotype threat=?

Answer 52

negative stereotype of about a group you are in leads to greater Anxiety When presented with a test or situation to test that negative stereotype, This leads to either worse Performance due to anxiety or complete avoidance of the test, thus creating a self fulfilling prophecy.

Question 53

Nature and nurture Reaction range=?

Answer 53

You inherit a range that your IQ can fall in, and your Environment dictates where in that range you fall.

Question 54

Controversies of study of differences between groups=?

Answer 54

Past racism

Question 55

Information processing model of memory earl hunt=?

Answer 55

a Memory model in which information is seen as passing through sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory.
Hunt says that people who are smarter have more attention available

Question 56

Statistical Reliability=?

Answer 56

the ability for a test to be redone with the same results.

Question 57

Statistical validity=?

Answer 57

The degree to which test scores are interpreted correctly and used appropriately. (For example, you wouldn’t use a weight scale to measure height)

Question 58

Correlation coalition=?

Answer 58

the nature in which two scores taken are similar (meaning a test is valid and reliable). The correlation is high and positive, usually above 10.8; the test is statistically reliable.

Question 59

Content validity=?

Answer 59

the agree to which the content of a test is a fair and representative sample of what the test is meant to be measuring (you don’t give a Spanish test in a french class)

Question 60

Criterion validity=?

Answer 60

Is how well the test score correlates with an independent measure of whatever the test is meant to be testing (ie hand-eye correlation would have a high criterion validity if testing diamond cutters, assuming that this skill is needed. In this case cutting a straight line would be a Criterion.)

Question 61

Predictive validity=?

Answer 61

when test scores are correlated with a Criterion that cannot be measured until the future (ie How fast can you cut these diamonds would suggest how fast they can cut diamonds in the future)

Question 62

Construct validity=?

Answer 62

The extent to which scores Suggest that a test is actually measuring the theoretical construct that it claims to measure (Einstein not doing well with an IQ test would suggest the IQ test is faulty)