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Earth and Life Science 11 > Perpetuation of Life > Flashcards

Perpetuation of Life Flashcards

1
Q

A cornerstone of biology proposed independently in 1838 and 1839

A

Cell Theory

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2
Q

States that the cell: is the building blocks of all living organisms, smallest functioning unit of life, produced through division of preexisting cells; all organisms living today are descendants of an ancestral cell

A

Cell Theory

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3
Q

The botanist behind the Cell Theory

A

Schleiden

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4
Q

The zoologist behind the Cell Theory

A

Schwann

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5
Q

Main components of the cell:

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane

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6
Q

Membranous organelles in the cytoplasm:

A

Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes

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7
Q

Information processing organelle includes:

A

Nucleus, nucleolus (RNA), nuclear membrane

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8
Q

Characterized by chromatin/chromosomes (DNA)

A

Nucleus

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9
Q

Endomembrane system:

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (RER & SER), ribosome, golgi complex, lysosome, vacuoles, microbodies, plasma membrane

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10
Q

Energy processing organelle:

A

Mitochondria, chloroplast (plant cells only)

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11
Q

Cytoskeleton:

A

Microtubule, intermediate, thin filaments

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12
Q

25 nm diameter thick (long &hollow); tubulin dimer; from spindle fibers

A

Microtubule

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13
Q

8-10 nm. (rope-like); maintain cell shape; support other cytoskeleton

A

Intermediate

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14
Q

Actin monomers, 6 nm.; 2 chains globular subunits; are contractile (can assemble/disassemble)

A

Thin filaments

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15
Q

Cellular component for production and transport

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

Act as protein workbenches; for protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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17
Q

For packaging, sorting, and export; modification of proteins, carbohydrates on proteins, and phospholipids; synthesis of many polysaccharides

A

Golgi complex

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18
Q

For digestion and degradation; breakdown of ingested substances, cell macromolecules, and damaged organelles

A

Lysosomes

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19
Q

For power generation; cellular respiration; cite of cellular ATP generation

A

Mitochondria

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20
Q

Fos support, cell shape, internal organization, intracellular transport, assembly of cells into tissues, movement

A

Cytoskeleton

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21
Q

For movement

A

Cilia and flagella

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22
Q

For chromosome movement

A

Centriole

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23
Q

For cell maintenance; digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, cell growth, and protection

A

Vacuoles

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24
Q

To transport mRNA from nucleus (“cellular trucks”)

A

Vaults (discovered in 1990)

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25
Q

Bounds all cells

A

Plasma membrane

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26
Q

Cells that lack nuclei and other membrane-enclosed organelles

A

Prokaryotic cells

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27
Q

Cells that have internal membranes that compartmentalize cellular functions

A

Eukaryotic cells

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28
Q

Present only in cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes

A

Chloroplasts

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29
Q

Surrounded by nuclear envelope perforated by nuclear pores; houses chromosomes which are made of chromatin (DNA and proteins); contains nuceloli

A

Nucleus

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30
Q

ER responsible for the synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, Ca2+ storage, detoxification of drugs and poisons

A

Smooth ER

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31
Q

ER that aids in synthesis of secretory and other proteins from bound ribosomes; adds carbs to proteins to make glycoproteins; produces new membrane

A

Rough ER

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32
Q

Contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from substrates to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisome

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33
Q

Shape the cell, guide organelle movement, and separate chromosomes in dividing cells

A

Microtubules

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34
Q

Motile appendages containing microtubules

A

Cilia and flagella

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35
Q

Play sensory and signaling roles

A

Cilia

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36
Q

Thin rods that function in muscle contraction, amoeboid movement, cytoplasmic streaming, and support of microvilli

A

Microfilaments

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37
Q

Support cell shape and fix organelles in place

A

Intermediate filaments

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38
Q

Made up of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and proteins

A

Plant cell walls

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39
Q

Functions in support, adhesion, movement, and regulation formed when animal cells secrete glycoproteins and proteoglycans

A

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

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40
Q

Found in plants that pass through adjoining cell walls

A

Plasmodesmata

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41
Q

A process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane

A

Exocytosis

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42
Q

Gives form to cell and controls passage of materials into and out of the cell

A

Plasma membrane

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43
Q

Serves as matrix substance in which chemical reactions occur

44
Q

Helps to organize spindle fibers and distribute chromosomes during mitosis

A

Centrosome

45
Q

Produces ribosomal RNA for ribosomes

A

Nuclear envelope

46
Q

Contains genetic code that determines which proteins will be manufactured by the cell

47
Q

Specialized cells for movement

A

Muscle and contractile cells

48
Q

Specialized cells that form adhesive and tight junctions between cells

A

Epithelial cells

49
Q

Specialized cells that synthesize and secrete components of the extracellular matrix

A

Fibroblasts, bone and cartilage cells

50
Q

Specialized cells that convert physical and chemical stimuli into action potentials

A

Neurons and sensory cells

51
Q

Specialized cells for synthesis and secretion of enzymes

A

Cells of digestive glands

52
Q

Specialized cells for synthesis and secretion of mucous substances

A

Mucous gland cells

53
Q

Specialized cells for synthesis and secretion of steroids

A

Adrenal, testis and ovary cells

54
Q

Specialized cells for ion transport

A

Kidney, salivary gland duct cells

55
Q

Specialized cells for intracellular digestion

A

Macrophages and some WBC

56
Q

Specialized cells for lipid storage

57
Q

Specialized cells for metabolite absorption

A

Cells lining intestines

58
Q

Where each gene in an organism’s DNA exists on a certain chromosome

59
Q

A single parent produces genetically identical offspring by mitosis.

A

Asexual reproduction

60
Q

Combines genes from two parents, leading to genetically diverse offspring

A

Sexual reproduction

61
Q

What normal human somatic cells are called

62
Q

Human diploid cells have:

A

22 homologous pairs of autosomes, one pair of sex chromosomes

63
Q

Produced by ovaries and testes by meiosis, each gamete containing a single set of 23 chromosomes

A

Haploid gametes

64
Q

When an egg and sperm unite, forming a diploid (2n=46) single-celled zygote; fusion of male and female gametes

A

Fertilization

65
Q

Refers to reproductive organs (testes, ovaries)

66
Q

Reproductive cells (spermatozoa, ova)

67
Q

A case wherein testes is undescended

A

Cryptorchid

68
Q

Other term for sperm production

A

Spermatogenesis

69
Q

A cell’s complete complement of DNA

70
Q

The mitosis phase characterized when several events must occur to provide access to the chromosomes in the nucleus: the nuclear envelope starts to break into small vesicles, and the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum fragment and disperse to the periphery of the cell.

71
Q

During this phase, the remnants of the nuclear envelope disappear; the mitotic spindle continues to develop as more microtubules assemble and stretch across the length of the former nuclear area.

A

Prometaphase

72
Q

A protein complex in which each sister chromatid attaches to spindle microtubules at the centromere

A

Kinetochore

73
Q

All of the chromosomes are aligned in a plane (metaphase plate) during this phase, midway between the two poles of the cell. The sister chromatids are still tightly attached to each other.

74
Q

The sister chromatids at the equatorial plane are split apart at the centromere. Each chromatid, now called a chromosome, is pulled rapidly toward the centrosome to which its microtubule was attached.

75
Q

During this phase, the chromosomes reach the opposite poles and begin to decondense (unravel). The mitotic spindles are broken down into monomers that will be used to assemble cytoskeleton components for each daughter cell.

76
Q

An ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells.

A

Cell cycle

77
Q

During this phase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated.

A

Interphase

78
Q

During this phase, the replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are separated and the cell divides.

A

Mitotic phase

79
Q

The second part of the mitotic phase during which cell division is completed by the physical separation of the cytoplasmic componets into two daughter cells.

A

Cytokinesis

80
Q

A type of asexual reproduction wherein the parent cell divides into two equal-sized daughter cells with each daughter cell carrying a nucleus of its own.

A

Binary fission

81
Q

This is a type of asexual reproduction that describes the process of producing an individual through the buds that develop on the parent body.

82
Q

In this type, the parent body divides into several fragments and each one develops into a new organism.

A

Fragmentation

83
Q

This process is growing a new organism from the lost body part.

A

Regeneration

84
Q

This is common in plants which occurs through their vegetative parts: leaves, roots, stems, and buds.

A

Vegetative propagation

85
Q

Also referred to as spore formation, this process is characterized by the development of sac-like structures called sporangium that contains spores during unfavorable conditions.

A

Sporogenesis

86
Q

This type of sexual reproduction refers to the fusion of haploid sex cells that results in the formation of a diploid zygote.

87
Q

It is what syngamy also refers to.

A

Fertilization

88
Q

This process occurs wherein two organisms come together in a temporary fusion, like a cytoplasmic bridge, to exchange micro-nuclear material. This is common in single-celled organisms.

A

Conjugation

89
Q

This type of sexual reproduction is characterized by both male and female gonads in one individual.

A

Hermaphroditism

90
Q

Characterized by unfertilized egg development into a complete individual

A

Parthogenesis

91
Q

Characterized by distinct male and female (dioecious)

A

Biparental reproduction

92
Q

The first stage of vertebrate development which develops with sufficient nutrition supply, forming distinct embryos.

93
Q

For egg-laying vertebrates under reptiles and birds, most lay their eggs once it has been fertilized, however, this does not apply to them.

A

Amphibians or fishes

94
Q

The second stage of vertebrate development which advances from the hatching of eggs or birthing of babies.

A

Baby or juvenile

95
Q

The biological process of development of an organism (like amphibians) from the time of birth into an adult stage by abrupt change in the animal’s body such that its mode of nutrition and behavior are changed.

A

Metamorphosis

96
Q

Term referred to the stage where birds start out as babies

97
Q

Once birds grow enough where they learn to spread their wings and fly

A

Fledglings

98
Q

With seminiferous tubes; scrotum

99
Q

Ducts in male reproductive system:

A

Epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra

100
Q

Typical ejaculation of semen

101
Q

Number of sperms per ml of semen

A

20-50 million

102
Q

Principal reproductive organs in females:

A

Ovaries, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia (vulva)

103
Q

Male reproductive system parts:

A

Testis, ducts, accessory glands, penis, semen

104
Q

A type of cellular division only occurring in sex cells for the formation of gametes

105
Q

Animal cells that are not in plants

A

Centrioles, centrosomes, lysosomes

106
Q

Plant cells that are not in animals

A

Cell wall, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata, plastids, central vacuole

Earth and Life Science 11 (6 decks)

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