Perpetuation of Life Flashcards
1
Q
A cornerstone of biology proposed independently in 1838 and 1839
A
Cell Theory
2
Q
States that the cell: is the building blocks of all living organisms, smallest functioning unit of life, produced through division of preexisting cells; all organisms living today are descendants of an ancestral cell
A
Cell Theory
3
Q
The botanist behind the Cell Theory
A
Schleiden
4
Q
The zoologist behind the Cell Theory
A
Schwann
5
Q
Main components of the cell:
A
Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane
6
Q
Membranous organelles in the cytoplasm:
A
Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes
7
Q
Information processing organelle includes:
A
Nucleus, nucleolus (RNA), nuclear membrane
8
Q
Characterized by chromatin/chromosomes (DNA)
A
Nucleus
9
Q
Endomembrane system:
A
Endoplasmic reticulum (RER & SER), ribosome, golgi complex, lysosome, vacuoles, microbodies, plasma membrane
10
Q
Energy processing organelle:
A
Mitochondria, chloroplast (plant cells only)
11
Q
Cytoskeleton:
A
Microtubule, intermediate, thin filaments
12
Q
25 nm diameter thick (long &hollow); tubulin dimer; from spindle fibers
A
Microtubule
13
Q
8-10 nm. (rope-like); maintain cell shape; support other cytoskeleton
A
Intermediate
14
Q
Actin monomers, 6 nm.; 2 chains globular subunits; are contractile (can assemble/disassemble)
A
Thin filaments
15
Q
Cellular component for production and transport
A
Endoplasmic reticulum
16
Q
Act as protein workbenches; for protein synthesis
A
Ribosomes
17
Q
For packaging, sorting, and export; modification of proteins, carbohydrates on proteins, and phospholipids; synthesis of many polysaccharides
A
Golgi complex
18
Q
For digestion and degradation; breakdown of ingested substances, cell macromolecules, and damaged organelles
A
Lysosomes
19
Q
For power generation; cellular respiration; cite of cellular ATP generation
A
Mitochondria
20
Q
Fos support, cell shape, internal organization, intracellular transport, assembly of cells into tissues, movement
A
Cytoskeleton
21
Q
For movement
A
Cilia and flagella
22
Q
For chromosome movement
A
Centriole
23
Q
For cell maintenance; digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, cell growth, and protection
A
Vacuoles
24
Q
To transport mRNA from nucleus (“cellular trucks”)
A
Vaults (discovered in 1990)
25
Bounds all cells
Plasma membrane
26
Cells that lack nuclei and other membrane-enclosed organelles
Prokaryotic cells
27
Cells that have internal membranes that compartmentalize cellular functions
Eukaryotic cells
28
Present only in cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes
Chloroplasts
29
Surrounded by nuclear envelope perforated by nuclear pores; houses chromosomes which are made of chromatin (DNA and proteins); contains nuceloli
Nucleus
30
ER responsible for the synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, Ca2+ storage, detoxification of drugs and poisons
Smooth ER
31
ER that aids in synthesis of secretory and other proteins from bound ribosomes; adds carbs to proteins to make glycoproteins; produces new membrane
Rough ER
32
Contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from substrates to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisome
33
Shape the cell, guide organelle movement, and separate chromosomes in dividing cells
Microtubules
34
Motile appendages containing microtubules
Cilia and flagella
35
Play sensory and signaling roles
Cilia
36
Thin rods that function in muscle contraction, amoeboid movement, cytoplasmic streaming, and support of microvilli
Microfilaments
37
Support cell shape and fix organelles in place
Intermediate filaments
38
Made up of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and proteins
Plant cell walls
39
Functions in support, adhesion, movement, and regulation formed when animal cells secrete glycoproteins and proteoglycans
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
40
Found in plants that pass through adjoining cell walls
Plasmodesmata
41
A process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane
Exocytosis
42
Gives form to cell and controls passage of materials into and out of the cell
Plasma membrane
43
Serves as matrix substance in which chemical reactions occur
Cytoplasm
44
Helps to organize spindle fibers and distribute chromosomes during mitosis
Centrosome
45
Produces ribosomal RNA for ribosomes
Nuclear envelope
46
Contains genetic code that determines which proteins will be manufactured by the cell
Chromatin
47
Specialized cells for movement
Muscle and contractile cells
48
Specialized cells that form adhesive and tight junctions between cells
Epithelial cells
49
Specialized cells that synthesize and secrete components of the extracellular matrix
Fibroblasts, bone and cartilage cells
50
Specialized cells that convert physical and chemical stimuli into action potentials
Neurons and sensory cells
51
Specialized cells for synthesis and secretion of enzymes
Cells of digestive glands
52
Specialized cells for synthesis and secretion of mucous substances
Mucous gland cells
53
Specialized cells for synthesis and secretion of steroids
Adrenal, testis and ovary cells
54
Specialized cells for ion transport
Kidney, salivary gland duct cells
55
Specialized cells for intracellular digestion
Macrophages and some WBC
56
Specialized cells for lipid storage
Fat cells
57
Specialized cells for metabolite absorption
Cells lining intestines
58
Where each gene in an organism's DNA exists on a certain chromosome
Locus
59
A single parent produces genetically identical offspring by mitosis.
Asexual reproduction
60
Combines genes from two parents, leading to genetically diverse offspring
Sexual reproduction
61
What normal human somatic cells are called
Diploid
62
Human diploid cells have:
22 homologous pairs of autosomes, one pair of sex chromosomes
63
Produced by ovaries and testes by meiosis, each gamete containing a single set of 23 chromosomes
Haploid gametes
64
When an egg and sperm unite, forming a diploid (2n=46) single-celled zygote; fusion of male and female gametes
Fertilization
65
Refers to reproductive organs (testes, ovaries)
Gonads
66
Reproductive cells (spermatozoa, ova)
Gametes
67
A case wherein testes is undescended
Cryptorchid
68
Other term for sperm production
Spermatogenesis
69
A cell's complete complement of DNA
Genome
70
The mitosis phase characterized when several events must occur to provide access to the chromosomes in the nucleus: the nuclear envelope starts to break into small vesicles, and the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum fragment and disperse to the periphery of the cell.
Prophase
71
During this phase, the remnants of the nuclear envelope disappear; the mitotic spindle continues to develop as more microtubules assemble and stretch across the length of the former nuclear area.
Prometaphase
72
A protein complex in which each sister chromatid attaches to spindle microtubules at the centromere
Kinetochore
73
All of the chromosomes are aligned in a plane (metaphase plate) during this phase, midway between the two poles of the cell. The sister chromatids are still tightly attached to each other.
Metaphase
74
The sister chromatids at the equatorial plane are split apart at the centromere. Each chromatid, now called a chromosome, is pulled rapidly toward the centrosome to which its microtubule was attached.
Anaphase
75
During this phase, the chromosomes reach the opposite poles and begin to decondense (unravel). The mitotic spindles are broken down into monomers that will be used to assemble cytoskeleton components for each daughter cell.
Telophase
76
An ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells.
Cell cycle
77
During this phase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated.
Interphase
78
During this phase, the replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are separated and the cell divides.
Mitotic phase
79
The second part of the mitotic phase during which cell division is completed by the physical separation of the cytoplasmic componets into two daughter cells.
Cytokinesis
80
A type of asexual reproduction wherein the parent cell divides into two equal-sized daughter cells with each daughter cell carrying a nucleus of its own.
Binary fission
81
This is a type of asexual reproduction that describes the process of producing an individual through the buds that develop on the parent body.
Budding
82
In this type, the parent body divides into several fragments and each one develops into a new organism.
Fragmentation
83
This process is growing a new organism from the lost body part.
Regeneration
84
This is common in plants which occurs through their vegetative parts: leaves, roots, stems, and buds.
Vegetative propagation
85
Also referred to as spore formation, this process is characterized by the development of sac-like structures called sporangium that contains spores during unfavorable conditions.
Sporogenesis
86
This type of sexual reproduction refers to the fusion of haploid sex cells that results in the formation of a diploid zygote.
Syngamy
87
It is what syngamy also refers to.
Fertilization
88
This process occurs wherein two organisms come together in a temporary fusion, like a cytoplasmic bridge, to exchange micro-nuclear material. This is common in single-celled organisms.
Conjugation
89
This type of sexual reproduction is characterized by both male and female gonads in one individual.
Hermaphroditism
90
Characterized by unfertilized egg development into a complete individual
Parthogenesis
91
Characterized by distinct male and female (dioecious)
Biparental reproduction
92
The first stage of vertebrate development which develops with sufficient nutrition supply, forming distinct embryos.
Egg
93
For egg-laying vertebrates under reptiles and birds, most lay their eggs once it has been fertilized, however, this does not apply to them.
Amphibians or fishes
94
The second stage of vertebrate development which advances from the hatching of eggs or birthing of babies.
Baby or juvenile
95
The biological process of development of an organism (like amphibians) from the time of birth into an adult stage by abrupt change in the animal's body such that its mode of nutrition and behavior are changed.
Metamorphosis
96
Term referred to the stage where birds start out as babies
Nestlings
97
Once birds grow enough where they learn to spread their wings and fly
Fledglings
98
With seminiferous tubes; scrotum
Testis
99
Ducts in male reproductive system:
Epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra
100
Typical ejaculation of semen
2-5 ml
101
Number of sperms per ml of semen
20-50 million
102
Principal reproductive organs in females:
Ovaries, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia (vulva)
103
Male reproductive system parts:
Testis, ducts, accessory glands, penis, semen
104
A type of cellular division only occurring in sex cells for the formation of gametes
Meiosis
105
Animal cells that are not in plants
Centrioles, centrosomes, lysosomes
106
Plant cells that are not in animals
Cell wall, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata, plastids, central vacuole
