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Earth and Life Science 11 > Ecology and Human Impacts on Earth's Systems > Flashcards

Ecology and Human Impacts on Earth's Systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The study of relationships between living things and their environment

A

Ecology

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2
Q

Scientific name of milfish (bangus)

A

Chanus chanus

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3
Q

ESWM stands for:

A

Ecological Solid Waste Management

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4
Q

A systematic administration of activities that provide for: segregation at source, segregated transportation, storage, transfer, processing, treatment

A

ESWM

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5
Q

Tons of garbage each day

A

432,000 tons

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6
Q

Percentage of garbage carted to landfills

A

80%

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7
Q

All discarded household, commercial waste, non-hazardous institutional and industrial

A

Solid waste

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8
Q

Biological solid waste that undergoes biological degradation under controlled condition (e.g., leftovers, seeds, twigs, branches, fruit and vegetable peelings)

A

Compostables waste

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9
Q

Any waste material retrieved from waste stream and free from contaminants that can still be converted into suitable and beneficial use (e.g., papers, plastics, glass, metal/aluminum)

A

Recyclable waste

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10
Q

Non-compostable or recyclable waste; disrupted ecologically through a long-term disposal facility or sanitary landfill (e.g., sanitary napkins, disposable diapers, worn out rugs, paints/thinners, household batteries, lead-acid batteries, spray canisters)

A

Residual

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11
Q

Household hazardous wastes

A

Special wastes

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12
Q

Special waste category comprising of radios, TV sets, etc.

A

Consumer electronics

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13
Q

Special waste category composing of stoves, refrigerators, etc.

A

White goods

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14
Q

6 R’s for solid waste management

A

Reduce, refuse, recycle, reuse, repair, rethink

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15
Q

A community of living organisms and their abiotic environment

A

Ecosystem

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16
Q

Factors that organisms compete for

A

Food, water, sunlight, space, and mineral nutrients

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17
Q

Least common ecosystem, occurring on only 1.8% of Earth’s surface

A

Freshwater ecosystems

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18
Q

The most common ecosystems, comprising 75% of Earth’s surface

A

Marine ecosystems

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19
Q

Percentage at which phytoplankton perform photsoynthesis on Earth

A

40%

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20
Q

A large-scale community of organisms, primarily defined on land by the dominant plant types that exist in geographic regions of the planet with similar climatic conditions

A

Biome

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21
Q

A dynamic state of an ecosystem in which biodiversity remains somewhat constant

A

Equilibrium

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22
Q

The ability of an ecosystem to remain at equilibrium in spite of disturbances

A

Resistance

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23
Q

The speed at which an ecosystem recovers equilibrium after being disturbed

A

Resilience

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24
Q

A linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass os one organism eats another

A

Food chain

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25
Q

The levels in the food chain:

A

Producers, primary consumers, higher-level consumers, and decomposers

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26
Q

Also known as energy level in the food chain or food web

A

Trophic level

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27
Q

The base or foundation of the food chain consisting of photosynthetic organisms

A

Producers

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28
Q

Organisms that consume the producers that are herbivores

A

Primary consumers

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29
Q

Carnivores that ear primary consumers

A

Secondary consumers

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30
Q

Carnivores that eat other carnivores

A

Tertiary consumers

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31
Q

Organisms at the top of the food chain

A

Apex consumers

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32
Q

A concept that accounts for the multiple trophic (feeding) interactions between each species and the many species it may feed on

A

Food web

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33
Q

A food web that has plants or other photosynthetic organisms at its base, followed by herbivores and various carnivores

A

Grazing food web

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34
Q

Consists of a base of organisms that feed on decaying organic matter, including decomposers (break down dead and decaying organisms) and detritivores (consume organic detritus)

A

Detrial food web

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35
Q

Photosynthetic and chemosynthetic organisms capable of synthesizing their own food

A

Autotrophs

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36
Q

Photosynthetic autotrophs use sunlight as an energy source.

A

Photoautotrophs

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37
Q

Chemosynthetic autotrophs use inorganic molecules as an energy source.

A

Chemoautotrophs

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38
Q

The form in which photoautotrophs harness the Sun’s solar energy by converting it to chemical energy

A

ATP and NADP

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39
Q

Rate at which photosynthetic producers incorporate energy from the Sun

A

Gross primary productivity

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40
Q

The energy that remains in the producers after accounting for these organisms’ respiration and heat loss

A

Net primary productivity

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41
Q

The increasing concentration of persistent, toxic substances in organisms at each successive trophic level

A

Biomagnification

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42
Q

The six most common elements associated wit organic molecules:

A

Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur

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43
Q

Geologic process that play a role in the cycling of elements on Earth

A

Weathering, erosion, water drainage, and the subduction of the continental plates

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44
Q

The recycling of inorganic matter between living organisms and their nonliving environment

A

Biogeochemical cycle

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45
Q

The area of the Earth where water movement and storage occurs

A

Hydrosphere

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46
Q

It is driven by the Sun’s energy as it warms the oceans and other surface waters.

A

Water cycle

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47
Q

Processes in the water cycle:

A

Evaporation and sublimation, condensation and precipitation, subsurface water flow, surface runoff and snowmelt, streamflow

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48
Q

A process where the plant will use some of the surface runoff for its own metabolism

A

Evapotranspiration

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49
Q

A significant reservoir of fresh water; exists in the pores between particles in sand and gravel

A

Groundwater

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50
Q

Major ways in which materials are cycled from land to water

A

Rain and surface runoff

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51
Q

The fourth most abundant element in living organisms

A

Carbon

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52
Q

The basic building block that autotrophs use to build multi-carbon, high-energy compounds, like glucose

A

Carbon dioxide

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53
Q

A byproduct of fixing carbon in organic compounds

A

Oxygen

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54
Q

Responsible for maintaining approximately 21 percent of the oxygen content of the atmosphere we observe today

A

Photosynthetic organisms

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55
Q

A process wherein heterotrophs acquire high-energy carbon compounds from the autotrophs by consuming and breaking them down

A

Respiration (to obtain cellular energy)

56
Q

The most efficient type of respiration that requires oxygen obtained from the atmosphere or dissolved in water

A

Aerobic respiration

57
Q

Where carbon is stored for long periods

A

Carbon reservoirs

58
Q

Carbon is stored in soil as a result of the decomposition of living organisms.

A

Organic carbon

59
Q

A resource either regenerated very slowly or not at all

A

Non-renewable

60
Q

The movement of one tectonic plate beneath another in which carbon sediments from the ocean floor are taken deep within the Earth

A

Subduction

61
Q

Ways though which nitrogen enters the living world

A

Free-living, symbiotic bacteria

62
Q

Conversion of N2

A

Nitrogen fixation

63
Q

Process that converts nitrogenous waste from living animals or from the remains of dead animals into ammonium by certain bacteria and fungi

A

Ammonification

64
Q

Ammonium is then converted to nitrites through this process.

A

Nitrification

65
Q

Occurs whereby bacteria convert the nitrates into nitrogen gas

A

Denitrification

66
Q

A process whereby nutrient runoff causes the overgrowth of algae and a number of consequential problems

A

Eutrophication

67
Q

A major component of nucleic acids and phospholipids, and as calcium phosphate

A

Phosphorus

68
Q

Phosphate sources:

A

Volcanic ash, aerosols, mineral dust

69
Q

An area in lakes and oceans near the mouths of rivers where large areas are periodically depleted of their normal flora and fauna

A

Dead zone

70
Q

Found in the form of sulfur oxide (So2)

A

Atmospheric sulfur

71
Q

Four major ways of depositing sulfur on land

A

Precipitation, direct fallout, rock weathering, geothermal vents

72
Q

Sulfur falling directly from the atmosphere

A

Fallout

73
Q

Dissolved form of sulfur when it rains

A

Sulfuric acid

74
Q

Sulfur is released back into the atmosphere through this form.

A

Hydrogen sulfide

75
Q

In this form, sulfur supports marine ecosystems.

A

Sulfates

76
Q

A global issue resulting from the excessive use of artificial lights, which poses a threat to humans and animals.

A

Light pollution

77
Q

A type of light pollution that happens when the brightness of a light is higher than the required brightness for the activity

A

Over illumination

78
Q

Type of light pollution that interferes with our vision

A

Glare

79
Q

The result of overly grouped bright lights

A

Light clutter

80
Q

Usually can be seen in city areas where bright lights in crowded places reflect and brighten the sky

A

Skyglow

80
Q

Any unwanted light affecting other areas where it is not needed

A

Light trespass

81
Q

Caused by poor placement of light that can result in glares, light trespass, and light clutter

A

Poor planning

82
Q

Results in an increase in demand for light

A

Overpopulation

83
Q

Many people excessively use light even whot not needed.

A

Excessive use of light

84
Q

Reflect lights from city areas, contributing to light pollution

A

Smog and clouds

85
Q

Found in places with great traffic density particularly in metropolitan areas

A

Lights from motor vehicles

86
Q

Affects people and causes light pollution in surrounding places

A

Nighttime lighting

87
Q

The total amount of greenhouse gases we generate

A

Carbon footprint

88
Q

Stated that there are 113 tons of hazardous waste produced every second

A

Ahsen Soomro

89
Q

Refers to the presence on the land of any solid waste in such quantity, nature, and duration, as to endanger human health or welfare, animal or plant life, or property

A

Land pollution

90
Q

Type of land pollution cased by specific events or series of events in a certain or small area

A

Point-Source pollution

91
Q

Type that covers extensive areas and has a difficult-to-identify source

A

Diffuse pollution

92
Q

Occurs when toxic chemicals from the land reach groundwater supplies

A

Groundwater poisoning

93
Q

Happens when there is an overuse of chemical fertilizers, soil erosion triggered by running water, and other pest control measures

A

Soil pollution

94
Q

The polluted land dries out and becomes more flammable, hence the loss of habitat for animals and humans.

A

Wildfire

95
Q

Can be brought on due to exposure to toxic substances from the polluted land

A

Human health problems

96
Q

Refers to the discharge of heated effluents from its significant contributors

A

Thermal pollution

97
Q

Other term for thermal pollution

A

Thermal enrichment

98
Q

A cause which is released from sewage systems into natural bodies of water

A

Urban runoff

99
Q

Causes water bodies to rise and be exposed more to the sun’s heat

A

Soil erosion

100
Q

Causes higher concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and contributes to global warming

A

Deforestation

101
Q

When a substance alters or contaminates the natural properties of the atmosphere

A

Air pollution

102
Q

Types of air pollutants:

A

Physical, chemical, biological

103
Q

Gases from automobile emissions, fires, and industrial processes

A

Noxious gases

104
Q

A microscopic combination of solid particles and liquid droplets in the air

A

Particulate gases

105
Q

Have a high vapor pressure and insoluble in water emitted during burning in large quantities by gasoline and natral gas

A

Volatile organic compounds

106
Q

Abundant in vehicle and industrial emissions from fossil fuel combustion, cigarette smoke, and burning organic debris

A

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PHA)

107
Q

Three oxygen atoms produced when two primary pollutants create a photochemical reaction found in chemical emissions

A

Ozone

108
Q

Harms plants and promotes the acidification of soils and water bodies

A

Acid rain

109
Q

The natural aging process of lakes and some estuaries

A

Eutrophication

110
Q

Reduces the object’s clarity, color, texture, and form

A

Haze

111
Q

Can cause increased amounts of UV radiation to reach the Earth; can lead to diseases; damage sensitive crops

A

Ozone depletion

112
Q

Caused by producing large amounts of some of the greenhouse gases

A

Global climate change

113
Q

According to WHO, the largest single environmental risk

A

Air pollution

114
Q

Percentage of the air pollution premature deaths from middle to low-income countries

A

88%

115
Q

Deaths due to indoor air pollution in 2012

A

4.3 million

116
Q

Deaths due to outdoor air pollution in 2012

A

3.7 million

117
Q

6th most polluted air in Southeast Asia and the 29th overall

A

Philippines

118
Q

Philippine air index in 2020

A

74.84

119
Q

Out of 100, 000 people in the Philippines affected by air pollution

A

45.3

120
Q

Instigation of pollutants or harmful substances in the air, water, soil, etc.

A

Pollution

121
Q

Characterized by prolonged excessive noise in a area

A

Noise pollution

122
Q

Noise pollution from volcano eruption, animal sounds

A

Natural-made

123
Q

Those coming from sound systems, sound of cars

A

Man-made

124
Q

The principal drive of the proliferation of fashion pollution

A

Fast fashion

125
Q

The principal drive of the proliferation of fashion pollution

A

Fast fashion

126
Q

The backbone of textile production

A

Polyester

127
Q

Where sources from water bodies are contaminated by substances

A

Water pollution

128
Q

Most common type of water pollution where water resources are contaminated by chemicals

A

Chemical pollution

129
Q

Pesticides and fertilizers can seep into the ground, contaminating rivers and waterbeds underneath

A

Groundwater pollution

130
Q

Naturally occurring form of water pollution

A

Microbiological pollution

131
Q

Fertilizers contain a high concentration of nutrients which can cause algal blooming

A

Nutrient pollution

132
Q

Oxygen-dependent species will die as algal blooms consume the oxygen in the planet.

A

Oxygen-depletion pollution

133
Q

Can occur both naturally, accidentally, and intentionally

A

Surface water pollution

134
Q

Contamination of waterways; works its way up the food chain and jeopardizes the health of larger animals

A

Bioaccumulation

135
Q

Suffocation and starvation of marine animals

A

Plastic ingestion

136
Q

Ocean acidification; makes it tougher for corals and shellfish to survive and interfering with the navigation and self-defense systems of some animals

A

Acidification

Earth and Life Science 11 (6 decks)

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