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Earth and Life Science 11 > Origin of Life on Earth, Manifestations and Characteristics of Life, and Levels of Organization > Flashcards

Origin of Life on Earth, Manifestations and Characteristics of Life, and Levels of Organization Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

According to this theory on the origin of life, the emergence of life on earth may have been influenced by supernatural or divine forces.

A

Special creation

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2
Q

This hypothesis states that the “seeds” of life exist all over the universe and can be propagated through space from one place to another.

A

Extraterrestrial origin/Panspermia

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3
Q

Variations of the Panspermia hypothesis:

A

Litho panspermia (interstellar panspermia), Ballistic panspermia (Interplanetary panspermia), Directed panspermia

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4
Q

This states that life may have evolved from non-living matter like mud, straw, and other decaying and rotting matter.

A

Spontaneous origin

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5
Q

He conducted a scientific experiment in 1988 to see if maggots would develop on their own.

A

Francesco Redi

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6
Q

He demonstrated that life originated from pre-existing life and rejected the theory of spontaneous generation by proving that the maggots came from fly eggs.

A

Louis Pasteur

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7
Q

Their experiments refuted the theory of spontaneous generation.

A

Needham’s and Spallanzani’s

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8
Q

The one who put fort the first “modern” theory for how life came into existence in 1923

A

Russian biochemist Oparin

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9
Q

Supported Oparin in 1928

A

British evolutionary biologist Haldane

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10
Q

Postulates that life may have developed through a series of organic chemical reactions that resulted in increasingly complex biochemical structures

A

Oparin-Haldane model

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11
Q

It was supported by the different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands, known as Darwin’s finches

A

Biological evolution

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12
Q

Prominent elements in the atmosphere of prehistoric earth:

A

Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, nitrogen

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13
Q

A pigment that absorbs light, helped plants capture solar energy during photosynthesis.

A

Chlorophyll

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14
Q

According to this theory, the first RNA molecules that could copy themselves independently of other molecules were simple RNA molecules that existed on Earth.

A

RNA world theory

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15
Q

It is supported by the discovery of pieces of RNA that can copy RNA strands longer than themselves.

A

DNA

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16
Q

They are proteins that catalyze reactions.

A

Enzymes

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17
Q

Science that studies life.

A

Biology

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18
Q

Several key characteristics or functions of all living organisms:

A

Order, sensitivity or response to stimuli, reproduction, adaptation, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, and energy processing

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19
Q

Organisms are highly organized structures that consist of one or more cells.

A

Order

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20
Q

Term referred to as cell components

A

Organelles

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21
Q

Organs respond to diverse stimuli.

A

Sensitivity

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22
Q

A process where tiny bacteria can move toward or away from chemicals

A

Chemotaxis

23
Q

A process where tiny bacteria can move away from light

A

Phototaxis

24
Q

Single-celled organisms reproduce by first duplicating their DNA, then dividing it equally as the cell prepares to divide to form two new cells; many multicellular organisms produce specialized reproductive cells that will form new individuals.

A

Reproduction

25
Q

All living organisms exhibit a “fit” to their environment.

A

Adaptation

26
Q

Organisms grow and develop according to specific instructions coded for by their genes.

A

Growth and development

27
Q

Multiple regulatory mechanisms are needed to coordinate internal functions: transport of nutrients, response to stimuli, and coping with environmental stresses.

A

Regulation

28
Q

Cells require appropriate conditions to function properly which are:

A

Proper temperature, pH, and concentrations of diverse chemicals

29
Q

Organisms are able to maintain internal conditions within a narrow range almost constantly, despite environmental changes, through this process.

A

Homeostasis

30
Q

A process where many organisms regulate their body temperature

A

Thermoregulation

31
Q

All organisms use a source of energy for their metabolic activities.

A

Energy processing

32
Q

It is the smallest and most fundamental unit of matter.

A

Atom

33
Q

It is a chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by a chemical bond.

A

Molecule

34
Q

These are large biologically important molecules.

A

Macromolecules

35
Q

Small combined units that form large molecules

A

Monomers

36
Q

Membranes that surround aggregates of macromolecules

A

Organelles

37
Q

The smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms

A

Cell

38
Q

Single-celled organisms that lack organelles surrounded by a membrane and do not have nuclei surrounded by nuclear membranes

A

Prokaryotes

39
Q

Cells that have membrane-bounded organelles and nuclei

A

Prokaryotes

40
Q

Groups of smaller cells carrying out the same function

A

Tissues

41
Q

Collections of tissues grouped together based on a common function

A

Organs

42
Q

A higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs

A

Organ system

43
Q

Individual living entities

A

Organisms

44
Q

Refer to single-celled prokaryotes and single-celled eukaryotes

A

Miroorganisms

45
Q

Collective name of all the individuals of a species living within a specific area

A

Population

46
Q

The set of populations inhabiting a particular area

A

Community

47
Q

Consists of all the living things in a particular area together with abiotic, or non-living, parts of that environment such as nitrogen in the soil or rainwater

A

Ecosystem

48
Q

The collection of all ecosystems, representing the zones of life on Earth

A

Biosphere

49
Q

The source of diversity; a process of gradual change during which new species arise from older species

A

Evolution

50
Q

Field of specialization of atoms and molecules

A

Chemistry

51
Q

Field of specialization of cells

A

Molecular biology

52
Q

Field of specialization of tissues

A

Cell biology

53
Q

Field of specialization of organs, organ systems, organisms, and population

A

Physiology

54
Q

Field of specialization of communities and ecosystems

A

Ecology

Earth and Life Science 11 (6 decks)

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