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Earth and Life Science 11 > An Overview of the Solar System > Flashcards

An Overview of the Solar System Flashcards

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1
Q

Earth science includes:

A

Geology, the study of the earth; Oceanography, the study of the ocean; Meteorology, the study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather; Astronomy, the study of the universe

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2
Q

It is the study of the stars, planets and other objects that make up the universe.

A

Astronomy

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3
Q

It is the study of the structure and history of the universe.

A

Cosmology

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4
Q

Tiny immovable earth at the center of the universe; the sun, moon and stars move slowly in the horizon, slowly revolving around the earth; in ancient and medieval times; finite universe

A

Geocentric view

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5
Q

The two types of matter according to the geocentric view

A

Earthly and celestial matter

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6
Q

A concept by Copernicus; the universe is infinite, stars distributed in all directions; earth is just one of the planets

A

Copernican concept

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7
Q

Sun (also a star) at the center

A

Heliocentric

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8
Q

Earthly matter different from celestial matter is untenable

A

Dualistic nature of matter

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9
Q

The Sun and celestial bodies that revolve around it, including the planets with their satellites, comets, and meteors

A

The solar system

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10
Q

Described the sun-centered system of planetary motion in 1543

A

Nicolaus Copernicus

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11
Q

A theory - beginning as a rotating cloud; most of the mass became concentrated in the center to form the sun; the remaining material condensed and accumulated to form the planets

A

Nebular hypothesis

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12
Q

Began to form from metallic and rocky clumps

A

Inner planets

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13
Q

Began forming from fragments with a high percentage of ices

A

Larger outer planets

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14
Q

The planetary system was formed from materials removed from the sun by great gravitational attraction.

A

Planetessimal theory

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15
Q

Theory of planet formation

A

Planetessimal theory

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16
Q

The original nebula was so massive that on further contraction and flattering, it broke into separate cloud or planet.

A

Protoplanet hypothesis

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17
Q

Proposed Protpolanet hypothesis

A

Gerald Kuoper (1949)

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18
Q

The nebula was assumed to have a composition mainly of hydrogen and helium, like the Sun with only 1% of heavier elements.

A

Dust cloud theory

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19
Q

Was the original 10% of the sun’s mass of planets and satellites

A

Dust cloud

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20
Q

Formulated Dust cloud theory

A

German physicist Carl Friedrick von Weizsacken and US chemist Harold Urey in 1945

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21
Q

Very hot = 100 B degrees C; expanding rapidly as it was propelled outward

A

Primordial universe

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22
Q

4 protons (hydrogen) fuse to form 4 hydrogen nuclei - form next heavier element (helium)

A

Primordial nucleosynthesis

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23
Q

The universe originated with an explosion and continues to expand.

A

Big bang theory

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24
Q

Big bang theory - the universe began with _____ of energy that instantly created space and time, as well as the creation of subatomic particles and the chemical elements

A

Cataclysmic explosion

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25
Q

Type of galaxy - poorly defined shapes; with population 1 stars (young blue); with relatively abundant interstellar dust and gas

A

Irregular

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26
Q

With Population, I stars in spiral arms where new stars form; in their nucleus and at the edge of galaxy Population II stars are found

A

Spiral

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27
Q

Do not form new stars; dust and gas already used up; massive galaxies with Population II stars (red giants and white dwarfs)

A

Elliptical

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28
Q

Type of planet - small, dense, rocky; less atmosphere; scarred by craters

A

Terrestrial/inner planets

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29
Q

Large, massive, gaseous; low-density world; able to retain H and helium (light elements)

A

Jovian/outer planets

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29
Q

Large, massive, gaseous; low-density world; able to retain H and helium (light elements)

A

Jovian/outer planets

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30
Q

Planet - smallest, coldest; with rocks and ice; low density

A

Pluto

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31
Q

Between inner and outer planets

A

Asteroid belt

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32
Q

Movement around the Sun

A

Revolution

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33
Q

Spinning on their respective axes

A

Rotation

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34
Q

The biggest, brightest, and hottest object in the solar system

A

Sun

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35
Q

The Sun’s hydrogen and helium content

A

70% and 28%

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36
Q

The planet nearest to the sun and second smallest, with a diameter of 3,011 miles

A

Mercury

37
Q

Mercury - the _____ of nine planets

A

fastest; can travel 46 km in a second

38
Q

The morning and evening star

A

Mercury

39
Q

Named after the Roman Goddess of love and beauty; the brightest planet

A

Venus

40
Q

Venus is the _____ largest planet.

A

sixth

41
Q

The only planet known to support and have intelligent life

A

Earth

42
Q

Percentage of liquid on earth

A

71%

43
Q

The only natural satellite of earth

A

Moon

44
Q

The closest distance of the moon to the earth

A

Perigee (356,000 km)

45
Q

The farthest distance of the moon from the earth

A

Apogee (406,700 km)

46
Q

The layer of the earth with three divisions

A

Crust

47
Q

Composed of different gases

A

Atmosphere

48
Q

Composed of lands

A

Lithosphere

49
Q

Composed of water

A

Hydrosphere

50
Q

Layer of rocks with a depth of 1,800 miles

A

Mantle

51
Q

Composed of dense molten metal, while the outer core is molten metal

A

Core

52
Q

The earth’s celestial neighbor beyond the solar orbit

A

Mars

53
Q

The Babylonians called Mars the _____

A

Stars of death

54
Q

Mars - named after _____

A

God of war

55
Q

Moons of mars

A

Phobos and Deimos

56
Q

The giant member of the planetary system named after the chief Roman god

A

Jupiter

57
Q

God Jupiter or _____

A

Jove

58
Q

Mostly make up the Jovian atmosphere

A

hydrogen and helium

59
Q

Number of satellites of Jupiter

A

16

60
Q

Discovered the four satellites of Jupiter

A

Galileo in 1610

61
Q

A huge storm of swirling gas that has lasted for hundreds of years

A

Great Red Spot

62
Q

The fifth moon of Jupiter

A

Io

63
Q

Moon of Jupiter that resembles images of sea ice on Earth

A

Europa

64
Q

The seventh and largest of Jupiter’s known satellites

A

Ganymede

65
Q

Has the oldest, most cratered surface of any body yet observed in the solar system

A

Callisto

66
Q

Has 23 satellites; orange-colored Titan as the largest

A

Saturn

67
Q

Discovered Uranus in 1781

A

William Herchel

68
Q

Number of Earth years for Uranus to orbit the sun

A

84

69
Q

Reason why Neptune is blue-green in color

A

Methane in its atmosphere

70
Q

Was first sighted by a German astronomer Galle in 1846

A

Neptune

71
Q

Thought to consist of about 255 dust and chunks of rocky and metallic materials, and about 75% of ice

A

Core of Comets

72
Q

Happens to the its ice when a comet comes near the sun

A

Sublimates

73
Q

Nucleus, forming a large, thin atmosphere

A

Coma

74
Q

Heavenly bodies in the solar system that, like the planets, revovle around the sun

A

Asteroids

75
Q

Largest asteroids discovered with a diameter of 480 miles

A

Ceres

76
Q

An asteroid that passed at only twice the distance of the moon in 1937

A

Hermes

77
Q

Can be used to obtain rough estimates of their mineral properties

A

Spectra of Asteroids

78
Q

Popularly known as “shooting stars” or “falling stars”

A

Meteors

79
Q

A piece of a meteor that lands on the surface of the earth

A

Meteorite

80
Q

Three classifications of meteorites

A

Iron, stone, and stony iron

81
Q

Greek term of Pluto

A

Hades

82
Q

Home to dwarf planets and is the birth place of many comets

A

Kuiper belt

83
Q

A vast, spherical collection of icy debris; considered the end of the solar system

A

Oort cloud

84
Q

Named for the dominance of radiation right after the Big Bang

A

Radiation era

85
Q

Gravity split away from the superforce in this epoch

A

Planck epoch

86
Q

Strong nuclear, weak, electromagnetic

A

Grand unification epoch

87
Q

Began during which the universe rapidly expanded

A

Inflationary epoch

88
Q

Electromagnetic and weak forces split off

A

Electroweak epoch

89
Q

All of the universe’s ingredients present

A

Quark epoch

90
Q

Formation of protons and neutrons

A

Hadron epoch

Earth and Life Science 11 (6 decks)

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