Permanent Incisors

Question 1

The Permanent Incisors

• First and second teeth from the midline
• Incisors of the same arch resemble each other.
• Maxillary incisors larger than mandibular incisors
• Maxillary central larger than maxillary lateral
• Mandibular lateral larger than mandibular central

Answer 1

• First and second teeth from the midline
• Incisors of the same arch resemble each other.
• Maxillary incisors larger than mandibular incisors
• Maxillary central larger than maxillary lateral
• Mandibular lateral larger than mandibular central

Question 2

Functions of the Incisors

• Mastication -__ __ ___
• Esthetics -__ __ ___ and ___ of___contribute to a person’s appearance. The incisors also provide ___ ___
• Phonetics - they are necessary for the production of ___ ___
• F sound and s sound

Answer 2

• Mastication - biting, cutting and shearing
• Esthetics - size, shape, color and manner of placement contribute to a person’s appearance. The incisors also provide facial support.
• Phonetics - they are necessary for the production of certain sounds.
• F sound and s sound

Question 3

Functions of the Incisors

Answer 3

•Esthetics – beauty; in the eyes of the beholder.

Question 4

Four Unique Features of the Incisors

Answer 4

• Incisal ridge/edge
• Mamelons
• Position and angulation of the marginal ridges
• Lingual fossa and cingulum

Question 5

Anterior Tooth Form -
Mesial and Distal Surfaces

• In a proximal view, the crowns of the anterior teeth exhibit a____ shape.
• The base of the triangle is at the ___
• The apex of the triangle is at the ___

Answer 5

• In a proximal view, the crowns of the anterior teeth exhibit a triangular shape.
• The base of the triangle is at the cervical.
• The apex of the triangle is at the incisal.

Question 6

• In a labial view, the mesial surface of the crown is
• The distal surface of the crown is more
• In a labial view, the mesio-incisal line angle is more
• The disto-incisal line angle is more

Question 7

Maxillary Central Incisors

• Share
• Crown size -
• Widest __________ of any _______ tooth

Answer 7

• Share mesial contacts
• Crown size - largest of the incisors
• Widest mesiodistally of any anterior tooth

Question 8

Maxillary Central Incisors - Development

• Initiation of calcification:
• Completion of enamel:
• Eruption:
• Completion of root:

Answer 8

• Initiation of calcification: 3 to 4 months
• Completion of enamel: 4 to 5 years
• Eruption: 7 to 8 years
• Completion of root: 10 years

Question 9

Maxillary Central Incisor

•Labial or lingual view - the crown is _______with the base or longest parallel side at the_____

Answer 9

•Labial or lingual view - the crown is trapezoidal with the base or longest parallel side at the incisal.

Question 10

Maxillary Central Incisors - Labial

• Incisal margin - generally ____________________
• Incisocervical (pink) and mesiodistal (orange) crown dimensions

Answer 10

• Incisal margin - generally straight and nearly perpendicular to long axis
• Incisocervical (pink) and mesiodistal (orange) crown dimensions more nearly equal than for other incisors

Question 11

Maxillary Central Incisors - Labial View

Labial surface generally ____ mesiodistally and incisogingivally: convexity greatest in ____ 1/3 and approaches flatness twd ____ 1/3
•Mesial outline - slightly ___ (___ ___). Height of contour - ____third
•Distal outline - more ____ than mesial. Height of contour - ____ third. Close to___ ___ ___

Answer 11

Labial surface generally convex mesiodistally and incisogingivally: convexity greatest in cervical 1/3 and approaches flatness twd incisal 1/3
•Mesial outline - slightly convex (nearly straight). Height of contour - incisal third
•Distal outline - more rounded than mesial. Height of contour - incisal third. CLOSE TO INCIAL MIDDLE JCN

Question 12

Maxillary Central Incisors -Labial View

• Mamelons – if present, found on the incisal ridge of newly erupted incisors
• The most common number of mamelons for a central incisor is ____ (Evidence of ___ ___ ___)
• Note - due to the rounding of the disto-incisal angle, the most common number of mamelons on a maxillary lateral incisor is ___.

Cervical margin curves _____ twd the root. crown is narrower mesiodistally at _____margin than at the ____

Answer 12

• Mamelons – if present, found on the incisal ridge of newly erupted incisors
• The most common number of mamelons for a central incisor is three. (Evidence of three labial lobes)
• Note - due to the rounding of the disto-incisal angle, the most common number of mamelons on a maxillary lateral incisor is two.

Cervical margin curves evenly twd the root. crown is narrower mesiodistally at cervical margin than at the incisal.

Question 13

Maxillary Central Incisors - Labial View

• Developmental depressions - shallow depressions, which extend from the ___ ___ toward the ____, and fade out in the ____ third.
• Imbrication lines - faint, curved growth lines formed by the arrangement of the ___ ___, which roughly parallel the ____in the____ third of the crown. They are _______________.

Answer 13

• Developmental depressions - shallow depressions, which extend from the incisal edge toward the gingival, and fade out in the middle third.
• Imbrication lines - faint, curved growth lines formed by the arrangement of the enamel prisms, which roughly parallel the CEJ in the cervical third of the crown. They are usually, but not always, present.

Question 14

Maxillary Central Incisors - Lingual View

____ than labial - due to ________ _____
•Lingual fossa - found in ___ ___ to ____ of the crown. The fossa covers the ___ __of the crown’s lingual surface.

Fossa is bound by __convexities: __ ____ ___ ___ Most often ____. Occasionally poorly defined ridges which extend to ___ portion of ___ ___ from ____. Ridges form a __ pattern.
•Marginal ridges mark the mesial and distal borders of the crown’s lingual surface.

Answer 14

• Narrower than labial - due to faciolingual taper.
• Lingual fossa - found in incisal half to two-thirds of the crown. The fossa covers the largest area of the crown’s lingual surface.

Fossa is bound by 4 convexities: mesial, distal and incial ridges and cingulum. Most often smooth. Occasionally poorly defined ridges which extend to cervical portion of lingual fossa from cingulum. Ridges form a W pattern.
•Marginal ridges mark the mesial and distal borders of the crown’s lingual surface.

Question 15

Maxillary Central Incisors - Lingual View

• Cingulum - bulky ____ located in the ____ portion of the crown’s lingual surface. The cingulum is generally ___
• A ___ ____ and a ___ ___ may also be found. These structures are___ ___ ____ on the crown of any permanent incisor.

Linguogingival groove separates ___ and ___ ___. Lingual pit bw __ and ___ may be found near ___ of ___ ___

More common on ____ ____than max centrals

Answer 15

• Cingulum - bulky convexity located in the cervical portion of the crown’s lingual surface. The cingulum is generally smooth.
• A linguogingival groove and a lingual pit may also be found. These structures are not usual findings on the crown of any permanent incisor.

Question 16

Mesial and distal outlines: ____to their labial counterparts, except they ___ ___ twd the ____

Incisal margin: ___ __ ____

Cervial margin: __ ___ of curvature apically than on the ____ surface and is ____ with its max offset to the ____

Question 17

Maxillary Central Incisors - Proximal

• Labial height of contour - ___ ___
• Lingual height of contour - ____ third
• Incisal outline - on a newly, erupted incisor the projection of enamel at the incisal termination is called the incisal ____. It is normally ___ or ___ ___. As the incisal ridge wears, it ____and becomes known as the ___ __ or ___ ___

Answer 17

• Labial height of contour - cervical third
• Lingual height of contour - cervical third
• Incisal outline - on a newly, erupted incisor the projection of enamel at the incisal termination is called the incisal ridge. The ridge is normally pointed or slightly rounded. As the incisal ridge wears, it flattens and becomes known as the incisal surface or incisal edge.

Question 18

Incisal Wear
•On an older maxillary incisor, the incisal edge slants down from ___ to ____. The________ line angle is lower than the ______line angle.
•On an older mandibular incisor, the incisal edge slants down from _____. The ______ line angle is lower than the _____line angle.
•

Answer 18

•On an older maxillary incisor, the incisal edge slants down from labial to lingual. The linguo-incisal line angle is lower than the labio-incisal line angle.
•On an older mandibular incisor, the incisal edge slants down from lingual to labial. The labio-incisal line angle is lower than the linguo-incisal line angle.
•

Question 19

Maxillary Central Incisor - Mesial View

•When viewing a maxillary central incisor from the proximal, the incisal ridge of the crown is normally ___ ___ with the ___ of the ____
Contact area located in incisal ___ centered______ roughly ____, long ______ and narrow ____.

Only mesial to mesial

Answer 19

•When viewing a maxillary central incisor from the proximal, the incisal ridge of the crown is normally in line with the center of the root.

Contact area located in incisal 1/3, centered labiolingually. roughly ovoid, long incisogingivally and narrow labiolingually.

Only mesial to mesial

Question 20

Distal Aspect

Resembles mesial with following exceptions:

Distal surface ____ than mesial bc _____ dimension is shorter

Distal surface is more ___ _____

Cervical margin ___ ___ ____ as far incisally

Bc it contacts lateral incisor which is smaller tooth, the distal c.a. is accordingly ____in size. Shape still ___ but more __that on mesial. Further ____, still in ____1/3 but __ ___

Answer 20

Resembles mesial with following exceptions:

Distal surface smaller than mesial bc incisocervical dimension is shorter

Distal surface is mroe convex incisogingivally

Cervical margin does not curve as far incisally

Bc it contacts lateral incisor which is smaller tooth, the distal c.a. is accordingly smaller in size. Shape still ovoid but more round that on mesial. Further gingivally, still in incisal 1/3 but near jcn of incisal and middle 1/3

Question 21

Maxillary Central Incisors - Incisal View

• Crown’s outline is roughly ____ in the incisal view.
• Incisal edge is ___ ____ ____ and is roughly ___ over the ____
• Greatest contour of the cingulum is offset to the ____
• Note: on many maxillary centrals the cingulum will be ____rather than bulked to the distal

Labial and lingual outlines are ____ to differing extents

Labial outline is____ convex

Lingual outline is ____ convex due to ___ of _____

Labial Line angles are ___ _____ that lingual line anguals

Portions of ___ ___ are visible.

Answer 21

• Crown’s outline is roughly triangular in the incisal view.
• Incisal edge is relatively straight mesiodistally and is roughly centered over the root.
• Greatest contour of the cingulum is offset to the distal.
• Note: on many maxillary centrals the cingulum will be centered rather than bulked to the distal

Labial and lingual outlines are convex to differing extents

Labial outline is slightly convex

Lingual outline is quite convex due to presence of cingulum.

Labial Line angles are more distingt that lingual line anguals

Portions of lingual fossa are visible.

Question 22

Maxillary Central Incisors -
Root Structure

• The root is___ ,____ relatively ____ and tapers to a ___ ____
• A cervical cross section of the root shows a ___ ___ outline. (base at_____ , root wider at labial. apex at ____
• In younger patients, the pulp chamber is____ shaped, becoming more____ with age.

Answer 22

• The root is single, conical, relatively straight and tapers to a rounded apex.
• A cervical cross section of the root shows a rounded triangular outline. (base at labial , root wider at labial. apex at lingual.
• In younger patients, the pulp chamber is triangular shaped, becoming more rounded with age.

Question 23

Maxillary Central Incisors -
Root Structure

• A mid-root cross section shows a somewhat ____outline. (longer _____ than ____)
• The root is approximately_____ times the crown length.

Answer 23

• A mid-root cross section shows a somewhat ovoid outline. (longer labiolingually than mesiodistally)
• The root is approximately one and a half times the crown length.

Question 24

Maxillary Central Incisors -
Variations and Anomalies

Of all surfaces, ____ has greatest variation.___may be found and___ of ___has considerable range.

• Talon cusp - large accessory cusp on the___ surface of the crown. Involved teeth bear a resemblance to a ____ __ ___
• Supernumerary teeth –___ teeth that may be found between the _______of the ____ Extra teeth known as ____._____ may also be found in this area

Answer 24

Of all surfaces, lingual has greatest variation. Pit may be found and depth of fossa has considerable range.
•Talon cusp - large accessory cusp on the lingual surface of the crown. Involved teeth bear a resemblance to a Phillips screw driver
•Supernumerary teeth –extra teeth that may be found between the roots/crowns of the centrals . Extra teeth known as mesiodens. Cysts may also be found in this area

Question 25

Maxillary Central Incisors -
Variations and Anomalies

•Hutchinson’s incisors - (when viewed from ____)_____ shaped/notched crown caused by ____ _____
• Dwarfed root - ____ ____ of ____ and exceptionally ___ ___. lack of root support may endanger the tooths _____
root length may vary but deflections are ____

When viewed from labial or lingual aspects wide variation in amount of ____ of mesial and distal surfaces twd the the _____
When there is little convergence, the outline of surface reps a ____

When great convergence present, it is more nearly ____

Answer 25

•Hutchinson’s incisors - (when viewed from labial )screwdriver shaped/notched crown caused by congenital syphilis

• Dwarfed root - abnormal contour of crown and exceptionally short root. lack of root support may endanger the tooths longevity.
root length may vary but deflections are rare

When viewed from labial or lingual aspects wide variation in amount of convergence of mesial and distal surfaces twd the the cervical.
When there is little convergence, the outline of surface reps a rectangle

When great convergence present, it is more nearly triangular

Question 26

Maxillary Lateral Incisors

• Resembles the maxillary central incisor on a ___ ___. (smaller in all measurements except the ___ ___ which is abou tth esame
• The lateral is generally a more ____ tooth than the central
• It is relatively longer __________ and narrower ______
• Displays greatest ___ in form of any ____ ____, except for the___ ____

Answer 26

• Resembles the maxillary central incisor on a smaller scale. (smaller in all measurements except the root length which is abou tth esame
• The lateral is generally a more round tooth than the central
• It is relatively longer incisocervically and narrower mesiodistally.
• Displays greatest variation in form of any permanent tooth, except for the third molars.

Question 27

Maxillary Lateral Incisors - Development

• Initiation of calcification: ___
• Completion of enamel: _____
• Completion of root: _____
• Maxillary lateral incisor- ___ ___ ____ ___ ___

• It erupts at _______

Answer 27

•Initiation of calcification: 1 year
•Completion of enamel: 4 to 5 years
•Completion of root: 11 years
•Maxillary lateral incisor- last permanent incisor to erupt.
• It erupts at 8 to 9 years of age.
•

Question 28

Maxillary Lateral Incisors - Labial

• Mesial outline - resembles maxillary central incisor, but ___-___ ___ ___ is more ____. Height of contour- ___ ____. (farther ____ than CI. Near jcn of _______)
• Distal outline- more ____ overall than the maxillary central incisor. The disto-incisal angle is noticeably more ____ than ___ counterpart and its own _____ angle. It is the ___ ____ incisal angle of any ____in ___ ___ Height of contour - __________________

Answer 28

• Mesial outline - resembles maxillary central incisor, but mesio-incisal angle is more rounded. Height of contour- incisal third. (farther gingivally than CI. Near jcn of incisal /middle)
• Distal outline- more rounded overall than the maxillary central incisor. The disto-incisal angle is noticeably more rounded than CI counterpart and its own mesioincisal angle. It is the most rounded incisal angle of any incisor in either arch. Height of contour - junction of the incisal and middle thirds

Question 29

Maxillary Lateral Incisors - Labial View

• Incisal margin - __ ___ ____ as the maxillary central incisor due to the greater rounding of the two incisal angles. If mamelons are present, the most common number is ___
• The labial surface is more ___ _______ and _____ than max CI
• Labial ____ ___ and ___ ____are normally present.
• The largest ___ ____ exists between the maxillary ____ ____ and ___

Cervical line curves in a regular arc apically with only ___ ___ ____ than the central incisor

Answer 29

• Incisal margin - not as straight as the maxillary central incisor due to the greater rounding of the two incisal angles. If mamelons are present, the most common number is two.
• The labial surface is more convex mesiodistally and incisogingivally than max CI
• Labial developmental depressions and imbrication lines are normally present.
• The largest incisal embrasure exists between the maxillary lateral incisor and canine.

Cervical line curves in a regular arc apically with only slight less depth than the central incisor

Question 30

aaMaxillary Lateral Incisor Lingual View

Mesial margin: similar to ___

Distal margin: similar to ___, distoincisal line angle is more ____ than ______line angle.

Incisal outline: similar to____

CEJ: curves twd apical but is ___ to the ____

•The marginal ridges are the ___ ____of any of the ____. (____ too)
•The lingual fossa is the ___ ___ of any of the ____. (deeper than ___)
•The crown’s lingual surface has been described as markedly ____
•It is the anterior tooth most likely to have a ___ ___. That pit is a potential___ ___
____ and ____ more common than on other ___
Another groove, which is sometimes found on lateral but very rarely on the CI is the ____ ____. This groove usually originates at the __ ___ and extends ____ and slightly ____ onto the cingulum.

Answer 30

Mesial margin: similar to CI

Distal margin: similar to CI, distoincisal line angle is more rounded than mesioincisal line angle.

Incisal outline: similar to labial

CEJ: curves twd apical but is offset to the distal
•The marginal ridges are the most distinct of any of the incisors. (cingulum too)
•The lingual fossa is the most distinct of any of the incisors. (deeper than CI)
•The crown’s lingual surface has been described as markedly concave.
•It is the anterior tooth most likely to have a lingual pit. That pit is a potential caries site.
•Linguogingival grooves and lingual pits more common than on other incisors.
Another groove, which is sometimes found on lateral but very rarely on th eCI is the linguogingival fissure. This groove usually originates at the lingual pit and extends cervically and slightly distally onto the cingulum.

Question 31

Maxillary Lateral Incisors - Proximal View

• The labial and lingual heights of contour are in the ____ third.
• Crown outline -_____ in shape
• The distal surface is ___ and more _____ than the mesial surface.

Mesial:
Similar to __ with_____ dimensions
c.a similar in___ to contact of CI. It is found in ____ 1/3 very __________
Cervical line exhibits____ depth of curvature than it does on _________

Distal:
smaller and more convex in all dimensions than mesial
c.a is ____ and not as ____ placed. normally at _____________
Cervical line shows ___ _____ incisally than on mesial.

Answer 31

• The labial and lingual heights of contour are in the cervical third.
• Crown outline - triangular in shape
• The distal surface is smaller and more convex than the mesial surface.

Mesial:
Similar to CI with lessened dimensions
c.a similar in shape to contact of CI. It is found in incisal 1/3 very near jcn of incisal and middle 1/3
Cervical line exhibits less depth of curvature than it does on mesial of CI.

Distal:
smaller and more convex in all dimensions than mesial
c.a is shorter and not as incisally placed. normally at jcn of incisal an dmiddle
Cervical line shows less curvature incisally than on mesial.

Question 32

Maxillary Lateral Incisors - Incisal View

• The crown resembles the maxillary central, but the____ is often more prominent.
• The crown exhibits relatively more ____ labially and lingually.
• The crown outline may appear somewhat _____

Answer 32

• The crown resembles the maxillary central, but the cingulum is often more prominent.
• The crown exhibits relatively more convexity labially and lingually.
• The crown outline may appear somewhat rhomboidal.

Question 33

Maxillary Lateral Incisors - Root Structure

• The root is wider ______ than _____
• The actual root length is approximately the___ or slightly ____ than that of the central. Root is ___ in __ to ___ length when compared to central.
• The cervical and mid-root cross sections are ____. Wider ____ than _____. Labial dimension is ___ ______ than is the lingual.

How many? ____

Apex relatively ___ than CI

_______ may be ____ most often twd the ____

Answer 33

•The root is wider labiolingually than mesiodistally.
•The actual root length is approximately the same or slightly shorter than that of the central. Root is longer in relation to crown length when compared to central.
•The cervical and mid-root cross sections are ovoid. Wider labiolingually than mesiodistally. Labial dimension is wider mesiodistally than is the lingual.
Single

Apex relatively sharper than CI

Apical 1/3 may be deflected most often twd the distal

Question 34

Variations and Anomalies

• The maxillary lateral incisor has more variation in form than ___ ___ ___ except ___ ___
• These variations and anomalies include____ , ___, ____ , ___, ____
• Caries is often associated with the ___ ___ and ___ __ ____
• The tooth frequently has an ___ ____ and ____ with adjacent teeth in the same arch.

Answer 34

• The maxillary lateral incisor has more variation in form than any other tooth except the third molars.
• These variations and anomalies include congenitally missing (agenesis), peg lateral, palatogingival groove, lingual pit and dens in dente.
• Caries is often associated with the lingual pit and dens in dente.
• The tooth frequently has an abnormal relationship and contact with adjacent teeth in the same arch.

Question 35

Maxillary Lateral Incisors - Variations and Anomalies

•Linguogingival fissure/groove - a groove which extends from the___ ___down onto the ____ and sometimes the ____. Synonym.-______-____ _____

Answer 35

•Linguogingival fissure/groove - a groove which extends from the lingual pit down onto the cingulum and sometimes the root. Synonym.- palatogingival groove

Question 36

Maxillary Lateral Incisors - Variations and Anomalies

___ ___ and unusual ___ ____
•Tubercle - ____ structure found on the ____ portion of the ___
•Peg lateral - due to ___ of ____ of the ___ and ___ ____ of the crown.
•

Answer 36

•Distorted crowns and unusual root curvatures
•Tubercle - elevated structure found on the incisal portion of the cingulum.
•Peg lateral - due to lack of development of the mesial and distal portions of the crown.
•

Question 37

Variations and Anomalies

• Dens in dente - an _____ of ___ and ____into the tooth’s pulp cavity. The entrance site of the invagination is the ___ ___. Dens in dente - “____ ___ __ ____.”
• Congenitally missing - _____ (___ ___ ___ ___ ____)

Answer 37

• Dens in dente - an invagination of enamel and dentin into the tooth’s pulp cavity. The entrance site of the invagination is the lingual pit. Dens in dente - “tooth within a tooth.”
• Congenitally missing - agenesis (tooth bud does not form)

Question 38

Mandibular Incisors

____and ___ ___teeth in the mouth
____ of the ____ ____
•Mandibular incisors____ ___ ___ ___ than the maxillary incisors.
•The crowns are relatively ____ _____and markedly ____ ____

Answer 38

• Simplest and least variable teeth in the mouth
• Smallest of the permanent teeth.
• Mandibular incisors resemble each other more than the maxillary incisors.
• The crowns are relatively longer incisocervically and markedly narrower mesiodistally.

Question 39

Mandibular Central Incisors

___ ____ of any ___ ____
•The crown is very ____ , with the mesial and distal halves being nearly ___
•Difficult to ____ between the mesial and distal portions

___ ___ ___ of any ___ ___

FCN

Answer 39

•Narrowest mesiodistally of any permanent tooth
•The crown is very symmetrical, with the mesial and distal halves being nearly identical.
•Difficult to distinguish between the mesial and distal portions
Smallest crown size of any perm tooth

FCN: BISC

Question 40

Mandibular Central Incisors - Development

• Initiation of calcification:
• Completion of enamel:
• Completion of root:

Eruption: _____. *___________

• The mandibular central incisors are the first ___ ___ to erupt
• Note - the first permanent teeth to erupt are the ____ ____ ____

Answer 40

• Initiation of calcification: 3 to 4 months
• Completion of enamel: 4 to 5 years
• Completion of root: 9 years
• The first permanent anterior teeth to erupt: 6 to 7 years
• The mandibular central incisors are the first succedaneous teeth to erupt.
• Note - the first permanent teeth to erupt are the mandibular first molars.

Question 41

Mandibular Central Incisors - Labial View

•Mesial and distal outlines -these surfaces ___ ____ ____the ____in nearly ___ ____

Mesioincisal angle is ___ (more than any incisal angles in ___ ____) ______ distoincisal line angle.
•The labial surface has____ convexity _____ and _____ than the ___ ____
•Developmental depressions and imbrication lines are

Answer 41

•Mesial and distal outlines -these surfaces converge slightly towards the gingival in nearly straight lines.

Mesioincisal angle is sharp (more than any incisal angles in max incisors.) Similarly sharp distoincisal line angle.
•The labial surface has less convexity mesiodistally and incisocervically than the maxillary incisors.
•Developmental depressions and imbrication lines are not normally present.

Question 42

Mandibular Central Incisors - Labial View

• The mesial and distal heights of contour are in the_____ third.
• Incisal outline -____ and at a ___ ____to the long axis of the tooth.
• Mamelons - if present, the most common number is____

Cervical outline:____ ___ twd the ___

Labial convexities are much greater in _____1/3. In some specimens the labial surface is ____ incisal to the HOC.

Surface outline is ____ which in some cases approaches ____ shape

Answer 42

• The mesial and distal heights of contour are in the incisal third.
• Incisal outline - straight and at a right angle to the long axis of the tooth.
• Mamelons - if present, the most common number is three.

Cervical outline: symmetrically curved twd the root

Labial convexities are much greater in cervical 1/3. In some specimens the abial surface is flat to the HOC.

Surface outline is trapezoidal which in some cases approaches rectangular shape.

Question 43

Mandibular Central Incisors - Lingual View

• Lingual surface is relatively ____
____ ____ and____ ____ are indistinct.
•There are normally no ___ , ___ or ___ on the lingual surface.
•The cingulum is ___ as ____ as on the ___ ____

Mesial, distal and incisal outlines: ___ ___ those of ____

CEJ curves evenly twd ____ but located ___ ___ ___ ___ than on ___ surface

Answer 43

• Lingual surface is relatively smooth.
• Marginal ridges and lingual fossa are indistinct.
• There are normally no grooves, fissures or pits on the lingual surface.
• The cingulum is not as prominent as on the maxillary incisors.

Mesial, distal and incisal outlines: closely resemble those of labial

CEJ curves evenly twd root but located farther from incisal edge than on labial surface

Question 44

Mandibular Central Incisors - Proximal

• Labial and lingual heights of contour are in the ____ third.
• Crown outline - ____ in shape
• The profile of the incisal edge develops an inclination down towards the ____. This is opposite to the slope of the incisal edges of the maxillary incisors. (bc of the bite)

Mesial View:
Labial outline: labial margin slopes in a ___ ____to ___ ____ line from ___ ____ to ____ and is then ____ in the remainder of the ____1/3
Lingual Outline: ____ in the _____ _/_ and ___ in the ___ 1/3 (cingulum area)
Incisal Outline: normally ____ but can be slightly ____ and is located ____ to the center of the root
Cervical outline: ___ curvature _____ly
Crown appears to be___ to the _____
c.a. is about ___ way from ___ to ____ and in ____ 1/3 very close to____ ____. ____ shape (long ____ and narrow_____)

Distal View:
similar in all respects to mesial except that the cervical margin curves ___ ____ twd ____
c.a has similar ____ to mesial (___ among incisors)

Answer 44

• Labial and lingual heights of contour are in the cervical third.
• Crown outline - triangular in shape
• The profile of the incisal edge develops an inclination down towards the labial. This is opposite to the slope 6of the incisal edges of the maxillary incisors. (bc of the bite)

Mesial View:
Labial outline: labial margin slopes in a straight line to slightly convex line from incisal ridge to HOC and is then convex in the remainder of the gingival 1/3
Lingual Outline: concave in the incisal 2/3 and convex in the gingival 1/3 (cingulum area)
Incisal Outline: normally straight but can be slightly rounded and is located lingual to the center of the root
Cervical outline: even curvature incisaly
Crown appears to be offset to the lingual
c.a. is about 1/2 way from labial to lingual and in incisal 1/3 very close to incisal edge. Ovoid shape (long incisogingivally and narrow labiolingually)

Distal View:
similar in all respects to mesial except that the cervical margin curves slightly less twd incisl
c.a has similar location to mesial (unique among incisors)

Question 45

Mandibular Central Incisors - Incisal View

•Most notable features are
•(1)
•(2)
• Crown outline is roughly (shape)
•The tooth is normally wider ____ than _____

Bc crown is offset twd ___, more of ____surface than ____ surface is visible from this aspect.

Even though CI is described as symmetrical from insical aspect careful scrutinity will reveal that the cingulum is very slightly offset twd the ____ (important to distingush 24 and 25)

Answer 45

• Most notable features are
• (1) the symmetry of the mesial and distal portions
• (2) the straight incisal edge.
• Crown outline is roughly four sided or diamond-shaped.
• The tooth is normally wider labiolingually than mesiodistally.

Bc crown is offset twd lingual, more of labial surface than lingual surface is visible from this aspect.

Even though CI is described as symmetrical from insical aspect careful scrutinity will reveal that the cingulum is very slightly offset twd the distal (important to distingush 24 and 25)

Question 46

Mandibular Central Incisors -
Root Structure

• The root is normally___ and ___
• The root is wider ____ than _____
• In cross section the root is roughly ___ with ______ ____. (slightly wider at ___ than at ____)
• Root concavities or ___ ___ may be present on the ___ and ____ surfaces of the roots. (usually extend the ___ of ___ ___ but vary in both ___ and ___

From labial/llingual aspect, root is ____ and tapers gradually twd ___ apex

From mesial/ distal aspects root is slightly ___ ____ on both labial and lingual margins.

Mid root cross section is similar to cervical section only more ___

Answer 46

• The root is normally single and straight.
• The root is wider labiolingually than mesiodistally.
• In cross section the root is roughly rectangular with rounded corners. (slightly wider at labial than at lingual)
• Root concavities or longitudinal grooves may be present on the mesial and distal surfaces of the roots. (usually extend the majority of root length but vary in both deptha and length.

From labial/llingual aspect, root is symmetrical and tapers gradually twd sharp apex

From mesial/ distal aspects root is slightly convex cervicoapically on both labial and lingual margins.

Mid root cross section is similar to cervical section only more ovoid

Question 47

Clinical Significance - Root Concavities

• Increase the ___ ___ of the root
• Provide a ___ ___ for the ___ ___. This not only increases ____, but it also helps the tooth resist ___ which are ___ ___ the ___ ___ of the ___
• With recession of the supporting structures, the root concavities are ___ and are ___ to ___

Answer 47

• Increase the surface area of the root
• Provide a mechanical lock for the alveolar bone. This not only increases retention, but it also helps the tooth resist forces which are not on the long axis of the tooth.
• With recession of the supporting structures, the root concavities are exposed and are difficult to clean.

Question 48

Mandibular Central Incisors - Variations and Anomalies

•Variations and anomalies are____
•Most common variation is a _____ root. Branches are on the ___ and ____
•Fusion between ___ ___or ___ and ____ can occur.
There is great variability in____ inclination of____ surface.

Answer 48

•Variations and anomalies are rare.
•Most common variation is a bifurcated root. Branches are on the labial and lingual.
•Fusion between mandibular centrals or centrals and laterals can occur.
There is great variability in lingual inclination of labial surface.

Question 49

Mandibular Lateral Incisors

•The mandibular lateral incisors closely resemble the___ ___ _____

• The mandibular lateral incisor is ___ ____
• It complements the central in ___: ___ ___ ___

Development:
Initiation of Calcification:
Completion of Enamel:
Eruption:
Completion of root:

Answer 49

• The mandibular lateral incisors closely resemble the mandibular central incisors
• The mandibular lateral incisor is slightly larger.
• It complements the central in function; biting, cutting and shearing .

Development:
Initiation of Calcification: 3-4 mo
Completion of Enamel: 4-5yrs
Eruption: 7-8 yrs
​Completion of root: 10yrs

Question 50

Mandibular Lateral Incisors - Labial View

•Incisal outline - the incisal surface may slope___ ____ toward the ___. The disto-incisal angle is more ____ than that of the ___ ___. This creates a slightly ___ ___ ___when compared to mesial.
•The mesial and distal heights of contour are both in the ___ third.
c.a and HOC are more___ on ___ than ____

Answer 50

• Incisal outline - the incisal surface may slope slightly gingivally toward the distal. The disto-incisal angle is more rounded than that of the central incisor. This creates a slightly shorter distal margin when compared to mesial.
• The mesial and distal heights of contour are both in the incisal third. c.a and HOC are more cervical on distal than mesial

Question 51

Mandibular Lateral Incisors - Lingual View

•The cingulum is offset to the____
•The curvature of the cervical line is also offset___
Lingual outlines similar to those of ____

Structures of lingual surface similar to ___

Answer 51

•The cingulum is offset to the distal.
•The curvature of the cervical line is also offset distally.
Lingual outlines similar to those of labial

Structures of lingual surface similar to CI

Question 52

Mandibular Lateral Incisors

• In a mesial view, you can see the ___ ___ ____ peeking out on the ____ surface. (Past national board question.)*
• This is due to incisal surface ___ ____as it goes ____
• The distal surface is slightly ____ than the mesial surface.

M and d surfaces similar to their counterparts on___with few exceptions

Both cervical line curves are ____ than their counterparts in CI. ___ curve shows greater incisal curvature than ___

Answer 52

• In a mesial view, you can see the distal marginal ridge peeking out on the lingual surface. (Past national board question.)*
• This is due to incisal surface angling lingually as it goes distally
• The distal surface is slightly shorter than the mesial surface.

M and d surfaces similar to their counterparts on CI with few exceptions

Both cervical line curves are less than their counterparts in CI. Mesial curve shows greater incisal curvature than distal

Question 53

Mandibular Lateral Incisors - Incisal View

• Incisal edge is___ ___ mesiodistally; it angles towards the ____ as it progresses ____
• On a mandibular lateral incisor, the cingulum bulks (is offset) to the ____

Answer 53

• Incisal edge is not straight mesiodistally; it angles towards the lingual as it progresses distally.
• On a mandibular lateral incisor, the cingulum bulks (is offset) to the distal.

Question 54

Mandibular Lateral Incisors - Incisal View

• These factors give the crown the appearance of being___ ___ on its ___
• This positions the ___ ___ ___ more ___ than the ___ ___ ___

Answer 54

• These factors give the crown the appearance of being slightly twisted on its root.
• This positions the distal marginal ridge more lingual than the mesial marginal ridge.

Question 55

Mandibular Lateral Incisors -
Root Structure

• The root is slightly___ , ___ and ___than that of the mand central.
• If root concavities are present, the concavity on the____ is usually more pronounced.

Variations and anomolies

____ but occasionaly a ____ ___ is found

Answer 55

• The root is slightly longer, thicker and wider than that of the mand central.
• If root concavities are present, the concavity on the distal is usually more pronounced. (Than on mesial)

Variations and anomolies

Rare but occasionally a bifurcated root is found

Question 56

Mandibular Movements and Positions

•Maximum Intercuspation - a __ to ___ relationship of the ___ (guided by the relation of the ___ ____) where the maxillary and mandibular teeth ____ ____ The “___ __” of the teeth regardless of ____ position.

Answer 56

•Maximum Intercuspation - a tooth to tooth relationship of the jaws (guided by the relation of the occlusal surfaces) where the maxillary and mandibular teeth interdigitate maximally. The “best fit” of the teeth regardless of condylar position.

Question 57

• Protrusive Movement - the ___ ____ movement of the mandible
• Incisal Edge Position - the ____ that the maxillary and mandibular teeth assume as they move forward to the ___ to ___ position.

Answer 57

• Protrusive Movement - the straight forward movement of the mandible
• Incisal Edge Position - the relationship that the maxillary and mandibular teeth assume as they move forward to the edge-to edge position.

Question 58

Mandibular Movements and Positions

• Right and Left Lateral Movements - the____ the mandible moves toward is the___ side. The side it moves away from is the ________ ____.
• Canine Protected Occlusion (synonym. Cuspid Rise) - the canines are the ___ ____ ____ on the ___ side
• Group function - all the teeth on the working side ___ ____ as the jaw ___ to that ___

Answer 58

• Right and Left Lateral Movements - the side the mandible moves toward is the working side. The side it moves away from is the non-working side.
• Canine Protected Occlusion (synonym. Cuspid Rise) - the canines are the only teeth touching on the working side.
• Group function - all the teeth on the working side function together as the jaw moves to that side.

Question 59

Mandibular Movements and Positions

•Canine Protected Occlusion

(syn. Cuspid Rise) - the canine protects the ___ ____ as the jaw moves to the working side.

•In the picture cuspid rise is illustrated on the left side of patient (R of picture)

Answer 59

•Canine Protected Occlusion

(syn. Cuspid Rise) - the canine protects the posterior teeth as the jaw moves to the working side.

•In the picture cuspid rise is illustrated on the left side of patient (R of picture)

Question 60

Mandibular Movements and Positions

•Group function - all the teeth on the working side function together as the jaw moves to that side.

Answer 60

•Group function - all the teeth on the working side function together as the jaw moves to that side.

Question 61

Overbite

Answer 61

• Overbite - the vertical overlapping of the anterior teeth. The normal amount of overbite is 1.5-2.0 mm.

Question 62

Overjet

Answer 62

•Overjet - the horizontal overlapping of the anterior teeth

Question 63

Anterior Guidance

• Anterior guidance - the ___ ____of the anterior teeth during ____ _____
• Anterior guidance is largely determined by the___ and ___

Answer 63

• Anterior guidance - the functional relationships of the anterior teeth during mandibular movements.
• Anterior guidance is largely determined by the overbite and overjet.

Question 64

Dentinogenic Theory
of Tooth Form

• The dentinogenic theory relates the i___ ___ ____ and ___ ____of anterior teeth to___ and _____characteristics.
• Female form - ___ incisal embrasures and ___point angles.
• Male form -_____ incisal embrasures and ___ point angles.
• This theory is

Answer 64

• The dentinogenic theory relates the incisal point angles and incisal embrasures of anterior teeth to female and male characteristics.
• Female form - open incisal embrasures and rounded point angles.
• Male form - closed incisal embrasures and square point angles.
• This theory is no longer considered valid.

Question 65

Square, Tapering, Ovoid Theory

• The square, tapering, ovoid theory relates anterior ___ ___ to the ___of the patient’s ___ ___.
• ___measurements are taken ___ the patient’s face (____, ____ ____ and ___ of the ___) and one the ____of the face (___ ___ to ___ of the ___).
• Tooth form is taken as ___ to ____ of these measurements.

Answer 65

• The square, tapering, ovoid theory relates anterior tooth form to the inverse of the patient’s face form.
• Three measurements are taken across the patient’s face (temple, malar process and angle of the jaw) and one the length of the face (hair line to the border of the chin).
• Tooth form is taken as 1/16 to 1/17 of these measurements.

Question 66

Smile Line

• Smile line - a relationship formed by the line through the ___ ___ ___ and the line formed by the ___ ___ when smiling.
• A more curved smile line is characteristic of a____ ____.
• A straighter smile line is characteristic of a ___ ___

Answer 66

• Smile line - a relationship formed by the line through the maxillary incisal edges and the line formed by the lower lip when smiling.
• A more curved smile line is characteristic of a feminine form.
• A straighter smile line is characteristic of a masculine form.

Question 67

Oral Habits

• Bruxism - ___ ____
• Mouth habit - ___ ___ ___, ___ ___ in ___
• Thumb sucking - causes ___ ___ ___
• Tongue thrusting - causes ___ ___ ___

Answer 67

• Bruxism - clenching, grinding
• Mouth habit - opening bobby pins, holding objects in mouth
• Thumb sucking - causes anterior open bite
• Tongue thrusting - causes anterior open bite