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MD3002 > Peritoneal and GI Development > Flashcards

Peritoneal and GI Development Flashcards

1
Q

What does the foregut develop into

A
  • Oesophagus (then into respiratory diverticulum)
  • Stomach
  • Proximal duodenum
  • Liver and biliary system
  • Pancreas
  • Spleen
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2
Q

Which axis does the stomach rotate around

A
  • Longitudinal

- AP

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3
Q

What does the foregut terminate at

A

Oropharyngeal membrane

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4
Q

What does the hindgut terminate at

A

Cloacal membrane

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5
Q

Which part of the gut tube develops faster

A

Dorsal part

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6
Q

What does the rotation of the stomach mean for the vagal nerves

A

-Left vagus ends up on anterior surface

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7
Q

Where does the liver develop

A
  • Anterior surface of duodenum

- On right side of body

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8
Q

What does sagittal rotation lead to

A

Lesser curvature of stomach faces slightly upwards

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9
Q

What does rotation of stomach mean for the duodenum

A
  • Duodenum rotates as well

- Displaces the duodenum to right until it lies against the dorsal body wall and becomes partially retroperitoneal

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10
Q

What happens to pancreas and duodenum

A
  • Reabsorbed by visceral peritoneum

- Secondarily retroperitoneal

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11
Q

Formation of liver

A
  • Hepatic plate appears on ventral side of duodenum
  • Hepatic plate grows into hepatic diverticulum
  • Hepatic diverticulum grows towards and into the septum transversum
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12
Q

What does the hepatic diverticulum give rise to

A
  • Hepatoblasts (which become hepatocytes and bile canaliculi)
  • Septum transverses (develops into liver sinusoids)
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13
Q

How is the bare area of the liver formed

A

The ventral mesentery reflects onto the diaphragm

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14
Q

How does the liver rotate

A

Right (with stomach and duodenum)

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15
Q

What is the falciform ligament

A
  • Liver’s communication with anterior wall

- From ventral mesentery

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16
Q

Where does the cystic diverticulum develop

A
  • Ventral side of the duodenum

- Inferior to hepatic diverticulum

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17
Q

What does the cystic diverticulum form

A
  • Gallbladder

- Cystic duct

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18
Q

Where does the pancreas develop

A

Inferior to hepatic bud

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19
Q

How does the pancreas develop

A
  • 2 buds appear (1 anterior and 1 posterior to duodenum), the ventral and dorsal buds
  • The ventral bud gives rise to the uncinate process
  • Rotation of the duodenum causes the ventral bud to migrate around to lie behind and fuse with the dorsal bud
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20
Q

Describe the development of the pancreatic ducts

A
  • When the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds fuse, their ductal systems become interconnected
  • Proximal portion of duct of dorsal pancreas degenerates
  • The ducts of dorsal and ventral buds unite to form the main pancreatic duct
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21
Q

What is the accessory duct

A

A remnant of the proximal part of the duct of dorsal pancreas

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22
Q

What does the spleen develop from

A

Dorsal mesenchyme (in dorsal mesentery- not product of gut tube endoderm)

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23
Q

Where does the spleen end up after rotation

A

Displaced to the left

24
Q

What is the portion of dorsal mesentery between spleen and stomach called

A

Gastrosplenic ligament

25
Q

What does the midgut form

A
  • Distal duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
  • Caecum
  • Ascending colon
  • Proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
26
Q

Give an example of a physiological herniation

A

Presumptive ileum grows faster than other parts of midgut, so grows into umbilical cord (forming the primary intestinal loop)

27
Q

Which artery grows with the primary intestinal loop

A

Superior mesenteric

28
Q

Total degrees of rotation of the midgut

A

270

29
Q

Which direction does the primary intestinal loop rotate

A

Counter-clockwise (as viewed from ventral side)

30
Q

Where does the ileum and large intestine end up after intestinal rotation

A
  • Ileum= right abdomen

- Large intestine= left abdomen

31
Q

What closes the hindgut

A

Cloacal membrane

32
Q

What is the cloaca

A
  • Dilated space around cloacal membrane

- Has a diverticulum called Allantois

33
Q

Function of Allantois

A

Connects the gut tube to yolk sac by entering umbilical cord

34
Q

What does the hindgut form

A
  • Distal 1/3 of transverse colon
  • Descending and sigmoid colon
  • Upper 2/3 of anorectal canal
35
Q

What divides the cloaca

A

Coronal urorectal septum

36
Q

What does the urorectal septum divide the cloaca into

A
  • Anteriorly= urogenital sinus

- Posteriorly= anorectal canal

37
Q

What does the urogenital sinus develop into

A

Urogenital structures

38
Q

What does the anorectal canal develop into

A

Proximal 2/3 of anal canal

39
Q

How does the cloacal membrane rupture

A

As the tip of the urorectal septum approaches the cloacal membrane, the anal part of the membrane sinks into the anal pit and the membrane ruptures

40
Q

What does the urorectal septum do

A

Joins outside ectoderm and becomes the perineal body

41
Q

What marks the boundary between hindgut endoderm and ectoderm

A

Pectinate line

42
Q

What does the free caudal margin of the falciform ligament carry

A

Umbilical vein from body wall to liver

43
Q

How is the lesser omentum formed

A

By the ventral mesentery between liver and lesser curvature

44
Q

What does a patent vitelline duct cause

A

-Faecal discharge at umbilicus

45
Q

Describe anular pancreas

A
  • If there is a bi-lobed ventral pancreas, can migrate in opposite directions around duodenum
  • Can strangulate duodenum
46
Q

What is Hirschsprung disease

A
  • Lack of normal development of colonic innervation
  • Leads to a constricted aganglionic segment of bowel, with a distended segment proximally (the innervation of which is normal)
47
Q

What is a urorectal/rectovaginal fistula

A

Where the hindgut does not travel down into skin and opens into urethra/vagina instead

48
Q

What is a rectoperineal fistula

A

A narrowing of rectum

49
Q

What is an imperforated anus

A

Anal membrane doesn’t rupture and remains closed

50
Q

What is gastroschisis

A

Herniation of the small intestine through a defect on either side of the umbilicus

51
Q

What is exomphalos

A

Defect on abdominal wall, through which anything can herniate

52
Q

What is an umbilical hernia

A

Where the umbilicus cannot close

53
Q

How to treat an umbilical hernia

A

Cover with a bandage, usually closes by itself

54
Q

Give examples of rotational abnormalities of the midgut

A
  • Partial rotation

- Abnormal rotation

55
Q

What is Merkel’s diverticulum

A
  • Patent vitelline ligament

- May cause symptoms like appendicitus

MD3002 (14 decks)

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