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Pharmacology & Toxicology > Peripheral Receptors > Flashcards

Peripheral Receptors Flashcards

0
Q

Depolarization

A

Necessary to reach AP. Na rushes into the cell, makes the inside more positive. Allows transmission

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1
Q

What does resting potential look like?

A

Negative inside membrane, positive outside

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2
Q

Repolarization

A

Return to resting. K leaves the cell and the inside becomes negative. Cell cannot transmit another impulse until back to resting.

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3
Q

Cerebrum

A

Higher functioning, learning, memory, lots of sensory input amd interpretation

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4
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay center for impulses from spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebellum to cerebral cortex. Pain interpretation

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5
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Link between nervous and endocrine system. Pituitary control

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6
Q

Medulla

A

Brainstem. Important and vital physiological activity. Relay sensory info between spinal cord and brain

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7
Q

Reticular formation

A

Starts in medulla, up through brainstem. RAS system responsible for wakefulness, arousal and sleep cycles

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8
Q

Elements and function of PNS

A

Soinal nerves, cranial nerves. Connect CNS with glands, muscles, and effectors

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9
Q

Somatic NS

A

Skeletal muscle, voluntary, efferent from CNS to skeletal muscle

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10
Q

ANS

A

Involuntary, from CNS to carsiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

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11
Q

Where do cell bodies for symp and ps preganglionic neuron originate

A

Sym thoracolumbar cord

Ps craniosacral cord

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12
Q

Ganglion

A

Where axon of first neuron synapses with dendrites of the second neuron

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13
Q

Where does axon of second neuron synapse

A

Target tissue

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14
Q

Ganglion location in parasympathetic neurons?

A

Ganglions close to effector organs

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15
Q

Which three tissues only have sympathetic inner ation?

A

Adrenal medulla, sweat glands, and hair follicles

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16
Q 
What do these ganglia supply:
Ciliary
Sphenopalatine
Otic
Celiac
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric
A

Ciliary eye
Sphenopalatine eye
Otic parotid gland
Celiac bottom of stomach, spleen, adrenal gland, kidney, small intestine
Superior mesenteric small intestine
Inferior large intestine, urinary bladder

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17
Q

Somatic nervous system NT(s)?

A

ACH. 1 neuron system

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18
Q

ANS preganglionic neurons release

A

ACH

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19
Q

Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release

A

ACH

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20
Q

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons release

A

Epinephrine or norepinephrine

21
Q

Talk about the adrenal medulla

A

It only has sympathetic innervation. it has a LONG preganglionic neuron, which releases ACH and the adrenal medulla acts like a postganglionic neuron and releases epinephrine or norepinephrine directly into the bloodstream

22
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system innervate

A

Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

23
Q

Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter always released in which system

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

24
Q

What anatomical feature causes the sympathetic nervous system to have short preganglionic neuron’s and long postganglionic neuron’s

A

Sympathetic trunk

25
Q

Where does the preganglionic neuron synapse

A

Ganglion

26
Q

Name five places cholinergic receptors are found

A

Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, gland, neuromuscular junction, autonomic ganglia, adrenal Medulla

27
Q

Parasympathetic effects at the AV node? Atrial muscle?

A

Decreased conduction speed at the AV node. atrium muscle relaxes and decreases contractility

28
Q

Parasympathetic affects on airflow and secretions

A

Decrease airflow and stimulate secretion

29
Q

Parasympathetic affect at vascular smooth muscle?

A

It INDIRECTLY decreases blood pressure by removing sympathetic stimulation when you decrease one drive, you increase the other

30
Q

Parasympathetic affects at the internal urethral sphincter?

A

There is only sympathetic drive at the internal urethral sphincter. PS works by removing sympathetic drive, influencing it indirectly

31
Q

Internal urethral sphincter?

A

Only sympathetic. Decreased sympathetic drive allows it to open

32
Q

What is unique about sweat glands?

A

They only have sympathetic innervation and they have muscarinic receptors despite that fact

33
Q

Where are muscarinic receptor found? What effects do they have?

A

Muscle. Heart muscle, smooth muscle, secretory glands. The muscles can excite or relax. The secretory glands can also be either excitatory or inhibitory

34
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found? What kind of affects do they have?

A

Everywhere else. The adrenal medulla, autonomic ganglia, neuromuscular junction, somatic nervous system (skeletal muscle). Always excitatory

35
Q

Name three adrenergic neurotransmitters

A

Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

36
Q

What kind of receptors are important in kidney vasculature?

A

Dopaminergic receptors

37
Q

In which nervous systems are alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors found?

A

Alpha-1 is found in the autonomic nervous system. Alpha-2 is found in the central nervous system

38
Q

Where are beta-1 adrenergic receptors found? What are their effects?

A

The heart and kidneys. Their effects are excitatory. They increase HR, conduction speed, contraction force. They also stimulate renin release

39
Q

Where are beta-2 adrenergic receptors found? What are their effects

A

Skeletal blood vessels, bronchioles, G.I. smooth muscle. Their effects are inhibitory. They cause dilation and relaxation

40
Q

Where are dopaminergic receptors found? What are their effects?

A

Kidney, heart, mesenteric blood vessels. They cause dilation

41
Q

Where are alpha-1 receptors found? What are their Effects

A

Arterioles, urethra, Eye, sphincters. They cause constriction of the arterioles and sphincters. Increased urethral tone. Pupil dilation

42
Q

Where are alpha-2 receptors find? What are their effects

A

Presynaptic neuron’s and skeletal muscle vessels. Their effects are inhibitory. They cause constriction

43
Q

What FX do epinephrine and norepinephrine have at beta-2?

A

Norepinephrine has no significant effect at beta-2. Epinephrine is a very potent stimulator of beta-2

44
Q

What effects do epinephrine and norepinephrine have at alpha-1 and beta-1

A

They equally stimulate alpha-1 and beta-1

45
Q

How do indirect acting cholinergic agents work?

A

They inhibit acetylcholine breakdown. This increases the amount of acetylcholine available to bond and cause parasympathetic affects

46
Q

What does the suffix lytic mean

A

To antagonize. For example parasympatholytic would mean to antagonize cholinergic receptor or produce effects opposite of cholinergic (sympathetic)

47
Q

What does contraindication mean

A

Do not use. Any condition which makes a particular type of treatment improper or dangerous

48
Q

Name some clinical uses of cholinergic agents

A

Diagnose myasthenia gravis, decrease intraocular pressure in glaucoma, stimulate GI motility, treat urinary retention, stimulate micturition, control vomiting, antidote for neuromuscular blockers

49
Q

What do direct acting cholinergic agonists do

A

Interact with and stimulate cholinergic receptors. They have high affinity and high efficacy

Pharmacology & Toxicology (7 decks)

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