Periods, 101

Question 1

Survival of ovum = ____ h

Survival of sperm = ____ h

Answer 1

6-12

24-48

Question 2

Typical ejaculate =
vol: ___ mL
conc: ___ mil/mL
tot#: ___ mil

Answer 2

1-3
1
100-300

Question 3

What mechanisms help to facilitate fertilization?

Answer 3

1. timing (boners + female cycle)
2. lots of sperm
   3; cervical mucus thinning
3. increased motility of female tract

Question 4

When does cervical thinning occur?

Answer 4

midcycle, due to estrogen

Question 5

Female tract motility is enhanced by:

Answer 5

E2, PG, OT

Question 6

Successful conception is most likely…

Answer 6

2 days before + day of ovulation

Question 7

How does female age related to contraception?

Answer 7

decreased chance of preg after age 35 due to fewer follicles

Question 8

___% of ova regress before puberty even happens.

Answer 8

70

Question 9

When all ova are gone, ____ occurs

Answer 9

menopause

Question 10

Menopause is associated with a decline in ____ and an increase in ___.

Answer 10

decreased estrogen

increased LH + FSH

Question 11

The follicle secretes:

Answer 11

estradiol-17beta
androgen (from thecal cells)
progesterone

Question 12

Granulosa cells make:

Answer 12

estrogen (from androgens)

inhibin

Question 13

Thecal cells make:

Answer 13

androgens

Question 14

FSH stimulates _____ cells.

LH stimulates _____ cells.

Answer 14

granulosa

thecal

Question 15

Why does only ONE follicle function as the “dominant” follicle?

Answer 15

secretes a magical unknown substances which causes the other ovary and the surrounding follicles to regress

Question 16

The _____ cells secrete inhibin, which feeds back to reduce secretion of _____.

Answer 16

granulosa

FSH

**note: this happens at end of follicular and during luteal phases

Question 17

FSH increases during the menstrual cycle in response to:

Answer 17

loss of negative feedback by estrogen, progesterone and inhibin

Question 18

What surges immediately before ovulation?

Answer 18

LH

and FSH, but it’s not a huge surge

Question 19

When progesterone is high, what is going on in the dominant follicle?

Answer 19

it is turning into corpus luteum

Question 20

What ovarian phase is prior to ovulation?

What ovarian phase is post-ovulation?

Answer 20

follicular

luteal

Question 21

Following the menstrual phase…
What uterine phase is prior to ovulation?
What uterine phase is post-ovulation?

Answer 21

proliferative

secretory

Question 22

Progesterone and estrogen levels both begin to decline around week ___ of cycle.

Answer 22

4
(thus very low while you’re actually bleeding; and yes, I know for you this like week 7 because your uterus is very nice)

Question 23

How does basal body temp relate to the cycle?

Answer 23

increases 1’F following ovulation and remains elevated until menstruation

Question 24

Menstrual phase lasts ___ days.
Proliferative phase lasts ___ days.
Secretory phase lasts ___ days.

Answer 24

~5
~11
~12

Question 25

Estrogen acts via negative feedback on:

Answer 25

1. hypothalamus, blocking release of GnRH 2. FSH release 3. LH release

Question 26

Inhibin acts via negative feedback on:

Answer 26

1. FSH release | 2. Ant. pituitary

Question 27

During the early follicular phase, granulosa cells secrete ___. During mid-follicular phase this hormone acts on ___, which results in...

Answer 27

estrogen granulosa cells to increase their proliferation (via + feedback)

Question 28

Act w/in the follicle to promote cellular proliferation and hormone secretion (4)

Answer 28

inhibin IgF-2 activins VEGF

Question 29

Granulosa cells in the late follicular phase have receptors for:

Answer 29

FSH | LH

Question 30

How do thecal and granulosa cells cooperate?

Answer 30

1. Thecal cells produce androgens, and use progenolone synthesized by granulosa cells 2. Granulosa cells synthesize estradiol, using androgens synth by theca cells

Question 31

Ovulation is triggered by:

Answer 31

LH surge

Question 32

During ovulation, _____ ruptures after attack by ___.

Answer 32

follicular membrane proteolytic enzymes

Question 33

Variation in length of a woman;s cycle is caused by the length of the ______

Answer 33

follicular phase

Question 34

Corpus luteum develops from _____, beginning (when?).

Answer 34

follicular cells shortly before ovulation

Question 35

How can you tell the corpus luteum has started developing (based on hormones)?

Answer 35

small increase in progesterone, which occurs at the end of the follicular phase

Question 36

When does the CL degenerate?

Answer 36

last 5 days of the luteal phase

Question 37

_____ +/- _____ inhibits FSH and LH secretion.

Answer 37

Inhibin +/- progesterone

Question 38

What is luteolysis?

Answer 38

CL regression + degeneration

Question 39

When does luteolysis occur?

Answer 39

day 8 after ovulation

Question 40

What causes the decline in estrogen + progesterone?

Answer 40

degeneration of CL

Question 41

Luteolysis can be prevented by:

Answer 41

stimulation with LH or hCG

Question 42

hCG is produced/secreted by:

Answer 42

placenta, upon implantation of a blastocyst

Question 43

Compared with midfollicular granulosa cells, luteinizing granulosa cells are producing:

Answer 43

progesterone | LH stimulation

Question 44

Why does FSH and LH rise during menstruation?

Answer 44

estrogen, progesterone + inhibin decline, which removes negative feedback inhibition of LH/FSH

Question 45

During menstruation, increased FSH/LH results in:

Answer 45

stimulation of growth of new follicles | which produce estrogen + some inhibin

Question 46

What triggers the LH (+FSH) surge?

Answer 46

new follicles result in steadily increasing estrogen, which triggers LH/FSH surge via increased response of gonadotrophs to GnRH

Question 47

Follicular phase in ovary corresponds to what phase(s) in endometrium?

Answer 47

menstrual + proliferative

Question 48

Luteal phase in ovary corresponds to what phase(s) in endometrium?

Answer 48

secretory

Question 49

You can induce ovulation in women with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadiam by giving them:

Answer 49

regular pulses of GnRH | which result in pretty normal estrogen and progesterone patterns

Question 50

If ovulation doesn't occur, what happens to CL?

Answer 50

still forms/develops + secretes E/P | cycle appears nml

Question 51

An increased incidence of shorter luteal phases has been noted in:

Answer 51

1. women who start a heavy workout program 2. infertile women 3. women w/ 1st trimester miscarriages

Question 52

How are mammary gland cells affected by menstrual cycle?

Answer 52

increased mitotic rate in luteal phase