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Endo > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of a hormone

A

chem substance released in small quantities from endocrine glands into the circulatory system to elicit a response in target tissues

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2
Q

T or F CO2 is a hormone

A

false

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3
Q

secretion of hormones is controlled by the nervous system or the hormones work on the nervous system

A

neuroendocrine system

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4
Q

3 categories of hormones

A

steroids
aa derivatives
peptides and protiens

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5
Q

derived from cholesterol

A

steroid hormone

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6
Q

aa derived hormones are derived from ______

A

tyrosine

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7
Q

hormone message is transmitted across a synaptic cleft

A

synaptic

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8
Q

homrone message is transmitted by diffusion in interstitial space

A

paracrine and autocrine

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9
Q

hormone message is transmitted by circulating body fluids

A

endocrine and neuroendocrine

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10
Q

effects of hormones transmitted this way is…
general?
local?

A

general: endocrine and neuroendocrine
local: synaptic (paracrine and autocrine are locally diffuse)

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11
Q

ductless glands

A

endocrine glands

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12
Q

specificity of hormone secreted via synapses depends on

A

anatomical location and receptors

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13
Q

specificity of hormone secreted via paraendocrine or autocrine control depends on

A

receptors

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14
Q

specificity of hormone secreted via endocrine control depends on

A

receptors

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15
Q

specificity of hormone secreted via neuroendocrine control depends on

A

receptors

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16
Q

Steroid hormones:

A 
Glucocorticoids 
Mineralocorticoids (ADH)
Antrogens
Estrogens
Progesterone 
vit D
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17
Q

AA derived hormones

A

Catecholamines (Epi, NE, DA)
Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
Melatonin

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18
Q

increasing the number of high affinity receptors will (increase or decrease) the response

A

increase

*and vice versa

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19
Q

dose response curves

A

look at em’

specificity vs capacity

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20
Q

What type of hormone bind intracellular recetors

A

steroids and thyroid hormones

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21
Q

What are the functions of secondary messangers?

A

amplify and disperse signal throughout the cell

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22
Q

What is permissiveness? Give and example.

A

a hormone will allow another hormone to work better

ex: TH alone –> no FA release
Epi alone –> very little FA release
TH + Epi –> LOTS of FA released

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23
Q

Do you get a bigger change in response if the number of receptors is increased or decreased?

A

decreased

24
Q

The conc needed to produce max biological response is considerably smaller than the conc needed to fill the number of receptors. What is this called and what is the significance?>

A

spare receptors

very little hormone is needed to get a response bc target is ~over expressed?

25
Q

prevents hormones from being excreted in the kidney

A

binding proteins

26
Q

active form of hormone

A

free

i.e. acts on target tissues

27
Q

acts on feedback sensors

A

free hormone

28
Q

is able to cross capillaries

A

free hormone

29
Q

how are hormones usually measured

A

competitive binding assays

30
Q

pattern of secretion when hormone is released 1x a day. example

A

circadian or diurnal

cortisol (well ACTH bc it causes cortisol to be released)

31
Q

pattern of secretion when hormone is released multiple times a day. example

A

ultradian
and pulstile, which is a type of ultradian rhythm

LH

32
Q

testosterone, circadian or ultradian?

A

circadian

33
Q

insulin has what type of secretion pattern?

A

stimulus induced

34
Q

What are the 3 ways that blood levels of a hormone can be altered

A

inc/dec secretion, degradation, or conc of plasma binding protein

35
Q

Endocrine diseases are often cuased by excess or deficient production of a hormone. What are 3 other general causes

A

alterations in receptor number or affinity
post-receptor events
altered metabolism of hormone (liver or kidney dz)

36
Q

more hormone exists in free or bound state

A

free

37
Q

What happens if you increased the conc of a hormone’s binding protein?

A

the conc of free hormone will transiently decrease. but the body will sense the hypo state and produce more hormone to return to baseline (~new set point)

*recall, free hormone acts on the feedback control mechanisms

38
Q

When is cortisol normally secreted? WHat are the exceptions?

A

1 hr before we get up

jet lag and shift work

39
Q

diff in synthesis between steroid, protein, and catecholamines (aa derived), and thyroid hormones

A

protein/peptides and catecholamines are nearly continuously produced

steroids are not made until stimulated, little made

TH is partially produced, i.e. the precursor is made and then once there is a stim T3 anf 4 are made

40
Q

diff in storage between steroid, protein, and catecholamines (aa derived), and thyroid hormones

A

protein/peptides and catecholamines are stored in granules

steroids are not really stored since they are made when they are needed

TH is stored in precursor form, Tg

41
Q

What types of hormones typically circulate bound to proteins

A

steroids and TH

42
Q

What types of hormones typically circulate freely

A

protein/peptides and catecholamines

43
Q

Type of hormone with the longest half life

A

TH (1-6 days)

44
Q

What types of hormones whose secretion is more tightly regulated

A

protein/peptides and catecholamines

*steroids are secreted as they are made and TH are more or less continuously secreted

45
Q

What types of hormones typically bind cell surface receptos

A

protein/peptides and catecholamines

46
Q

What types of hormones typically work by activating genes

A

steroids and TH

= bind nuclear receptors

47
Q

how are protein/peptides degraded?

A

to aa in liver, kidneys are target tissues

48
Q

how are catecholamines degraded?

A

COMT or MAO

49
Q

What type of hormone is excreted in urine

A

steroid (free) bc water soluble

50
Q

what type of hormone has v. little excretion? how does that work?

A

proteins/peptide hormones are broken down into their aa

TH due to enterohepatic circulation

51
Q

are protein/peptide hormones activated?

A

no, renin is the exception

52
Q

What are the 3 types of hormone pathways and give an example of each

A
  1. direct: gland –> hormone –> target –> effects
  2. 2 endocrine glands and hormones: ex: parathyroid secretes PTH –> kidneys which secrete vit D –> target –> effect
  3. 3 glands and hormones: hypothalamus secretes RH –> ant pituitary which secretes TH –> thyroid which secretes T3/4 –> target –> effects`
53
Q

the endocrine’s response to a stimulus reinforces that stimulus

A

positive feedback

54
Q

Example of positive feedback

A

stretch of cervix leads to OT release which cuases the cervix to stretch more

55
Q

give 2 examples of negative feedback. Hint glucose

A

insulin negates inc in plasma glc
inc plasma glucose –> inc insulin secretion –> inc plasma insulin conc.–> inc glucose uptake and utilization by muscle and adipose tissue –> dec plasma glucose back toward normal (fasting level)

glucagon negates dec in plasma glc
dec plasma glucose conc. –> inc glucagon secretion –> inc plasma glucagon –> inc hepatic glucose release –> inc plasma glucose conc. back toward normal.

56
Q

What bringd glucagon back to basal level after it falls with dec blood glc levels?

A

NE or E

Endo (28 decks)

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