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AU 15- Periodontology > Periodontal Pathogens > Flashcards

Periodontal Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

What is the “non-specific plaque hypothesis”?

A

Direct correlation between the amount of plaque and the amount of inflammation because all bacteria are considered bad. By this hypothesis, plaque control is important in perio treatment

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2
Q

What is the “specific plaque hypothesis”?

A

There is not a direct 1:1 correlation between amount of plaque and inflammation because only certain bacteria are considered bad. Disease sites differ from healthful sites because specific organisms are the etiological agents.

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3
Q

What is the “ecological plaque hypothesis”?

A

How the body reacts to bacteria will push the environment and ecology toward specific organisms. For example, plaque accumulation causes inflammation which will lead to an environmental change (more GCF flow) and then an ecological shift will occur that better supports anaerobic and gram negative organisms.

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4
Q

What is the theory of Oral Dysbiosis?

A

Bacteria may have more than one role in manifestation of disease; the capability of bacteria causing damage directly depends on the presence of other cells for nutrients or modulation.

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5
Q

What are the three prerequisites for disease initiation and progression?

A
  1. The virulent periodontal pathogen (exhibiting virulence)
  2. The local environment
  3. Host susceptibility
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6
Q

What is the surface protein in P.gingivalis that distinguishes healthy vs disease types?

A

fimA
I and V = healthy
II and IV = perio

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7
Q

What is “niche saturation”?

A

colonization by beneficial species of bacteria which dilutes levels of pathogenic species

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8
Q

______ can increase outer membranes protein (OMP) expression in P.gingivalis and lead to _______.

A

Iron

Inflammation

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9
Q

What are four methods of pathogenic colonization?

A
  1. Adhesins on bacteria (bind to host receptors)
  2. Coaggregation
  3. Nutrient Utilization (symbiosis)
  4. Competitive Inhibition (hydrogen peroxide production)
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10
Q

How can a pathogen overcome the hosts desquamation of epithelium (defense mechanism)?

A

By invading and binding to underlying cells

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11
Q

How can a pathogen overcome antibodies that prevent binding?

A

By mimicking host antigens

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12
Q

How can a pathogen evade phagocytic cells of the host?

A

Through non-lethal suppression of immune cells and release of toxins (leukotoxin by A.a)

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13
Q

Which three periodontal pathogens were designated in 1996 as relating to disease?

A

P. gingivalis
A. actinomycetemcomitans
T. forsythia

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14
Q

In the color-coding system for subgingival microbial complexes: how are red, orange, and yellow complexes distinguished?

A

Red-Complex: bacteria consistently related to disease
Orange: probably pathogenic bacteria
Yellow: health compatible bacteria but could be pathogenic

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15
Q

Which three bacteria are strongly associated with periodontal disease?

A 
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitan (A.a)
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g)
Bacteroides forsythus (B.f)
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16
Q

T. denticola and F.nucleatum are considered to be periodontal pathogens with _______ evidence of pathogenicity.

A

moderate

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17
Q

True or False: A.a is non-motile.

A

True

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18
Q

Is A.a gram positive or gram negative?

A

negative

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19
Q

What is characteristic about A.a colonies?

A

A.a forms star shaped colonies

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20
Q

A.a is ________, meaning that it metabolizes sugars for energy.

A

saccharolytic

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21
Q

What are the five considerations in determining pathogenicity of an organism?

A
  1. Association
  2. Elimination
  3. Host Response
  4. Virulence Factors
  5. Animal Studies
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22
Q

Describe evidence for A.a pathogenicity in regard to Koch’s five postulates.

A
  1. Association: A.a detected in active sites and high numbers are associated with aggressive perio
  2. Elimination: elimination results in successful therapy
  3. Host Response: high level antibody response
  4. Virulence Factors: Tissue invasive collagenase, leukotoxin, endotoxin, Fibroblast inhibiting factor
  5. Animal Study: induces disease in animal models
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23
Q

What are some arguments against A.a as an etiological pathogen in perio?

A

Not seen in all cases
Seen in healthy cases
Specific strains of A.a could be associated with health

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24
Q

There are ______ serotypes of A.a that are based on ______ on the surface of the organism.

A

five

polysaccharides

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25
Q

Which serotype of A.a is most commonly associated with disease?

A

B

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26
Q

Treatment for removal of A.a requires a _______ AND ______ approach.

A 
mechanical
chemotherapeutic (reduce bacterial load)
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27
Q

Which of the following is not a virulence factor of A.a: leukotoxin, collagenase, lipoteichoic acid, lipopolysaccharide.

A

Lipoteichoic acid (teichoic acid is associated with gram +)

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28
Q

Which has higher levels of murein, gram negative or gram positive?

A

Gram positive

29
Q

Which has an outer membrane, gram positive or gram negative?

A

Gram negative

30
Q

Which has a thick, multilayer of peptidoglycan, gram positive or negative?

A

Gram positive

31
Q

Which contains teichoic acid in its cell wall, gram positive or gram negative?

A

Gram positive

32
Q

P. gingivalis is gram ______.

A

negative

33
Q

A.a has ______ and _____ which induce apoptosis.

A

leukotoxin

LPS

34
Q

P. gingivalis is non-motile and forms characteristic ______ bacteroides in culture.

A

Black Pigment

35
Q

True or False: P. gingivalis grows on iron (blood) and forms black pigmented colonies.

A

True

36
Q

__________ in P.gingivalis are important for protein degradation and maturation of cell surface proteins such as fimA.

A

Cysteine proteinases (ARG-gingipain, LYS-gingipain)

37
Q

What are the two important cysteine proteinases in P.gingivalis?

A

ARG-gingipain

LYS-gingipain

38
Q

A.a is saccharolytic; P.gingivalis is _______.

A

asaccharolytic

39
Q

Which virulence factors does P.g produce?

A 
collagenase
protease
hemolysin
endotoxin
NH3 and H2S
indole
40
Q

True or False: P.g is a primary colonizer.

A

False

41
Q

The presence of P.g indicates an increased risk for ______.

A

attachment loss (strong association=evidence as pathogen)

42
Q

Even in a diseased state, P.g does not exist in high numbers in which oral environment?

A

the subgingival community= only 0.3%

43
Q

Fimbriae, hemagluttinins, OMPs, and vesicals are involved in ______ and ______ of P.gingivalis.

A

colonization and attachment

44
Q

Proteases, LPS, and antiphagocytic products are P.gingivalis characteristics involved in ________.

A

evading host responses

45
Q

Which two proteins are involved in P.gingivalis multiplication?

A

proteinases and hemolysins

46
Q

_____ and _____ gingipains (proteinases) are involved in host damage by P.gingivalis.

A

Arg-

Lys-

47
Q

Tannerella forsythia is a gram ______ pathogen that requires _____ for growth.

A

negative

N-acetymuramic acid (NAM)

48
Q

Which pathogen does T. forsythia co-cultivate with?

A

F. nucleatum

49
Q

Which virulence factor on the surface of T. forsythia will mediate adhesion and allow hemagglutination?

A

its serrated “S-layer”

50
Q

T. forsythia and T. denticola are part of the ______ complex.

A

Red

51
Q

Which perio bacteria in the red complex will exist as spirochetes?

A

T. denticola

52
Q

T. denticola is gram _____.

A

Negative

53
Q

True or False: Like the other red complex organisms, T. denticola is non-motile.

A

False- T.d is HIGHLY MOTILE

54
Q

What is T. denticola’s “claim to fame”?

A

It was first identified in Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivalis (ANUG)

55
Q

In addition to P.gingivalis, _______ forms black pimented baceriodes.

A

Prevotella nigrescens/ P. intermedia

56
Q

P.nigrescens is gram _____ and grows extremely well in high levels of ______.

A

negative

naphthoquinone and estrogen

57
Q

Which bacteria is associated with puberty and pregnancy-related gingivitis?

A

P. nigrescens (estrogen and naphthoquinone)

58
Q

Sites with P.nigrescens (P.intermedia) show persistent ______.

A

BOP

59
Q

Fusobacterium nucleatum is gram ______ bridging organism.

A

negative

60
Q

Which bacterial species is the most common isolate cultured from subgingival microbiota in both health and disease?

A

F. nucleatum

61
Q

F. nucleatum releases _______, elastase, and ______ from leukocytes.

A

cytokines

oxygen radicals

62
Q

Which organism is found MOST often in both remission and progression of adult periodontitis?

A

F. nucleatum (but its still higher in disease than health)

63
Q

True or False: There are several gram positive species of bacteria that are associated with disease.

A

True

64
Q

True or False: There are several gram negative species of bacteria that are associate with health.

A

True

65
Q

True or False: Niche saturation helps to maintain a healthy biofilm.

A

True

66
Q

Are chairside microbial tests good indicators of disease?

A

No, because the presence of particular bacteria does not give conclusive evidence for disease state

67
Q

_______ concept: promotes control of diseases before all other treatments.

A

Cross-infection

68
Q

Name a small, anaerobic, gram-POSITIVE bacterial species.

A

P.micros

AU 15- Periodontology (11 decks)

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