period 8 (1945-1980) Flashcards
what and when was the taft hartley act?
1947 act that banned the closed shop, which required that all workers of a company belong to a labor union
what did the soviet union do after world war 2?
they made the countries they had invaded into satellite countries (with puppet governments) despite promising self-determination and free elections for those countries
what and when was the marshall plan?
a 1947 economic package that was released to all countries devastated by war. it was also offered to the soviets, but they refused.
what and when was the national secturity act?
a 1947 act that established the CIA and the national security council, which would advise the president on security measures
what and when was the truman doctrine?
1947 doctrine stating that america would give economic and military support to any democratic country fighting communism
what and when was executive order 9835?
1947 loyalty order
created the loyalty review board, which would investigate suspicious companies to make sure they did not have any communist values, and to ensure they were loyal to america
what and when was the berlin blockade/berlin airlift?
the 1948-1949 blockade of berlin from the west by the soviet union cause the berlin airlift, where truman had planes fly to berlin, delivering food
what was NATO? when was it created? what was the soviet response?
an alliance between non-communist countries to combine military forces and protect one another from communist violence- mutual military protection
created in 1949
the soviets created the warsaw pact, solidifying their control over their puppet countries
what years was truman president? political party?
1945-1953
democratic
what years was eisenhower president? political party?
1953-1961
republican
what years was kennedy president? political party?
1961-1963
democratic
name all social reform policies of the presidents that had them, starting from theodore roosevelt to lyndon b. johnson
theodore roosevelt- square deal woodrow wilson- new freedom franklin d roosevelt- new deal harry truman- fair deal kennedy- new frontier lyndon b. johnson- great society
explain the progress of the korean war.
after world war 2, korea was split into 2 on the 38th parallel
america set up a western government in the south, and the soviet union sets up a communist government in the north
in 1950, the north attacks the south
with american support, south korea pushes north korean forces up, past the border, to the border with china
communist china got angry, and helped the north kicked the south away from the border
north fought south to the 38th parallel, and an armistice was signed
what was nsc-68?
american policy that allowed the government a bigger budget for military expenses, calling for a more aggressive defense policy
what was containment?
the cold war idea that communism should be kept to wherever it already was, and not allowed to spread
what happened in china that alarmed the united states during the cold war? when?
it turned communist in 1949
what is brinkmanship? which president is responsible for the start of brinkmanship?
the idea that the united states was willing to go to the brink of war to stop the spread of communism.
eisenhower
what and when was the cuban missile crisis?
1962 incident when united states spy planes spotted soviet missiles in cuba. kennedy ordered the navy to surround cuba, and stated that an attack from cuba was equal to an attack from russia. america trained its own missiles on russia, and it seemed mutually assured destruction would occur.
last minute, soviets and americans agreed to mutually withdraw (from cuba and turkey, respectively)
what and when was the bay of pigs incident?
1961 american-backed failed coup for power in cuba
wanted to instill an american-favoring government because cuba was getting closer to the soviet union
what and when was the eisenhower doctrine?
1957 doctrine the promised military and economic aid to any middle eastern (NOT latin american) country fighting communism
what and when was the suez crisis?
1956 crisis involving the suez canal, britain and france, and oil
egypt needed money to build a dam
britain and france offered, but when egypt started getting friendly with communists, they both withdrew
egypt then nationalized the canal- which meant that money was no longer going to britain or france, and that the oil going through it wouldn’t go to france or britain either
france and britain needed oil, and they attacked egypt in 1956
why did the cold war come about?
disagreements between america and the soviet union on forms of economy and government.
capitalism and democracy v.s. communism
they also both felt the need to share their philosophies
what and when was the federal employee loyalty and security program?
1947 program that prohibited communists or fascists from holding federal government positions
explain the civil rights act of 1957.
created the civil rights commission to investigate violations of civil rights, and allowed issuing of injunctions for violations of voting rights
what are the distinctions between each of the civil rights acts?
1866- early version of 14th amendment, gave citizenship and civil rights to all freed slaves (nothing on discrimination or segregation)
1875- forbid discrimination based on race in public facilities
1957- issued injunctions for violations of voting rights, created the civil rights commission to investigate violations of civil rights
1964- forbid discrimination based on race in private facilities
explain the new look.
eisenhower’s foreign policy
emphasized the development of nuclear weapons to deter war and use as a threat against the soviet union
what was sputnik? when was it launched? why was it important?
the first artificial satellite
launched in 1957
important because it started the space race, because it made america anxious about the power that the soviet union could have
felt like america was no longer safe across the ocean
what and when was the partial test ban treaty?
1963 treaty between the soviet union and america banning underground nuclear tests
what and when was the kitchen debate?
a 1959 conversation between khrushchev and nixon (when he was vice president) debating the merits of communism and capitalism
what and when were the SALT talks?
1973 negotiations between america and the soviet union to limit arms
who was mccarthy? why was he important?
someone who accused many government officials of being communist. he was important because of the general mood he contributed to the communism era- caused a lot of blind fear, suspicion, and mistrust during that era.
who were ethel and julius rosenberg? why were they important?
a couple who was tried and killed in 1953 on suspicion of giving the soviet union american nuclear bomb technology
what was the baby boom?
period after world war 2, when many people started having babies
what and when was the G.I. bill?
a 1944 bill that provided loans for veterans for housing and education
when and when was the employment act?
a 1946 act that made the economy (including unemployment) the official responsibility of the government
what was the white flight? why was it important?
movement of many white people from urban areas to the suburbs
it was important because it started the “ghetto” idea, as cities started losing funding as they lost people
what and when was the federal highway act? what movements did it encourage?
a 1956 act that set aside government funds to build more interstate highway projects
encouraged the sunbelt and suburban movements
what was the counterculture of the 1950s called? explain its characteristics, and how it came to be, and its role in the general culture after world war 2.
called the beat movement
it came to be because of the massive suspicion that came about in the 1950s and the movement against any radicalism, which made conformity extremely popular as everyone tried to avoid being unique
the counterculture was born to oppose it- mostly by the youth- to defy societal expectations
it preached “expressing yourself and rejecting societal expectations and norms (suburban life, materialism, etc.)” and “marching to the beat of your own drum”
it created a simultaneous conformist and anti-conformist mood, and started a generational divide
