period 8 (1945-1980)

Question 1

what and when was the taft hartley act?

Answer 1

1947 act that banned the closed shop, which required that all workers of a company belong to a labor union

Question 2

what did the soviet union do after world war 2?

Answer 2

they made the countries they had invaded into satellite countries (with puppet governments) despite promising self-determination and free elections for those countries

Question 3

what and when was the marshall plan?

Answer 3

a 1947 economic package that was released to all countries devastated by war. it was also offered to the soviets, but they refused.

Question 4

what and when was the national secturity act?

Answer 4

a 1947 act that established the CIA and the national security council, which would advise the president on security measures

Question 5

what and when was the truman doctrine?

Answer 5

1947 doctrine stating that america would give economic and military support to any democratic country fighting communism

Question 6

what and when was executive order 9835?

Answer 6

1947 loyalty order
created the loyalty review board, which would investigate suspicious companies to make sure they did not have any communist values, and to ensure they were loyal to america

Question 7

what and when was the berlin blockade/berlin airlift?

Answer 7

the 1948-1949 blockade of berlin from the west by the soviet union cause the berlin airlift, where truman had planes fly to berlin, delivering food

Question 8

what was NATO? when was it created? what was the soviet response?

Answer 8

an alliance between non-communist countries to combine military forces and protect one another from communist violence- mutual military protection
created in 1949
the soviets created the warsaw pact, solidifying their control over their puppet countries

Question 9

what years was truman president? political party?

Answer 9

1945-1953

democratic

Question 10

what years was eisenhower president? political party?

Answer 10

1953-1961

republican

Question 11

what years was kennedy president? political party?

Answer 11

1961-1963

democratic

Question 12

name all social reform policies of the presidents that had them, starting from theodore roosevelt to lyndon b. johnson

Answer 12

theodore roosevelt- square deal
woodrow wilson- new freedom
franklin d roosevelt- new deal
harry truman- fair deal
kennedy- new frontier
lyndon b. johnson- great society

Question 13

explain the progress of the korean war.

Answer 13

after world war 2, korea was split into 2 on the 38th parallel
america set up a western government in the south, and the soviet union sets up a communist government in the north
in 1950, the north attacks the south
with american support, south korea pushes north korean forces up, past the border, to the border with china
communist china got angry, and helped the north kicked the south away from the border
north fought south to the 38th parallel, and an armistice was signed

Question 14

what was nsc-68?

Answer 14

american policy that allowed the government a bigger budget for military expenses, calling for a more aggressive defense policy

Question 15

what was containment?

Answer 15

the cold war idea that communism should be kept to wherever it already was, and not allowed to spread

Question 16

what happened in china that alarmed the united states during the cold war? when?

Answer 16

it turned communist in 1949

Question 17

what is brinkmanship? which president is responsible for the start of brinkmanship?

Answer 17

the idea that the united states was willing to go to the brink of war to stop the spread of communism.
eisenhower

Question 18

what and when was the cuban missile crisis?

Answer 18

1962 incident when united states spy planes spotted soviet missiles in cuba. kennedy ordered the navy to surround cuba, and stated that an attack from cuba was equal to an attack from russia. america trained its own missiles on russia, and it seemed mutually assured destruction would occur.
last minute, soviets and americans agreed to mutually withdraw (from cuba and turkey, respectively)

Question 19

what and when was the bay of pigs incident?

Answer 19

1961 american-backed failed coup for power in cuba

wanted to instill an american-favoring government because cuba was getting closer to the soviet union

Question 20

what and when was the eisenhower doctrine?

Answer 20

1957 doctrine the promised military and economic aid to any middle eastern (NOT latin american) country fighting communism

Question 21

what and when was the suez crisis?

Answer 21

1956 crisis involving the suez canal, britain and france, and oil
egypt needed money to build a dam
britain and france offered, but when egypt started getting friendly with communists, they both withdrew
egypt then nationalized the canal- which meant that money was no longer going to britain or france, and that the oil going through it wouldn’t go to france or britain either
france and britain needed oil, and they attacked egypt in 1956

Question 22

why did the cold war come about?

Answer 22

disagreements between america and the soviet union on forms of economy and government.
capitalism and democracy v.s. communism
they also both felt the need to share their philosophies

Question 23

what and when was the federal employee loyalty and security program?

Answer 23

1947 program that prohibited communists or fascists from holding federal government positions

Question 24

explain the civil rights act of 1957.

Answer 24

created the civil rights commission to investigate violations of civil rights, and allowed issuing of injunctions for violations of voting rights

Question 25

what are the distinctions between each of the civil rights acts?

Answer 25

1866- early version of 14th amendment, gave citizenship and civil rights to all freed slaves (nothing on discrimination or segregation) 1875- forbid discrimination based on race in public facilities 1957- issued injunctions for violations of voting rights, created the civil rights commission to investigate violations of civil rights 1964- forbid discrimination based on race in private facilities

Question 26

explain the new look.

Answer 26

eisenhower’s foreign policy | emphasized the development of nuclear weapons to deter war and use as a threat against the soviet union

Question 27

what was sputnik? when was it launched? why was it important?

Answer 27

the first artificial satellite launched in 1957 important because it started the space race, because it made america anxious about the power that the soviet union could have felt like america was no longer safe across the ocean

Question 28

what and when was the partial test ban treaty?

Answer 28

1963 treaty between the soviet union and america banning underground nuclear tests

Question 29

what and when was the kitchen debate?

Answer 29

a 1959 conversation between khrushchev and nixon (when he was vice president) debating the merits of communism and capitalism

Question 30

what and when were the SALT talks?

Answer 30

1973 negotiations between america and the soviet union to limit arms

Question 31

who was mccarthy? why was he important?

Answer 31

someone who accused many government officials of being communist. he was important because of the general mood he contributed to the communism era- caused a lot of blind fear, suspicion, and mistrust during that era.

Question 32

who were ethel and julius rosenberg? why were they important?

Answer 32

a couple who was tried and killed in 1953 on suspicion of giving the soviet union american nuclear bomb technology

Question 33

what was the baby boom?

Answer 33

period after world war 2, when many people started having babies

Question 34

what and when was the G.I. bill?

Answer 34

a 1944 bill that provided loans for veterans for housing and education

Question 35

when and when was the employment act?

Answer 35

a 1946 act that made the economy (including unemployment) the official responsibility of the government

Question 36

what was the white flight? why was it important?

Answer 36

movement of many white people from urban areas to the suburbs it was important because it started the “ghetto” idea, as cities started losing funding as they lost people

Question 37

what and when was the federal highway act? what movements did it encourage?

Answer 37

a 1956 act that set aside government funds to build more interstate highway projects encouraged the sunbelt and suburban movements

Question 38

what was the counterculture of the 1950s called? explain its characteristics, and how it came to be, and its role in the general culture after world war 2.

Answer 38

called the beat movement it came to be because of the massive suspicion that came about in the 1950s and the movement against any radicalism, which made conformity extremely popular as everyone tried to avoid being unique the counterculture was born to oppose it- mostly by the youth- to defy societal expectations it preached “expressing yourself and rejecting societal expectations and norms (suburban life, materialism, etc.)” and “marching to the beat of your own drum” it created a simultaneous conformist and anti-conformist mood, and started a generational divide

Question 39

what music became popular after world war 2? how did this compare to after world war 1? what does this comparison say about their respective cultures?

Answer 39

rock and roll music became popular after world war 2 this compares to the jazz music that became popular after world war 1 jazz revolves more around entertainment, while rock and roll exemplified the rebel-minded attitude of the 1950s counterculture

Question 40

which events started the civil rights movement of the 1950s? explain each.

Answer 40

brown v. board of education 1954- decision stating that schools shouldn’t be segregated rosa parks 1955- stood up to a man on the bus, started montgomery bus boycott little rock nine 1957- nine black students were escorted to school by government security after town resistance civil rights act of 1957- issued injunctions for violations of civil rights, created civil rights commission to investigate all violations of civil rights

Question 41

who were the SNCC?

Answer 41

a group of students that became active in the 1960s that protested mistreatment of black people

Question 42

who were the SCLC?

Answer 42

group of black churches that would lend their combined power to supporting the civil rights movement

Question 43

what and when was executive order 9981?

Answer 43

a 1948 order for the military to be desegregated

Question 44

explain a timeline of the civil rights movement of the 1960s.

Answer 44

greensboro sit ins 1960- protestors like the SNCC began to protest segregation at lunch counters by sitting and refusing to move freedom rides 1960- black people across america protested state bus segregation by riding buses alongside white people voter education project 1962- gave government funds to civil rights organization to register black voters and educate them i have a dream/march on washington 1963 civil rights act of 1964- prohibited segregation or discrimination in private facilities 24th amendment in 1964- guaranteed people equal access to guaranteed rights voting rights act of 1965- forbade poll taxes and literacy tests, along with other instruments causing discrimination at the ballots selma/montgomery march 1964/1965- march with black people in protest of police brutality after a black protestor was killed by the police bloody sunday 1965- especially violent day during selma march MLK assassinated 1968

Question 45

what and when was the voting rights act?

Answer 45

a 1965 act that forbid anything that encouraged voter race discrimination (poll tax, literacy tax, etc.)

Question 46

what was the civil rights act of 1964?

Answer 46

forbid race discrimination in private facilities

Question 47

what was the voter education project?

Answer 47

1962 government initiative that donated funds to civil rights organizations to register and educate black voters

Question 48

how did the split in vietnam come about? (before the vietnam war)

Answer 48

vietnam had been trying to fight for independence from france for a while hoped france would let it be independent after world war 2, because japan took it over during world war 2 france tried to gain control after, but was defeated at the 1954 battle of dien bien phu vietnam divided itself into north and south- north communist led by ho chi minh, and south western-favored government

Question 49

what happened in iran in 1953? how did this affect later relations?

Answer 49

the united states installed a new western-allied shah after launching a coup

Question 50

what and when was the gulf of tonkin incident? what was the gulf of tonkin resolution?

Answer 50

a 1964 incident where a u.s. ship was supposedly attacked “unprovoked” the gulf of tonkin resolution was a blank check that congress turned to LBJ for expansion of the military and greater investment in vietnam

Question 51

what and when was the tet offensive?

Answer 51

a 1968 attack on south vietnam by north vietnam | very damaging to south vietnam

Question 52

what and when was the my lai massacre?

Answer 52

a 1968 massacre of innocent vietnamese civilians by the united states army

Question 53

what made the vietnam war different from any other war before it?

Answer 53

1. it was a living room war, where every civilian could see the deaths and devastation on television firsthand 2. it wasn’t organized. a lot of guerilla warfare was used, making it more difficult to tell who was the enemy or not

Question 54

what was vietnamization? which president was associated with it?

Answer 54

it was the idea of slowly pulling out of vietnam, and leaving south vietnam to fight on their own without american help it is normally associated with nixon

Question 55

what were the ho chi minh trails? why were they important?

Answer 55

they were trails all over vietnam and cambodia that were used by the north vietnamese army to smuggle supplies and troops helped with sneak attacks and supplies

Question 56

what and when was the war powers act?

Answer 56

a 1973 act that forced the president to tell congress within 48 hours of deploying troops, and also gave congress power to bring back deployed troops after 60 days

Question 57

what was the most important element in liberalism in the 1960s?

Answer 57

the belief in the ability of government initiatives and agencies to solve social issues

Question 58

what were the peace corps? why were they important?

Answer 58

it was an organization where american volunteers would be sent to countries in need to fill different positions (nurse, teacher, etc.) important because it showed kennedy’s attempts to gain good favor with latin america, and just his sort of resurrection of the good neighbor policy

Question 59

when was the berlin wall built? what was its significance?

Answer 59

built in 1961 | significant because it was a physical representation of the division between the west and east, capitalism and communism

Question 60

what were the four main reform ideas of lyndon b. johnson’s great society?

Answer 60

1. immigration- immigration and nationality act of 1965 lifted immigration quotas 2. elderly/poor- medicaid and medicare, free healthcare for poor and elderly 3. civil rights- carried on kennedy’s legacy. 1964 with 24th amendment and civil rights act, and 1965 voting rights act 4. education- passed a bill that provided money for student loans

Question 61

what and when was the immigration and nationality act?

Answer 61

1965 act that lifted immigration quotas | still instilled overall limits on immigration

Question 62

what was the black power movement? what was the black panther party? important figures?

Answer 62

it was a black separatist movement, advocating for black movements/organizations apart from white people. the black panther party was a more politically-minded party with the spread of black power as their main objective. malcolm x was an important speaker

Question 63

what 2 summers are associated with a lot of violence related to race? why?

Answer 63

1919 (red summer)- because of the movement of black people from the south to northern industrial eras looking for work at the beginning of world war 1, caused rise in racism 1967- summer after passage of much civil rights legislation, there was a lot of protest and violence against black people

Question 64

name the main achievements of the warren court.

Answer 64

1961 matt v. ohio- evidence retrieved by illegal means (illegal searches) was not admissible in court 1963 gideon v. wrainright- if the accused couldn’t afford a lawyer, they would be given a federally-assigned attorney 1964 escobedo v. illinois- accused had rights to a lawyer when being accused of interrogated 1966 miranda v. arizona- accused should be read their basic rights, like to remain silent or get a lawyer

Question 65

name the two biggest supreme court decisions regarding women and abortion.

Answer 65

1965 griswold v. connecticut- stated that laws forbidding the use of contraceptives were unconstitutional 1973 roe v. wade- laws forbidding abortion in first two trimesters of pregnancy were unconstitutional

Question 66

what was the american indian movement? what was its purpose?

Answer 66

founded in 1968 | movement to protest united states treatment of indian tribes, and to demand the government honor its treaties

Question 67

what and when was the wounded knee protest?

Answer 67

1973 march of native americans to honor those who died in the wounded knee massacre in 1890

Question 68

when did the government repent for executive order 9066?

Answer 68

1988

Question 69

what was stonewall inn?

Answer 69

built in 1969, a gay bar | movement for gay rights

Question 70

what and when was the united states v. wheeler case?

Answer 70

1978 case that declared indian tribes as legal entities, and prohibited the government from dissolving them

Question 71

what were the pentagon papers? why were they important?

Answer 71

newspaper that exposed secrets of the government, especially its operations during vietnam it was important because it exposed things like the my lai massacre, which were morally questionable (and also could be seen as unprovoked) public lost faith in government

Question 72

explain the watergate scandal.

Answer 72

1973 scandal that made nixon very unpopular. a group of people now known as the “plumbers” were caught sneaking into the headquarters for the democratic convention they were later discovered to be part of the committee to re-elect the president (nixon) under questioning, it was revealed that nixon had taped all his conversations in the oval office (might include evidence of nixon planning this break-in) congress demanded nixon turn them over, he said no, citing executive privileges charged with impeachment, but before it could get through all of congress, nixon resigned

Question 73

what and when were the education amendments? why was title IX so important?

Answer 73

1972 amendments that reformed education title ix prohibited gender discrimination for any educational activity helped open many doors for women in sports

Question 74

when was the birth control pill released?

Answer 74

1960

Question 75

explain the counterculture of the 1960s, and how it related to the general culture of the 1960s.

Answer 75

the counterculture of the 1960s was known as the hippie movement, and centered around nature, peace and love, sexual freedom, and independent thinking the general culture of the 1960s was more conservative, and so the independent-thinking and individuality and spirituality encouraged by the 1960s counterculture was opposite the encouraged cultural movement it started a divide between the free-thinking, spiritual and peace-loving youths and the conservative, rigid order generation

Question 76

explain the difference between the countercultures/cultures of the 1950s and 1960s.

Answer 76

the counterculture of the 1950s was more fighting against the conformity caused by the fear of communism, so it was about rebelling against mainstream values, like materialism and the suburban lifestyle the 1960s hippie movement focused on hatred of war of vietnam, wanting peace, being free, and the spirituality of nature. it was more about being free than being rebellious

Question 77

what and when was new york times co v. united states?

Answer 77

a 1971 supreme court case ruling that the pentagon papers were constitutional in releasing the information they did

Question 78

when and what was the yom kippur war? what was its later effects on america?

Answer 78

1973 war between israel and other arab nations, where america backed israel. angry, in 1973 OPEC started an oil embargo against america, starting the energy crisis of the 1970s as oil and petroleum prices rose. it made america realize that they needed to find another source of energy

Question 79

what and when was the iranian hostage crisis?

Answer 79

1979 crisis when the western-backed shah of iran (installed in 1953) was overthrown in a coup. when the american government admitted him into america for medical treatment, angry iranian students seized the embassy in iran and threatened to hold officials there hostage until the old shah was out of the country.

Question 80

how did the yom kippur war relate to the camp david accords? when were the camp david accords?

Answer 80

the camp david accords were peace treaty negotiations between egypt (an arab nation) and israel for the yom kippur war overseen by the united states. the camp david accords were successful in 1978, following unsuccessful negotiations without american oversight.

Question 81

what and when was the carter doctrine?

Answer 81

a 1980 doctrine stating that america would repel any country looking to extend influence over countries in the persian gulf

Question 82

what years was lyndon b. johnson president? political party?

Answer 82

1963-1969 | democrstic

Question 83

what years was nixon president? political party?

Answer 83

1969-1974 | republican

Question 84

what years was ford president? political party?

Answer 84

1974-1977 | republican

Question 85

what years was carter president? political party?

Answer 85

1977-1981 | republican

Question 86

what years was reagan president? political party?

Answer 86

1981-1989 | republican

Question 87

what were some important acts during the environmental movement of the 1970s?

Answer 87

silent spring 1962- book written on how society was damaging the environment, especially with pesticides EPA- government agency that creates and enforces laws to protect the environment, created 1970 first earth day- 1970 clean air act 1970- allowed government to regulate air emissions from industrial and mobile sources clean water act 1973- allowed government to set regulations for discharge in water sources, set standards for “clean water”

Question 88

what was love canal? what was the superfund? how did they connect?

Answer 88

love canal was an area known for its toxic atmosphere. when the government investigated it, it was found that the toxic chemicals in the ground had cause a lot of birth defects in the area superfund- government fund to clean up toxic waste sites

Question 89

what was three mile island?

Answer 89

an island where a radioactive generator had a partial meltdown in 1979, allowing america to see the dangers of nuclear power as an energy source

Question 90

what was stagflation?

Answer 90

economic phenomenon that occurred in the 1960s-1970s, where unemployment rates where high, but so were inflation rates wages/jobs stagnant, but inflation still flourishing

Question 91

what and when was the panama canal treaty?

Answer 91

1977 treaty that handed control over the panama canal to panama (previously owned by america)

Question 92

what and when was united states v. nixon?

Answer 92

it was a 1974 case where nixon was tried for whether or not he was to reveal or hide the tapes. the supreme court claimed even with executive privileges, the he should’ve revealed the tapes.

Question 93

what was the equal rights amendment? successful?

Answer 93

it was an amendment pushed by feminists near the end of the 1970s to make men and women equal under both state and federal governments failed to be ratified

Question 94

what was affirmative action? which presidents are most associated with it?

Answer 94

affirmative action was purposeful efforts to improve situations for groups that had previously been discriminated against kennedy and LBJ are most associated with it.

Question 95

what and when was bakke v. university of california?

Answer 95

a 1978 supreme court case ruling that specific quotas for particular minorities was unconstitutional from then on, race was just another quality examined in an application process

Question 96

what was the moral majority?

Answer 96

people who interpreted the bible directly, insisted on legislating morality often televangelists part of the new right movement in the 1970s

Question 97

what was the vietcong?

Answer 97

the southern communist force during the war of vietnam