period 7 (1890-1945) Flashcards
1
Q
how did the closing of the frontier affect american imperialism? primarily when?
A
it led people to want to expand beyond continental america to make money and find new opportunities
primarily late 1800s and early 1900s
2
Q
who was mahan? why was he important?
A
an author who wrote a book on the importance of naval strength when it came to worldwide power and influence
he contributed to the idea that our army needed to be better
3
Q
how did industrialization and factories encourage imperialism in the late 1800s?
A
colonies could provide america with natural resources, and a guaranteed market
4
Q
what was the white man’s burden? when was it popular?
A
the idea that white people were superior to any other race, and thus had the burden of educating the other races
it was popular mostly during the late 1800s and early 1900s when america gained overseas land
5
Q
explain the process of hawaii getting annexed.
A
queen liliuokalani ruled hawaii, and many american businessmen were involved in the hawaiian sugar business
they had a disagreement with the queen
americans then staged a coup in 1893, and raced paperwork back to washington for hawaii to be annexed
however, the presidency switched from harrison to cleveland, and cleveland ignored the annexation papers
hawaii was finally annexed in 1898 because of fears the spanish would go after their pacific possessions during the spanish american war
6
Q
name an organization that opposed american imperialism
A
american anti-imperialist league
7
Q
why did some americans believe imperialism went against american tradition and belief?
A
because it is what britain did to them, thus making it an action against their values. many also believed it undemocratic, as government was made to serve willing people, and yet none of those people had a choice
8
Q
how was the spanish american war a turning point for america?
A
it marked the change from more isolationist to interventionist and solidied america’s place as a powerful global superpower
9
Q
why did the united states get involved in cuba in 1898?
A
- trade disruption- the united states had expanding business there, and the battle between spain and cuba for cuban independence was throwing off the trade industry
- yellow journalism/concentration camps- overexaggerated headlines to catch attention and invoke emotion. this led to widespread amount of people knowing, pressuring the american people morally to help. the concentration camps that many innocent people were put in is an example of yellow journalism- it was horrid, and when spread, earned sympathy with many americans.
- independence cause- fhey were rebelling against spain for independence, and this cause spoke to many people.
- de lome letter- letter from a spanish official insulting president mckinley, which triggered nationalism
- uss maine- the uss maine ship blew up in a cuban harbor, and many people blamed the spanish. this further fanned nationalistic flames
10
Q
what was the cuban situation before america got involved?
A
cubans were rebelling against spain for independence
11
Q
what and when was the spanish american war? what treaty ended it? what were the terms of the treaty?
A
an 1898 battle between the united states and spain over cuban independence, with america helping cuba gain independence
the 1898 treaty of paris ended it
the terms were that cuba became independent, and spain gave america puerto rico, guam, and the philippines as colonies for money
12
Q
what and when was the teller amendment?
A
an 1898 amendment by the united states stating that they would not attempt to colonize cuba, swearing that when the war was over, cuba would gain its independence
13
Q
what and when was the platt amendment?
A
a 1901 amendment the united states forced cuba to put into its constitution, stating that america would be allowed to intervene if order broke down in cuba
14
Q
what and when was the phillipino-american war? who were some important figures?
A
a war between the filipino people and the american people as the filipino people didn’t want to be ruled by america
aguinaldo- fought on behalf of filipino people
15
Q
what was the main dilemma/question in regards to the people in the new american colonies?
A
if they were to be subject to american rule, would they receive the protection of the american constitution?
16
Q
what and when were the insular cases? why were they important?
A
they were 1901 cases that stated that the people in the new colonies would be subject to american rule, but would not be protected by the american constitution, and would not be given american civil rights
they were important because they settled the main dilemma of how they were to be incorporated into america
17
Q
what was the open door policy? what were some treaties that protected it?
A
the policy in the early 1900s that all of china would remain open to trade with all countries (result of european nations setting up spheres of influence, limiting chinese trade in that area)
root takahira treaty of 1908
nine power treaty of 1922
18
Q
when and what was the boxer rebellion?
A
1899-1901 chinese rebel revolt against foreign influence
19
Q
what was theodore roosevelt’s foreign policy? explain. give some examples. successful?
A
big stick policy- use the threat of a strong military in foreign diplomacy to achieve the upper hand
rather than outright threaten, build a strong military, so other countries are intimidated
the building of the panama canal- supporting panama’s rebellion against columbia
roosevelt corollary in 1904- threatening europe to not interfere in latin america
great white fleet- roosevelt showcasing the power of the american navy by touring it around the world
to a degree- but mostly yes
20
Q
what was the panama canal? how did it get built? explain the process.
A
clayton bulwer treaty of 1850 gave america and britain joint control of any canal that would connect atlantic and pacific oceans
but america wanted sole control
hay pauncefort treaty 1898- gave america sole permission to build and fortify the canal
columbia didn’t want america to own it, so america sent troops to threaten columbia as panama rebelled and became an independent country
hay bunau varilla treaty 1904- panama gave america a canal zone they could build the canal on
21
Q
what and when was the great rapprochement?
A
1895 negotiation over a disputed border that reinstated good relations between america and britain
22
Q
what and when was the gentleman’s agreement? explain the whole situation.
A
a 1907 agreement between america and japan where japan agreed to limit japanese immigration to america and america agreed to reverse san francisco’s segregated schools policy.
san francisco had announced earlier that they were going to segregate japanese americans as well, and they would have to attend different schools. japan became extremely angry, and demanded the united states change this policy. thus, the gentleman’s agreement.
23
Q
what and when was the root takahira treaty?
A
1908 treaty between america and japan agreeing to both leave the others pacific possessions alone, and protect the open door policy in china
24
Q
what was taft’s foreign policy? explain. give some examples. successful?
A
dollar diplomacy- using the incentive of american trade and american money to gain the upper hand in foreign diplomacy
open door policy with china
tried to coerce nicaragua to trade with united states
no- generally was unpopular and unsuccessful
25
what years was mckinley president? political party?
1897-1901
| republican
26
what years was theodore roosevelt president? political party?
1901-1909
| republican
27
what years was taft president? political party?
1909-1913
| republican
28
what years was wilson president? political party?
1913-1921
| democrat
29
what years was harding president? political party?
1921-1923
| republican
30
what years was coolidge president? political party?
1923-1929
| republican
31
what years was hoover president? political party?
1929-1933
| republican
32
what years was franklin d roosevelt president? political party?
1933-1945 (elected for a fourth term but died)
| democrat
33
was years was truman president? political party?
1945-1953
| democrat
34
what and when was the progressive movement? what were some major goals?
```
the progressive movement was a movement in the early 1900s to improve conditions for the working class in response to the corruption of politics, business, and the economy
they also supported more government involvement in controlling big business to protect the working class from monopolies
however, they also wanted to increase democracy, and increase the power of the people
(essentially, empower the voice of the people to have more influence on legislation, and have the government then enforce the new rules to protect the working class, so the people and the government both have power)
```
35
what were three goals the progressive party had for state legislation specifically?
1) recall- the ability to remove an elected government official before their term ends if their practices are corrupt
2) referendum- allowing citizens to vote on proposed legislation
3) initiative- the ability to directly propose bills to state legislation by petition
36
what were muckrakers? name a couple important ones and what industry they are associated with.
reporters whose goal was to uncover the corruption in the government
primarily during the 1900s-1930s
ida tarbell- standard oil
upton sinclair- meatpacking industry
37
what and (about) when was the 17th amendment?
amendment passed in the 1910s that allowed the direct election of senators by the people rather than by state legislatures
38
what was the jungle? why was it important?
book published in 1906 by upton sinclair about the dirty conditions of the chicago meatpacking plants and overall industry
made many people disgusted with the unsanitary conditions, leading to reforms that would limit these corrupt/unsanitary practices
39
what and when was the meat inspection act?
1906 act that 1) made it illegal to sell misbranded or adulterated meat and 2) required that all livestock be slaughtered and processed under regulated sanitary conditions
40
what and when was the pure food and drug act?
1906 act that 1) prohibited the sale of adulterated or misbranded drugs and food and 2) created the food and drug administration to enforce those regulations
41
who was ida tarbell?
muckraker/journalist who exposed standard oil for being corrupt
42
what were “robber barrons”? who were some famous ones?
wealthy business owners who established corrupt rules to earn more money and widen the gap between the rich and the working class
(like forming corporations or trusts, or in the case of railroads, discriminating between farmers and others)
carnegie, rockefeller, j.p. morgan
43
explain the difference between horizontal integration and vertical integration, and name some wealthy business owners associated with each, along with their respective companies.
horizontal integration: buying companies on the same level of production to get rid of competition
vertical integration: combining all the steps of production of a single product under one company, reducing costs of manufacturing
rockefeller- horizontal, standard oil
j.p. morgan- horizontal, banking and railroad companies
carnegie- vertical, u.s. steel
44
why was theodore roosevelt known as the “trust buster”?
because he dissolved many trusts during his time as president
45
what was theodore roosevelt’s plan for social reform called? what were its main goals?
the square deal
1) control of corporations
2) consumer protection
3) conservation of natural resources
46
what and when was the elkins act?
1903 act that forbid railroads from giving rebates
47
what and when was the hepburn act?
1906 act that gave more power to the interstate commerce committee
48
what and when was the lochner v. new york decision?
1905 decision that struck down a law limiting the hours of bakers
49
what and when was the muller v. oregon decision?
a 1908 decision that upheld a law limiting the hours women could work (because of their physical limitations)
50
what was theodore roosevelt’s policy for dissolving trusts?
roosevelt believed that there were “bad trusts” and “good trusts”
he dissolved bad trusts- trusts that harmed commerce
51
why did taft and roosevelt disagree?
taft rose taxes with the 1909 payne aldrich tariff, and also destroyed the u.s. steel corporation, which roosevelt believed was a good trust.
52
explain how taft and roosevelt’s disagreement related to wilson becoming president.
when roosevelt and taft started opposing each other, roosevelt and his supporters split from the republican party and created the progressive party. the split of previous republicans between taft and roosevelt then gave the democrats and wilson a win.
53
what and when was the northern securities case?
1904 case where roosevelt dissolved a trust under the sherman anti trust act of 1890
example of him as a “trust buster”
54
what was the coal strike of 1902?
strike of miners against employers for higher wages
| roosevelt threatened to take over the mine if the employers didn’t negotiate- the workers got higher wages
55
what and when was the sherman anti trust act?
1890 act that gave the government power to act against alliances that were harmful to commerce
(any alliance harmful to commerce was subject to government action)
56
what and when was the federal reserve act? explain the federal reserve system.
federal reserve act 1913- creates the federal reserve system
country is divided into districts, one bank for each district
controlled how much money was in circulation (money printed by Treasury, but circulation and distribution controlled by Federal Reserve System)
thus it made the currency more flexible, able to regulate inflation and deflation- increasing the currency supply leads to greater economic activity, and vice versa if inflation is too high
57
what and when was the federal trade commission act?
1914 act that created the federal trade commission, a government organization meant to regulate unfair business practices (like interstate commerce committee but with more powers)
58
what and when was the clayton antitrust act?
1914 act that excluded unions from antitrust legislation
59
what and when was the 18th amendment?
1919 amendment that prohibited sale and manufacture of alcohol
60
what and when was the 19th amendment?
1920 amendment that declared the right to vote could not be denied based on sex
61
what are some examples of roosevelt’s conservation of natural resources?
established many national parks and shoshone forest, the first national forest
hetch hetchy dam controversy- debates between conservationists and preservationists about whether to keep the area or build a dam- eventually dam is built
62
what are some primary reasons european countries got involved in world war 1?
alliance system
arms race
imperialism (especially in Africa)
63
when was the sierra club founded? explain its purpose.
society founded in 1892 to try to preserve wilderness
64
explain the lead-up to world war 1. (how the united states got involved)
germany fired on the lusitania, killing many americans and making america extemely angry. germany signs the arabic pledge (1915) which confirms that they will not shoot passenger ships without weapons without warning. they then shoot the sussex, which also had americans on board. they sign the sussex pledge (1916) reaffirming the arabic pledge, and also stating they wouldn’t fire on merchant ships either. in 1917, they stated that they would be waging unrestricted submarine warfare, including with the united states. america breaks diplomatic relations, and begins to prepare to enter the war.
65
what and when was the zimmerman telegram? why was it important?
1917 telegram from germany to mexico intercepted by the united states
germany declared it would help mexico gain back the lands it had lost to the unite states if mexico joined the war on germany’s side
66
what are u-boats? why are they important?
germany submarines
important because of their role in making germany’s navy superior in world war 1
also caused problems with america because of their destroying of unarmed passenger and merchant ships despite pledges not to, which led america to join the war
67
what were some of wilson’s original fourteen points? when did he present them? how many were ultimately implemented?
1. no more secret treaties
2. no more barriers against international trade
3. freedom of the seas
4. self-determination of previously conquered peoples
5. redistribution of colonies
6. creation of an international peacekeeping body
he presented them in 1918
ultimately, only the league of nations (international peacekeeping body) was kept
68
what were some reasons progressives supported the war?
they believed it would increase government authority, which would give them the ability to implement progressive policies
69
what was wilson’s reasoning for involving the united states in world war 1?
he wanted to “make the world safe for democracy”
| he twisted the war into a battle against the autocratic rule of germany, of a violation against democracy by a monarchy
70
what was the committee of public information? why was it important?
government agency during world war 1 meant to spread war propaganda and advertisement
important because general opinion was against getting involved (isolationist) and it helped convince many that the united states should fight in world war 1
71
how was world war 1 primarily funded? was it different from how world war 2 was funded?
the sale of war bonds
| world war 2 was also primarily funded by war bonds, but taxes contributed slightly more to the budget of world war 2
72
name some federal agencies created during world war 1.
war industry board- oversaw industry and a transition to total war
national war labor board- meant to resolve disputes between workers and employers during the war, NOT the national labor relations board
food administration- ensured there was food for american troops, american public, and sent to allied troops
73
how did world war 1 end? when did it end?
it ended in 1918 with an armistice being signed
74
how did america primarily help in world war 1? how did this differ from america’s role in world war 2?
it primarily helped through sending supplies
after sending soldiers, it helped with numbers of soldiers, rather than any outcome in battle (more of an endurance boost)
this differed from world war 2 as america had a larger role in being “on the ground” and actually fighting in important battles than in world war 1
75
did the united states ratify the treaty of versailles? why?
no
the senate disagreed or wanted revisions (irreconcilables or reservationists) and when the edits weren’t made, they didn’t ratify it
they didn’t want the united states to be interventionist
76
what was the difference between irreconcilables and reservationists? what was the main clause causing problems?
irreconcilables stated that they wouldn’t accept any version of the league of nations or treaty of versailles
reservationists said they would accept the league of nations and the treaty of versailles with some changes
article x was mainly causing problems- it stated that america was morally obligated to help if democracy was ever in danger
77
what and when was the espionage act?
1917 act that forbid the gathering or sharing of information that might put united states security at risk
78
what and when was the sedition act during world war 1? (not alien and sedition)
1918 act that suspended freedom of speech for the wartime
79
when and what was the schenck v. united states case? why was it important?
1919 supreme court case that ruled it was allowed to suspend the freedom of speech during wartime/when the u.s. is in danger
it verified the constitutionality of the espionage and sedition acts of 1917 and 1918
80
what and when was the red scare?
1919 spread of violence against anything radical
81
what and when were the palmer raids?
1919 violent raids on homes of suspected radicals by a man named palmer- added to the fear and violence of the red scare
82
when did germany declare unrestricted submarine warfare?
1917
83
why were some people against getting involved in world war 1?
they didn’t want to lose money (as war is expensive and they had just gotten out of an economic crisis in 1907 with a lack of faith in banks, and getting involved would mess with neutral trade)
they also wanted to stay isolationist (similar reasons)
84
what type of warfare was primarily used in world war 1? how did this compare with the warfare of world war 2?
```
trench warfare (especially in the west)
blitzekreig, or “lightning war” was used in world war 2, which was much faster
```
85
what was the effect of the end of the war on labor movements?
negative- the national war labor board helped with many disagreements (like the 1919 steel strike)
the war also employed many people, so after the war, labor movements slowed down
86
what and when was the payne aldrich tariff?
1909, rose tariffs
87
what and when was the organic act?
a 1916 act that established the national park service, an agency that would protect and manage current and future national parks
preservation of wilderness
88
what sentiments rose after world war 1 ended?
a strong hatred of radicalism
rise in nativism- both as a result of dislike of interventionism, and against germans in particular because they were the enemy
89
explain the trend in immigration from 1900s to 1920, and the american reaction.
immigration increased sharply as a result of increasing industry and opportunity
this resulted in a rise in nativism, and later legislation limiting immigration
90
what was the great migration during world war 1? why did it happen? what were its effects?
the movement of blacks from the south to the north starting during world war 1 and continuing after
it happened because blacks 1) had no political power in the south 2) pretty much slaves under sharecropping system and 3) mistreated and discriminated against because of black codes and jim crow laws
the north had opportunities to make money (especially as employment increased during the war)
it increased nativism, and increased violence during the red scare (red summer 1919 for racism specifically)
the kkk also became a lot more active
91
what were race riots?
riots and violence due to racism in the 1920s, starting with 1919 red summer
92
what defined the american economy in the 1920s? how did it differ from the gilded age?
an extreme rise in consumerism with a greater rise in overproduction
inflation of the stock market
this differed from the gilded age because the gilded age primarily had problems with gold and silver, demands for inflation due to the supply of money being too tight and inflexible, and big business. the consumerism did not grow too much during the gilded age
93
what techniques made manufacturing more efficient?
scientific management- searching for the most efficient ways employers can work
assembly line- belt where each person does a single task
94
what important new products were developed in in the early 1900s (or late late 1800s)?
automobiles (model T in 1900s)
radio
rise in advertisement
95
why was radio important?
became very popular for advertisement
| also used in politics (franklin d roosevelt’s fireside chats)
96
explain the development of entertainment in the 1920s.
radio and music
in 1920, the popular music was jazz
similar to the golden age, as the standard of living rose and goods became more available, a culture around entertainment rose
97
how did the role of women in society change after world war 1?
there was the flapper- who celebrated freedom and more sexual wildness, defying traditional images of ladylike behavior
they also became more politically and socially active following the passage of the 19th amendment
98
what and when was the emergency quota act?
1921 act that limited immigration to a predetermined quota
| here it was about 3% of the population of a country’s people living in america in the 1910s
99
what and when was the national origins act?
1924 act that reinforced the 1921 emergency quota act, made quota for immigration smaller
2% of people of a country living in america in the 1890s
100
what was the harlem renaissance?
period of celebration of black culture and art
101
what was the lost generation?
generation of people born after world war 1. they were hopeless and without direction
102
what was the dust bowl? what were okies?
the dust bowl was a period of dust storms that devastated people mostly across the midwest (but it also went across all of america)
okies were settlers from oklahoma trying to move elsewhere because of the dust storms
103
what and when was the monkey scopes trial? why was it important?
a 1925 trial in which a teacher was found guilty and punished for breaking a law by teaching evolution
important because it showed the clash between scientific development and religious teachings (evolution went against god making the world)
104
what was the modernism v.s. conservatism conflict in the 1920s?
the conflict between scientific advancement and traditional conservative beliefs
105
what is organized crime? explain the rise of organized crime in the 1920s.
organized crime is illegal business using violence.
the 1920s saw a rise in organized crime because of the passage of the 18th amendment- it was highly unpopular, causing many people to sell illegal alcohol. once it was obvious that doing this could get people very rich, many began committing crime for money, using violence to get rid of competition.
they also spread to other businesses like prostitution.
106
why did the panic of 1893 happen?
the failure of two large companies caused a crash in the stock market. banks with investments in the stock market failed, and many stopped offering credit. this led to a collapse of many businesses, then affecting the working people.
107
why did the panic of 1907 happen?
the lack of trust in banks. when one bank was involved in a scandal, those with economic knowledge took their money out of the bank. that was then noticed by the general public, and they all stampeded the banks to take their money out.
108
what were the large economic problems in the 1920s that led to the great depression?
overproduction and overconsumption.
| overconsumption not matching overproduction.
109
what was the bonus expeditionary force? what and when was the bonus march?
an army of veterans who marched on the white house in 1932 demanding the bonus they had been promised for serving in the military
reflected badly on hoover because he ordered the current military to take care of it
110
what and when was the hundred days congress?
1933 congress with roosevelt where he started on his “new deal” and created many agencies. a lot had to do with first reforming the bank
111
what and when were the emergency bank relief act and glass steagall act?
both in 1933
emergency bank relief act- gave president more direct power over the bank
glass steagall act- separated insurance and investment banking. insured money placed in the bank, so even if bank collapsed (due to things like investing and then a collapse) people would still get their money
112
what were the alphabetical agencies? name the most important ones (and acts)
government agencies created by fdr in the hundred days congress for the “new deal”
ccc- gave young adults employment in conservation work
pwa- gave government funding to public works projects
wpa- gave unemployed work in public works projects (like bridges and infrastructure)
fera- gave government funds to states to give to the people (through rises in wages or things)
cwa- gave youth manual labor jobs
aaa- paid farmers to produce less (overproduction of agriculture was a problem, so it lowered prices on farm goods)
113
what and when was the wagner act?
1935 act that gave laborers/workers the right to voice their opinions to the employer through a representative of their choosing
solidified that unions were legal (after commonwealth v. hunt)
created the national labor relations board, which would regulate disputes between the employers and employees
114
what and when was the fair labor standards act?
1938 act that banned child labor, established maximum working hours, and established a minimum wage
115
what was the difference between the second and first new deal?
the first focused on strictly economical acts, or acts that benefited specific existing groups
the second new deal focused on unemployment
116
what was the roosevelt recession?
the second half of franklin d roosevelt’s presidency, where he stopped spending as much money on new deal policies, but ironically lost money
117
what were keynesian economics? how did it relate to trickle-down theory?
keynesian economics relied on the idea that a company should always invest more than they save. they should also spend more on industry. this related to trickle down theory because by spending more money on industry, the money could trickle down to the masses.
118
what and when was the indian reorganization act?
1934 act that undid the 1887 dawes severalty act, making tribes legal landholding entities again
119
what and when was the fordney mccumber act?
1922 tariff that rose tariffs
120
what and when was the smoot hawley act?
1930 tariff that rose tariffs
121
what was franklin d roosevelt’s foreign policy called? explain.
good neighbor policy.
| to latin america, he wanted to be friendly with latin america for economic purposes (trade and such)
122
what and when were the reciprocal trade agreements?
1934 agreements between america and latin america to negotiate tariffs to encourage mutual trade
123
what and when was the tydings mcduffie act?
1934 act that promised the philippines independence after 10 years
124
what and when was the wagner act?
1935 act stating that unions were legal, and that workers had the right to voice their opinions through a representative of their choosing
also created national labor relations board
125
explain how the world and united states got involved in world war 2. (beginning process, up until the breaking point)
neutrality acts of 1935, 1936, 1937- forbade the sale or trade of arms between the u.s. and allied powers
munich conference in 1938- allowed hitler to annex sudetenland
(he then conquered czechoslovakia)
1939 nonaggression treaty between hitler and stalin
1939 poland was invaded and split between germany and russia
neutrality act of 1939- allowed allied powers to buy weapons, but they would have to pay in cash, and arrange transportation on their own
1938-1939 phony war
1940 tripartite pact signed between axis powers
1940 france fell
1940 destroyers for bases deal- u.s. trade with britain, we gave britain military ships in exchange for a couple navy bases
1941 lend-lease act- america would lend britain weapons
1941 hitler attacked russia
1941 atlantic conference and atlantic charter- meeting between roosevelt and churchill planning for peace, mostly about a new international peacekeeping body
1941 pearl harbor- japan bombed pearl harbor in hawaii
pearl harbor was the last straw for america
126
what and when was the social security act?
1935 act that created federal unemployment insurance
127
why did america not want to get involved in world war 2?
they still had outstanding debts from world war 1
| wanted to stay isolationist again (similar to world war 1)
128
what were some organizations that formed in favor of and against american involvement in world war 2?
america first committee- against american involvement. wanted to build american army and keep it in america in case america was attacked.
committee to defend america- in favor of american involvement. advocated building an army and sending it to europe to keep the war in europe
129
what was the abc-1 agreement?
plan to get europe first, then japan after
130
what and when was the smith connally act?
1943 act that stated government would seize and operate any unproductive industries
131
what were some examples of feminism during world war 2?
rosie the riveter- encouraged women to take up traditionally male roles in the workplace (as men were fighting)
WAAC- women’s unit in the army
WAVES- women’s service unit in the navy
132
what was the bracero program? when was it used?
program where mexican workers were imported into america to help keep industries running smoothly.
world war 2
133
what were three major events in 1942? (ww2-wise)
bataan death march- japan marched allied forces and filipino forces to concentration camps after defeating them in the philippines
battle of coral sea- significant allied naval victory, a lot of damage to japanese ships
battle of midway- known as the turning point battle as japan starting losing after this, naval battle
134
what and when was the double v campaign? how was it similar to the other war?
a campaign mostly by african american’s to defeat hitler/fascism abroad, and to defeat racism and discrimination at home
similar because in world war 1, it was to win for democracy abroad, and to win against prohibition/immorality in america
135
name all four conferences, when they happened, and their main accomplishments in order. (of the civil war)
casablanca conference 1943- agreed on total war and unconditional surrender
tehran conference 1943- russia asked to open a second front, which was opened in africa. d-day, or operation overlord, was planned
yalta conference 1945- split germany into occupation zones
potsdam conference 1945- gave japan an ultimatum: to surrender, or get bombed
136
explain what happened to japan after VE day.
hiroshima, then nagasaki, were bombed. they surrendered in 1945
137
what technique did america use to fight japan in world war 2? explain.
island hopping
america would take over strategic islands in the pacific, knocking japanese forces out. they would go from island to island, known as “island hopping”
138
how did movement across america change after world war 2? explain the reasons behind such movement.
people moved to suburbs and the sunbelt.
suburbs- many black people moved to the north to work during ww2. thus, urban areas got dirty and crowded, leading many richer white families to move to the suburbs. started creating a division between life in cities and suburbs, as well as a race difference.
sunbelt- weather and economic opportunities
139
what was project manhattan?
project to develop an atomic bomb. it developed the bomb for hiroshima and nagasaki.
140
explain how europe was defeated in ww2.
d-day, or operation overlord, was in 1944, and the allies recaptured france.
battle of the bulge 1944-1945- hitler’s last attempt
hitler killed himself
europe was defeated
141
when and what was the washington disarmament conference? what treaties were made at the washington conference?
1921 conference between various nations to try to keep peace.
nine power treaty- respect china’s open door policy
four power treaty- to attempt to keep peace in the pacific, and consult each other before making decisions regarding the pacific
five power treaty- attempted to prevent another arms race by limiting naval construction
142
what and when was executive order 9066?
a 1942 order to put all japanese americans into holding camps
