period 4 (1800-1848)

Question 1

what years was jefferson president? political party?

Answer 1

1801-1809

democratic-republican

Question 2

what years was madison president? political party?

Answer 2

1809-1817

democratic-republican

Question 3

what years was monroe president? political party?

Answer 3

1817-1825

democratic-republican

Question 4

what years was quincy adams president? political party?

Answer 4

1825-1829

whig

Question 5

what years was andrew jackson president? political party?

Answer 5

1829-1837

jacksonian democrat

Question 6

what were the main policies of the federalist party?

Answer 6

having a national bank, and a strong central government

Question 7

what were the main policies of the democratic-republican party?

Answer 7

less central government power, more individual state power

Question 8

why was jefferson’s election labeled the “revolution of 1800”?

Answer 8

it represented a shift in government style- from federalist to democratic-republican

Question 9

how did the later-twelfth amendment relate to jefferson’s election?

Answer 9

jefferson and aaron burr (the vice presidential candidate) tied, as there wasn’t a separate ballot for the vice president and president. hamilton’s influence shifted the vote toward jefferson as the final president. the twelfth amendment separated the presidential and vice presidential vote

Question 10

what led to the death of the federalist party?

Answer 10

the war of 1812, as the federalists opposed that war, favoring good relations with great britain (international trade and such). the hartford convention of 1814, where federalists gathered to discuss their oppositions to the war of 1812) is when the federalist party officially went fully down

Question 11

why was the war of 1812 a “class” war?

Answer 11

it revealed the separation of industry between the north and the south. the north, where international trade and naval trade is important, often opposed the war, as trade declined due to the war.

Question 12

why was the “era of good feelings” called such?

Answer 12

it was an era with only one political party

Question 13

what and when was the madison v.s. marbury case? why was it so important?

Answer 13

just barely before he left office, john adams created many new judicial courts in an attempt to keep some federalist power in a now-democratic-republican government. before madison could send all the commissions out, jefferson stopped him. one of the newly appointed judges, marbury, sued to have his commission delivered. it was an important case because it was a test of the “checks and balances” system (if jefferson didn’t give the commission when the supreme court ruled to, how badly would the american public freak?) the supreme court ruled that the law marbury was basing his lawsuit on was unconstitutional. this ruling gave the supreme court the power of judicial review, or the power to interpret the constitution and determine whether or not something is constitutional.

Question 14

what and when was the worcester v. georgia case?

Answer 14

1832 supreme court decision ruling that reversed georgia’s laws regarding the cherokee. ruled that states did not have the power to impose regulations on native american land

Question 15

why was the acquisition of the louisiana territory so important? the two main places beneficial to america in the louisiana territory?

Answer 15

it fulfilled the american idea of manifest destiny, or that america’s fate was to reach from west to east coast. the two most important territories were the great plains and the port of new orleans

Question 16

why was jefferson conflicted over the louisiana purchase?

Answer 16

he believed in strict construction, and the constitution did not explicitly state that the president has the power to expand the country so much. not to mention the american indians- how were they to be integrated into american society? thus, he was conflicted, but ultimately bought it

Question 17

when and what was the louisiana purchase?

Answer 17

1803 purchase of the louisiana territory by the united states from france, who selling it because they were warring with britain and scared they might lose the land anyway

Question 18

what was clay’s american system? what two things happened in 1816 that supported clay’s american system?

Answer 18

the american system was henry clay’s idea of how a good economy should work: (1) a strong national bank, (2) high import tariffs and (3) good transportation systems to expand the market (like roads, bridges, railroads, canals)
in 1816, the first protective tariff was passed, called the tariff of 1816, and the second bank of the united states was rechartered

Question 19

what and when was the missouri compromise?

Answer 19

an 1820 compromise that made missouri a slave state, maine a slave-free state (to keep the balance of slave and slave-free states) and divided the remaining louisiana territory with a line that forbade slavery in territory above the line and allowed slavery below the line

Question 20

what and when was the land act? what was its purpose?

Answer 20

an 1820 act that made western land cheaper. it was meant to encourage westward expansion

Question 21

what and when was the gag resolution?

Answer 21

1836 bill pushed through congress by pro-slaveryites that automatically tabled (put off for later) any potential legislation regarding the banning of slavery

Question 22

what were the barbary wars?

Answer 22

naval wars between america and the barbary countries in the early days of the jefferson administration. the barbary nations demanded a higher monetary tribute be paid, and when jefferson refused, a naval war ensued.

Question 23

what was impressment, and why was it important?

Answer 23

impressment was the british tactic of capturing american naval merchants and forcing them to join the british army. this angered america greatly, and played a large role in starting the war of 1812

Question 24

what were the three acts passed in an attempt to stop the british violence against americans without waging war (before the war of 1812)? under whose presidency?

Answer 24

embargo act of 1807 (jefferson): halted all american international trade
non-intercourse act of 1809 (jefferson): resumed trade with all foreign nations EXCEPT france and britain
macon’s bill no. 2 of 1810 (madison): proposed that france and britain lift their trade regulations, and whichever country rescinded them first, america would resume trade with them and continue the embargo against the other country (france took this offer up, sending america into war against britain)

Question 25

why were the embargo and non-intercourse acts unpopular with the american public?

Answer 25

the lack of international trade meant the price of many goods shot up. the northern colonies also depended on trade for their economy, making the acts even more unpopular

Question 26

what were the orders in council of 1806?

Answer 26

british trade restrictions in a war against france

demanded every ship headed to france stop in a british port first

Question 27

why did the federalist party oppose the war of 1812?

Answer 27

they favored good relations with great britain in order to keep international trade flourishing

Question 28

what was the treaty of 1818?

Answer 28

a treaty between america and great britain that established joint control of the oregon territory and also created the border between the united states and canada

Question 29

what and when was the florida purchase treaty?

Answer 29

an 1819 treaty between america and spain, where america gave up claims to texas in exchange for gaining florida

Question 30

what and when was the russo-american treaty?

Answer 30

an 1824 treaty that limited russian territory in canada, alaska in particular

Question 31

what and when was the monroe doctrine?

Answer 31

an 1823 doctrine that announced the american policies of nonintervention and noncolonization- if europe did not attempt to colonize the america’s (including latin america), america would not intervene in european affairs

Question 32

why did the panic of 1819 happen?

Answer 32

the abrupt halt in international trade due to warfare between america and britain, and the years before of little to no international trade as well

Question 33

what and when was the aroostook war? what treaty ended it?

Answer 33

an 1842 war between america and britain over a disputed border between maine and canada.
it was ended by the webster-ashburton treaty, which formally established the border between british canada and american maine

Question 34

what were two inventions of the first industrial revolution that were important in the north?

Answer 34

elias howe’s sewing machine

eli whitney’s invention of interchangeable parts

Question 35

what were two inventions of the first industrial revolution that were important in the south?

Answer 35

eli whitney’s cotton gin

samuel slater’s power loom

Question 36

what were two inventions of the first industrial revolution that were important in the west?

Answer 36

john deere’s steel plow

mccormick’s mechanical reaper

Question 37

who was robert fulton? why was he important?

Answer 37

credited for the widespread popularity of steamboats during the first industrial revolution. represented an emphasis on better transportation (transportation and market revolutions)

Question 38

when was the transportation revolution? what were the main developments during the transportation revolution?

Answer 38

1840’s-1870’s (between tail end of first industrial revolution, civil war, reconstruction, and start of gilded age)
steamboat
railroads
canals
roads/national roads

Question 39

how did the north and the south help each other grow their industries during the first industrial revolution?

Answer 39

the mechanical improvements to southern agriculture helped farmers produce more product (mostly cotton) and the growing trade industries of the north and its ability to transport products across a wide territory led to a growth in northern and southern industries because of their codependency

Question 40

where were immigrants that came during the first half of the 19th century primarily from? why?

Answer 40

germany and ireland (primarily western europe)
germany to escape from the monarchies after the failed 1848 revolutions
ireland to escape the 1848 potato famine

Question 41

how did movement in the united states change during the first half of the nineteenth century?

Answer 41

many began to move west because of the new transportation, and the new developments in starting the industrialization of agriculture

Question 42

what was the “free labor” ideal?

Answer 42

it was the idea that one could eventually own land and work for themselves, becoming independent

Question 43

what is white collar v.s. blue collar?

Answer 43

white collar meant jobs in the service industry that required a suit and tie on the job
blue collar meant jobs that required manual labor

Question 44

what contributed to the rise of the middle class during the first industrial revolution?

Answer 44

the rise of white collar service jobs now available

Question 45

when and what was the commonwealth v.s. hunt decision? what was its outcome?

Answer 45

1840’s supreme court decision regarding the legality of labor unions
decided that unions were legal as long as they used legal means to achieve their goals
also stated that striking was legal

Question 46

what was the panic of 1837? why did it occur?

Answer 46

an economic downfall that occurred because of the lack of stability in the economy due to the national bank being shut down in 1833. the specie circular in 1836 also contributed because it demanded payment in terms of hard money, prompting businesses to do the same, and there was not enough hard money to keep the u.s. economy running efficiently

Question 47

what was the “putting out” system? how did it relate to the first industrial revolution?

Answer 47

it was a system that involved women and men doing a task at home or making a craft at home, and getting paid by an outside agent, who would then take the work produced. this system became popular during the early days of the first industrial revolution, and it became a transition to the factory that started getting popular during the first industrial revolution, but truly picked up popularity during the second industrial revolution

Question 48

who were the lowell girls? why were they important?

Answer 48

girls that worked in factories in lowell. they were important because they experienced a degree of freedom and economic opportunity not yet given to women, but still saw the sexism present as they were paid less

Question 49

what was the cult of domesticity?

Answer 49

the idea that a women’s place was in the home and in the domestic sphere, not in the public sphere. it was meant to give women a sense of control, as it meant they were completely in charge in the home

Question 50

how did andrew jackson change democracy?

Answer 50

during his administration, many states dropped the property restrictions required for men to vote, opening up politics to much more of america and creating a more direct democracy. he also appealed to many farmers and less elite people, creating an air of involvement for everyone

Question 51

what was the dorr rebellion and the people’s convention?

Answer 51

democratic reformers, who wanted to expand voting, gathered in a people’s convention and wrote a more democratic state constitution. after holding a vote, they won most of the state, but were rejected as illegitimate. federal troops were sent by the government, and the dorr rebellion, as it was called, was put down

Question 52

what and when was the corrupt bargain?

Answer 52

an 1825 scandal that happened during john quincy adams’s election. it was widely believed that john quincy adams convinced henry clay to convince congress to give him the presidency (as it was close with andrew jackson) and in return he made clay secretary of state (which did happen)

Question 53

what tariff caused the nullification crisis? what tariffs were then passed to stop it?

Answer 53

the 1828 tariff of abominations

1832 and 1833 tariffs

Question 54

explain the nullification crisis

Answer 54

after the passage of the 1828 tariff of abominations, international trade sharply declined, angering many states (particularly those involved the cotton trade).
south carolina nullified the bill, and when jackson opposed, stating that states could not nullify federal bills, south carolina threatened to secede
jackson then passed the tariff of 1832 and 1833, lowering tariffs, and passed the 1833 force bill, allowing him to use military force to subdue south carolina, so south carolina did not secede
it raised questions about federal v.s. state power
(ultimately the supreme court decided many times over a state could not nullify federal bills it didn’t agree with)

Question 55

what and when was the specie circular? what was its effect?

Answer 55

an 1836 act that stated all land bought from the government needed to be paid for in hard money, not paper bills. it led to a shortage of available money circulating throughout america, and wrecked the economy with the panic of 1837

Question 56

why did jackson dislike the bank? when did he destroy it? how?

Answer 56

he disliked it because he thought it only served the interests of rich people, and he thought control of the economy should not be in their hands, rather, it should serve the entire united states.
he destroyed it in 1833 by taking all government money out of the bank in 1833 and not rechartering it in 1836

Question 57

name all the economic panics of the 19th century

Answer 57

panic of 1819
panic of 1837
panic of 1857
panic of 1873
panic of 1893

Question 58

how did andrew jackson’s presidency create a two-party system? what were the two parties? what were their main beliefs?

Answer 58

those who liked jackson became the (jacksonian) democrats, and those who disliked him became the whigs
whigs and democrats
the whigs believed in everything outlined in clay’s american system, particularly a national bank and high tariffs, which would support big businesses and make the rich richer
the democrats believed the opposite, disliking tariffs because it would aid the wealthy, and disliking the national bank because it served the wealthy

Question 59

what and when was the indian removal act? what decision did it violate?

Answer 59

an 1830 act that pushed native tribes beyond the mississippi river, kicking them out of their land to give it to american settlers
it violated the worcester v.georgia decision, which stated that states and the government did not have the right to impose regulations on native land

Question 60

who were the seminole? what were the seminole wars?

Answer 60

floridian natives.

wars between american settlers and seminole natives

Question 61

what and when was the indian intercourse act?

Answer 61

an 1834 act that created an “indian territory” for the natives out west after the indian removal act, and promised it wouldn’t be touched
a later act would further limit the land, creating reservations for native tribes

Question 62

what is romanticism? how was romanticism important? how was it related to the industrial revolution?

Answer 62

romanticism is the idea of human perfectibility- that over time we can improve and create a perfect existence, that life is beautiful
it was important because it inspired movements like transcendentalism (appreciating the beauty and spirituality in nature) and several reform movements (abolitionism, mental hospitals and prisons, temperance, 2nd great awakening, utopian societies, etc. trying to improve life)
romanticism can be seen as a reaction to industrialization, resistance to the bad conditions in factories and the developing machinery (because it emphasized beauty, nature, and emotion)

Question 63

what was the hudson river school style of painting? when was it popular?

Answer 63

romanticism in art. an emphasis on bright colors and bringing out emotions and nature
popular during the early to mid 1800s

Question 64

how did the second great awakening connect to the first industrial revolution? how was it different and similar to the first great awakening?

Answer 64

the second great awakening came as a way to find meaning and spiritual connection in a rapidly changing world (from antebellum to industrialization, putting out to factory work and a developing consumerist/entertainment culture, rising quality of life, and just general changes)
the actual preachings of the second great awakening were similar to those of the first- emotion, angry god, anyone could achieve salvation
the cause was different- the first was a reaction to waning church membership, and the second was a result of the desire to find connection and peacefulness in a changing world

Question 65

how did the second great awakening connect to the reform movement?

Answer 65

the idea that one could be saved by being good and ethical led to a society-wide movement to make society better

Question 66

what was transcendentalism? who were some important figures?

Answer 66

a movement that explored the concept of finding meaning and connection in nature (in opposition to the rising materialist culture due to increased availability and rising wages and lowering prices due to greater manufacturing)
emerson and thoreau

Question 67

what was the utopian society movement? what were some utopian societies and their individual characteristics?

Answer 67

a movement exploring the best way to live (mostly socialist)
brook farm- transcendentalism and socialism
shakers- dancing
oneida colony- complex marriage/polygamy

Question 68

what was the temperance movement? any important characteristics/events? successful?

Answer 68

a movement to end the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol
had many women involved- women’s christian temperance union founded in 1874
maine law of 1851- completely banned alcohol (manufacture, sale, consumption)
not really successful- many people would just consume it illegally

Question 69

what was the abolitionist movement? any important characteristics/events? successful?

Answer 69

attempted to get rid of slavery
there were many different types of abolitionists, and this made their goals scattered:
abolitionist: wanted to get rid of slavery right away and free blacks and incorporate them into american society (garrison, who wrote the liberator, and john brown, who was very violent)
american colonization society: wanted to send all blacks to a colony in africa, so they wouldn’t be competition and also wouldn’t be slaves
free soilers- (not really abolitionist) didn’t want slavery in new territories, but didn’t care about the old
involved many women- susan b. anthony, elizabeth cady stanton
successful after the civil war

Question 70

what was the mental asylum/prison movement? any important characteristics/events?

Answer 70

movement to get better treatment and understanding for the mentally ill and imprisoned
had women involved- dorothea dix in particular

Question 71

who was elijah lovejoy?

Answer 71

an abolitionist who was killed by proslaveryites

Question 72

what was the seneca falls convention? what were the main goals of feminism during the early 1800s?

Answer 72

an 1848 convention where feminists discussed the treatment of women and their goals
mostly the right to vote, but also just improving the overall status of women compared to men- gender equality

Question 73

what were some slave rebellions in the early 19th century?

Answer 73

vesey’s rebellion: failed rebellion in 1822 by slaves and vesey, who was a free black man
nat turner’s rebellion: extremely violent rebellion in 1831 of slaves, eventually put down by government
book published in 1929 encouraging blacks to resist slavery by all means possible

Question 74

who was frederick douglass?

Answer 74

a slave who escaped slavery and was a powerful speaker in the abolitionist movement. he also helped in the underground railroad

Question 75

what was the “peculiar institution” and “positive good”? what were some arguments of proslaveryites?

Answer 75

the peculiar institution was a euphemism for slavery, stating it was bad but it needed to exist and that the southern economy depended on slavery.
later, those who supported slavery began seeing it as a positive good, stating it was good for the slaves, that they received education and a place to live and food
proslaveryites argued that slave conditions were better than the northern factory workers’ conditions

Question 76

what was white supremacy? what was the kkk?

Answer 76

white supremacy was the idea that white people were superior to all other races.
the kkk was a white supremacist group that appeared after the civil war and demonstrated acts of extreme violence against freed slaves, like lynching. they spurred in and out of popularity for the 19th century and parts of the 20th century (like red summer in 1919)

Question 77

how did american expansion provoke the slavery issue?

Answer 77

as america expanded, arguments started over the balance of slave states and non-slave states, because if it was uneven, one side would have more power in the government through congress