Period 6 Test Flashcards
1
Q
What events highlighted the politics of the Gilded Age?
A
The Elections from End of Civil War up to 1890s.
2
Q
What was the first election after the Civil War?
A
1868
3
Q
Describe the events leading up to the 1868 Election.
A
Lincoln elected in 1864, assassinated and Johnson becomes President. Johnson would not run again.
4
Q
Why did Johnson not run again in 1868?
A
It was because of his misdealing and impeachment issues.
5
Q
Who did the Republicans nominate for the 1868 election?
A
Grant
6
Q
Why did Republicans like Grant?
A
They felt good Generals made Good Presidents.
7
Q
Was the Great Generals Great Presidents proved true by Grant?
A
No
8
Q
Who did the Democrats nominate in 1868?
A
Horatio Seymour
9
Q
What did Seymour do before the election?
A
He was the NY Governor
10
Q
What was the main difference between Seymour and Grant?
A
Seymour had experience, unlike Grant.
11
Q
What was a campaign tactic Republicans used for Grant
A
“Wave the Bloody Shirt”
12
Q
What was “Waving the Bloody Shirt?”
A
The campaigners took the bloody shirt and go out on a campaign and say Grant was man to elect because he is best thing for America, the key general who won the Civil War.
13
Q
What was Grant’s administration filled with?
A
corruption and scandals
14
Q
What name was given to Grant’s administration?
A
Era of Good Stealings
15
Q
What was our population in 1870?
A
39 million
16
Q
From 1860 to 1870, what was the population change?
A
We increased by 26.6%.
17
Q
Why was the 1860-70 population increase surprising?
A
Because we lost 600,000 people in a bloody Civil War.
18
Q
What caused our population to rise despite the Civil War?
A
Immigration
19
Q
How did immigration affect our population from 1860-70?
A
So many immigrants came into the US, that it raised the population despite fighting a war against ourselves.
20
Q
What did our large population increase make us in relation to the world?
A
We were now #3 in population of the whole Western World.
21
Q
Were we #3 in the whole world in population?
A
No
22
Q
What countries were we behind in the western world in population?
A
Russia and France
23
Q
What other countries were ahead of us in the entire world population count besides France and Russia?
A
China and India
24
Q
What was Grant’s first scandal as President?
A
Tweed Ring
25
Where was Tweed Ring located?
New York City
26
Describe Tweed Ring and what they would do.
A corrupt circle of politicians who would literally buy peoples' votes, and eventually buy elections as a result.
27
Who led Tweed Ring?
Boss Tweed
28
What else did Tweed create?
A pre-mafia criminal empire
29
How much was Tweed's criminal empire worth?
$200 Million
30
What was interesting about Tweed's criminal empire and political empire?
They were worth about the same money.
31
Who eventually brings down Tweed?
Samuel Tilden
32
What was Tilden's job when he took down Tweed?
He was an attorney from New York.
33
What was Tilden's future after taking down Tweed? Why?
He will come up again in political races because Americans are celebrating he took down this corrupt ring.
34
What was Grant's second scandal?
Credit Mobilier
35
What industry did Credit Mobilier relate to?
Railroad industry
36
What was the Credit Mobilier?
A fake company setup by the Union Pacific.
37
What was the Union Pacific?
A a major railroad company at the time in the US, as they build part of the Transcontinental Railroad.
38
What was the idea behind the Union Pacific setting up the Credit Mobilier?
They could infiltrate Congress with bribes, corruption, and low-life deals to win Congressmen’s votes on certain railroad bills in Congress to be passed.
39
How does Credit Mobilier infiltrate Congress?
They do lots of tainted favors for Congress.
40
What one favor in Congress does Credit Mobilier do?
They have a man in Congress selling shares to Credit Mobilier to other Congressmen.
41
Why was there a man in Congress selling Credit Mobilier shares?
They felt if Congressmen can buy shares of the company and then will vote yes to make the company more profitable and could profit from their shares.
42
Are Congressmen allowed to buy shares and endorse a certain company anymore?
No, it's illegal
43
When was the Credit Mobilier scandal exposed?
1872
44
Who exposed the Credit Mobilier scandal?
a newspaper
45
Who were some of the political officials involved in the Credit Mobilier scandal?
- Congressmen, such as James A. Garfield
- Vice President
- Speaker of the House
46
What was significant about the VP and Speaker of the House being involved in the Credit Mobilier?
They are the first two people line for the Presidency and are involved in this scandal.
47
What was the third scandal for Grant?
The Whiskey Ring
48
How did the Whiskey Ring scandal begin?
A group of men who decided it would be fun to defraud the government created counterfeit revenue stamps and defrauded the government millions of dollars.
49
How did Grant feel about the Whiskey Ring scandal?
He was furious and wanted to punish everyone who was involved in this scandal.
50
What changed his mind about punishing everyone in the Whiskey Ring scandal?
When Grant found out his Private Secretary, was involved
51
Who was Grant's private secretary?
Former General Orville Babcock.
52
What did Grant do when he found out Babcock was involved?
He wanted to get him off the hook and save him from punishment.
53
Why did Grant want to save Babcock from punishment?
He was a close official to Grant.
54
How many people were indicted in the Whiskey Ring scandal? What punishment did they receive later on?
About 200 other people were indicted and would serve jail time as a result.
55
What was the fourth scandal of Grant's administration?
The Belknap Scandal
56
Who was involved in Belknap scandal?
Secretary of War Belknap
57
What did Belknap do in the scandal?
He winds up stealing $24K from the Native Americans/
58
How did Belknap steal the $24K from the Natives?
He was selling supplies to natives and is over-charging for those supplies, with the profits, he keeps them and it amounts to $24K.
59
What was significant about Belknap taking in $24K?
That value of money was a lot back then.
60
Who dealt with one final scandal in the Grant administration?
Congress
61
What scandal did Congress have in Grant's administration?
The Salary Grab Act
62
How did the Salary Grab Act make Congress look? How did citizens feel about it?
It was embarrassing for the Congress and the citizens were very angry about this.
63
What did Congress do in the Salary Grab Act?
They voted to increase their salaries, as well as the President's salary.
64
How much does Congress increase the President's salary in the Salary Grab Act?
It doubles, from $25K to $50K.
65
How much did Congress increase salaries for Congressmen in the SGA?
They raised it between $5K and $7K, depending on the person's role in Congress.
66
What other corrupt move did Congress make as part of the SGA?
They made the raises to salaries retroactive.
67
How did Congress make their salary raises retroactive?
If you were in Congress by this one date, you got a raise for all these past years, which totaled up and essentially gave them another bonus of $5K.
68
What was the problem with Congress making their salaries retroactive?
It gave them money for terms in Congress they already had and are currently in, which kept adding onto their first bonus and gave them more money.
69
How did the citizens respond to the SGA?
They were furious and forced Congress to eventually repeal their own raises.
70
What are today's laws relating to increasing payment for Congressmen?
Congress cannot vote itself a raise in its current term, it may only vote a raise in future terms, must be re-elected to count that raise.
71
Who is the Republican candidate in the 1872 Election?
Grant
72
How was Grant viewed in the election of 1872 by Republicans?
Republicans are not thrilled with him because of scandals, but have to go with him as they have no choice, nobody else around.
73
What happens inside the Republican Party during the Election of 1872?
There is a defection inside the party.
74
Who defected from the Republican party in 1872?
Liberal Republicans
75
Why did the Liberal Republicans defect from the party?
They were unhappy with Grant.
76
With this party defection in 1872, how much support does Grant get?
He still gets a lot, but much less than in 1868.
77
Who was the Democratic candidate in 1872?
Horace Greeley
78
What did Greeley do before the 1872 election?
He was en editor for the NY Tribune, a newspaper man.
79
What was key about the two top candidates in the 1872 General Election?
Neither candidate had a lot of real political experience.
80
Describe how both Grant and Greeley had very little experience by the 1872 election.
Greeley had no experience at all, as he worked for a newspaper, and Grant had no political experience before being President, and was President for 4 years in a mess of an administration.
81
When Liberal Republicans left the party, who did they support in 1872?
Greeley
82
How did the 1872 Election turn out?
Grant won very narrowly.
83
How did Grant win very narrowly?
It was a tight election, there was no real good choice because of lack of experience, neither side had clear advantage.
84
What was significant about the 1872 Election in relation to the Gilded Age's politics?
All the other Gilded Age elections would be tight like this one, sets up this theme, as the country is on the fence of who wins each election.
85
In Grant's Second Term, what major issue occurred?
The Panic of 1873
86
What is a panic similar to?
An economic depression or recession
87
What was tough about the Panic of 1873?
We had to deal with both this panic and Grant's scandals.
88
How long did the 1873 Panic last?
6 years, from 1873-79.
89
What caused the Panic of 1873?
A financial collapse caused by over-speculation.
90
During the Panic, how many risky financial behaviors could have risked our economy?
4
91
What were the four risky financial behaviors of the Gilded Age, which caused the panic of 1873?
over-investment in:
- railroads
- factories
- agriculture
- banking
92
How would one over-invest in factories, causing the Panic of 1873?
People were building too many manufacturing facilities and being unable to support them with the demand in the market.
93
How was over-investing in agriculture a risk during the Gilded Age?
There was new farming equipment around, farmers got loans from banks to use this equipment, but were unable to use it to its potential and turn out a successful crop, selling in the market where prices were depressed.
94
How did over-investment in banking cause financial risk and lead to the 1873 Panic?
There was really risky banking going on, as people gave faulty loans that were not supported by responsible people.
95
What were the two main effects of the Panic of 1873?
- 15,000 businesses went bankrupt
| - 3 million people were unemployed
96
How was losing 15,000 businesses to bankruptcy a blow to our economy during the Panic?
It was a large number of places considering the country's size, we were not large western manufacturing power yet, as this was a big blow to the economy.
97
How was having 3 million people unemployed a hit to our economy?
Since our total population was 39M people, 3 million unemployed brought our rate to over 10% of the workforce.
98
How did people respond to the Panic of 1873?
They wanted to get money and wanted government to resolve this.
99
How did people want the government to fix the Panic of 1873 issue?
They hoped the government would issue more money.
100
What was the ultimate peoples' plan for fixing the Panic of 1873?
Going to a Silver Standard
101
Why did the American people want us to change to a silver standard?
We were on a Gold Standard for a long time, country felt if we went from gold to silver, the government can issue more money based on the silver we can build up
102
Why did Americans think going to a silver standard would get the people more money?
Silver is a cheaper but still precious metal, and we also had lots of silver in our economy as well. The government could save money and get it to the people.
103
Did the government decide to go to a Silver Standard?
No
104
Why did the government not want to go to a Silver Standard?
They knew it would reduce the value of the money and then causing rapid inflation, as they needed the money process backed by something tangible.
105
What system does the government try to use during the Panic of 1873 with respect to money?
They will issue more gold-backed money called “greenbacks".
106
Who dubbed the term "Gilded Age"?
Mark Twain
107
Describe the state of the Gilded Age politics as a whole.
- they are very unstable
- many close elections, especially in Presidential races
- Congress is back and forth
108
What was the voter turnout during the Gilded Age of eligible voters, and what is that compared to today?
There was an 80% turnout for Presidential years, almost double of what we see today.
109
Describe how Congress was back and forth politically during the Gilded Age.
The majority party flipped usually after each set of elections, no consistent leadership in the country, it was changing constantly.
110
What were the Republican Party's values during the Gilded Age?
They valued morality and government regulation.
111
What were the Democratic Party's values during the Gilded Age?
They valued toleration, looser government and more laissez-faire.
112
What kind of toleration did Democrats value in the Gilded Age? What kind did they not value?
It was not racial or cultural toleration, but toleration of letting people do what they want to do in a free economy.
113
After two terms as President, what did Grant do in the future?
He made attempts to run for President twice more, but failed.
114
In 1876, who did the Republicans nominate?
Rutherford B. Hayes
115
Where was Hayes from?
Ohio
116
What was significant about Hayes being from Ohio?
He started a string of Ohio Presidents during the Gilded Age, as early on we had string of Virginians, now we had Ohioans.
117
Who did the Democrats nominate in the 1876 Election?
Samuel J. Tilden
118
What was Tilden's experience before this election?
He was the attorney that took down Boss Tweed
119
Who won the popular vote in 1876?
Tilden
120
Describe the electoral vote situation in the 1876 Election.
Tilden is one vote short of the Presidency, and had 184, needed 185 to win.
121
What states were left with votes that had not been counted when Tilden was one vote short? All those states put together totaled how many votes?
Louisiana, South Carolina, Florida, and Eastern Oregon were left outstanding and totaled to 20 electoral votes.
122
What was the problem with the results from these four outstanding states in 1876?
Their results differed, as when two sets of results were counted, Louisiana and South Carolina had different winners in each vote count, making people confused who would win.
123
With this electoral vote confusion in 1876, what did the government do?
They passed the Electoral Count Act
124
What did the Electoral Count Act do?
It set up a commission of 15 members who will decide how to determine which set of voting results to take.
125
What did the Electoral Count Committee consist of?
Congressmen, Supreme Court Justices, and Senators.
126
What was the problem with the Electoral Count Committee?
They needed an odd number, so there would never be a tie, but there is an 8-7 Republican majority.
127
With the Electoral Count Committee's Republican majority, what results were chosen to be official by them?
The Republican-favored results in South Carolina and Louisiana.
128
How did the Democrats feel about the decision on making Hayes President by the EC Committee?
They were very angry.
129
With the Electoral Count committee taking the Republican results in those 4 states (2 of which were Republican on both return forms, 2 differed), how did the election play out?
Hayes became President
130
With Hayes' controversial victory and the Democrats' anger, what do Republicans decide to do?
They will make a negotiation with Democrats in the election's wake.
131
What was the deal made after the 1876 Election?
The Reconstruction troops are to be withdrawn from southern states and Hayes will be President with no controversy.
132
How was the end of Reconstruction negotiation viewed for both sides?
Republicans agree to end Reconstruction at this point, good news for the south, as south was willing to give up election in order to get military reconstruction troops out of the south.
133
What caused the end of Reconstruction?
The controversial results of the 1876 Election.
134
How long did military Reconstruction last?
1865-1877
135
What was the real main result of ending military reconstruction in the south?
Blacks were really not much better off.
136
What were some problems for blacks after Reconstruction ended?
- many were sharecroppers
- voting rights were not respected
- Jim Crow/segregation laws came into effect
137
After Reconstruction, why did blacks rights' dwindle?
The South knew they could now be more free in making laws without any major northern response, as military troops were gone, and the only people to defend the blacks were themselves.
138
Describe how blacks' rights were disrespected after Reconstruction ended.
Their voting rights were limited with literacy tests and grandfather clauses, hate groups like the KKK disrespected them.
139
Describe how blacks were segregated.
Many facilities such as schools were segregated, black and white, and blacks learned in the bad schools, while whites learned in the nicer schools.
140
What was the problem for blacks with sharecropping?
They basically were doing labor on their former slave owner's land, but making a little bit of money as they shared some crops and profits.
141
What major Supreme Court case related to segregation in the south later on? What year was this case?
Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896
142
What was established in Plessy v. Ferguson?
The theory of "separate but equal."
143
What did the "separate but equal" theory mean?
As long as the facilities are in equally good shape, it is okay that they are segregated.
144
What was the Plessy v. Ferguson decision based on?
14th Amendment
145
How did the court rule Plessy v. Ferguson in relation to the 14th Amendment?
The Amendment meant qual rights for every citizen, including former slaves, and says each citizen will be treated equally according to the law, even if they are separated.
146
How did people view President Hayes?
They did not really respect him as the legitimate winner and called him nicknames.
147
What nicknames did people call President Hayes?
"Old 8 to 7" and "His Fraudulency"
148
How long did Hayes serve as President?
One term
149
What was Hayes most noted for as President?
- The Labor Disputes
| - Chinese Immigration
150
Where did many Chinese immigrants come into?
California
151
Why did many Chinese immigrants come to California?
They were looking for work and prosperity.
152
Where did many Chinese immigrants work?
Mainly in mines or on the railroads.
153
Who was Dennis Kearney and what did he do?
He was an abusive man towards the Chinese people who worked for him.
154
What was the name for Kearney's group of followers?
Kearneyites
155
What did Kearney and his followers think about the Chinese immigrants?
They deeply resented them and their cheap labor.
156
Why did Kearney and his followers dislike the cheap labor of the Chinese immigrants?
Because people did not pay Chinese anywhere near how much they would pay an American citizen.
157
With the movement of the Kearneyites and the mass hiring of the cheap labor in the Chinese, what happens in Congress?
Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act.
158
What did the Chinese Exclusion Act do?
It set up a quota for how many Chinese immigrants are allowed into the US in any given year.
159
How was the number of admitted Chinese immigrants determined under the Exclusion Act?
It was based on census data from a few decades ago.
160
How did some people feel about using past censuses to determine how many Chinese immigrants could come in?
They felt it was an unfair estimate of how many Chinese immigrants are let in and was poorly done.
161
How did Hayes feel about the Chinese Exclusion Act? Why?
He disliked the act, as he is from the Republicans, the party for morality in the Gilded Age.
162
What does Hayes do after the Chinese Exclusion is passed in Congress?
He vetoed it.
163
What would eventually happen to the Chinese Exclusion Act after Hayes left office?
It would later passed along in the future.
164
Who did the Republicans nominate in the election of 1880?
James A. Garfield
165
Where was Garfield from?
Ohio
166
Who was James Garfield's running mate?
Chester A. Arthur
167
Who did the Democrats nominate in the election of 1880?
General Winfield Scott Hancock
168
How did the 1880 election turn out?
Hancock won popular vote, but Garfield narrowly won the electoral college and became President.
169
What process do most politicians use when appointing office seekers to government positions?
They let local offices pick them.
170
How was patronage carried out?
The President would pick his own men
171
How did Garfield feel about patronage?
He liked it and wanted to do his own thing by picking his own men.
172
What government job caused lots of contention during Garfield's job appointments?
A Custom House Job opening.
173
Where was the contention about the Custom House job for Garfield?
New York
174
Which man really wanted the job with the Custom House under Garfield's administration?
Charles Guiteau
175
How did Guiteau show he really wanted Garfield to appoint him?
He constantly petitioned Garfield for the right to be appointed for the job.
176
How did Garfield respond to Guiteau's campaigning for the Custom House job?
He said no.
177
What did Guiteau do after Garfield told him he could not have the Custom house job?
He decided to assassinate Garfield.
178
How did Guiteau assassinate Garfield?
He walked right up to him in this room, pointed gun at him and shot him in the stomach.
179
Describe what happened to Garfield after he was shot.
He lingered for another 10 weeks and kept living with a bullet in his stomach.
180
During those 10 weeks after Garfield's assassination, what was done to him to try to remove the bullet?
The doctors brought in Thomas Edison to figure out where the bullet was in his stomach, so the surgeons could try to remove it.
181
Did the plan with Edison and the surgery work out?
No
182
When did Garfield die in relation to him being shot?
He died 10 weeks later
183
Who became President after Garfield died?
VP Chester Arthur
184
How was Arthur viewed as President by the people?
He was seen as an unqualified President, as Arthur even did not want the job when Garfield was killed and he felt unprepared for the job and did not want responsibility of the office.
185
Describe Arthur's background.
He came from a corrupt background in New York City, when he was head of the Customs Office.
186
Where is Arthur from?
New York
187
How was Arthur corrupt as head of the Customs Office?
He was susceptible to bribes and he took them.
188
When Arthur was VP and President, what did he hope to do with his background?
He wanted to put all of that behind him at this point and move on with a clean image, and tries to do it when he was VP and President.
189
What major act was passed in Arthur's administration?
Pendleton Act
190
When was the Pendleton Act passed?
1883
191
Why was the Pendleton Act passed?
As a result of the causes of Garfield's assassination with patronage.
192
What did the Pendleton Act do?
It set up a merit system, whereby you have to be qualified for the appointment for the position you want, you cannot just use patronage anymore.
193
After the Pendleton Act was passed, what else was used to ensure this act would be followed?
The Civil Service Commission
194
Why was the Civil Service Commission created?
To determine who has the merit to be given a job for the government.
195
What is the job of the Civil Service Commission?
They need to present job candidates with the Civil Services Exam.
196
What was the Civil Services Exam about?
You had to prove your aptitude and qualifications for particular jobs, you had to take it to work for the government.
197
Who did the Republicans nominate in 1884?
James G. Blaine
198
Did Arthur run again after he finished Garfield's term?
No
199
Who did the Democrats nominate in 1884?
Grover Cleveland
200
Who won the 1884 Election?
Cleveland
201
What was significant about the 1884 Election?
With Cleveland's win, he is the first Democrat since Buchanan in 1856 to win the Presidency, after long string of Republicans, first Democrat to win post-civil war.
202
Why did Cleveland mainly win and get so many votes?
Some Republicans, who were disgusted with their party’s leadership, defected and voted for Cleveland.
203
What was the name for Republicans who voted for Cleveland?
Mugwumps
204
What was key about the Mugwumps who voted for Cleveland?
Their votes will push Cleveland over the line to win.
205
How much did Cleveland win by?
He won by 29,000 popular votes in a close win.
206
What major issue came up in Cleveland's first term?
Morrill Tariff
207
What has happened to the Morrill Tariff since the Civil War?
It has been very high.
208
How has the Morrill tariff been high before the war?
The had to raise the tariff with the Morrill Tariff Bill.
209
How did the South feel about raising the tariff before the war?
It made them angry and was a cause of why they left the Union.
210
After the south seceded, did the Union keep the tariff? Why?
They kept it and increased it during the war in order to raise money to fund the war, and since the south was out, they could have it for themselves.
211
In 1884, was the tariff still in place?
Yes
212
What did Cleveland do about the tariff in his first term?
He suggests lowering the tariff.
213
Why did Cleveland favor in lowering the tariff?
It was because we had a surplus in the Treasury of $145M.
214
How did people feel about Cleveland wanting to lower the tariff rate?
Many northerners disliked it, especially the Northern manufacturers. It was a very unpopular move.
215
Why were northern manufacturers angry when Cleveland wanted to lower tariffs?
Those workers want tariffs to protect them to force people to buy their goods over European goods.
216
What other issue did Cleveland deal with as President besides the tariff?
Scandals
217
What was Cleveland's main scandal as President?
He was given a ward of the state, who was 21 years old, and Cleveland was over 50 when he was President, and they get married in the White House.
218
What other allegations came out about Cleveland and his 21 year old wife in his first term?
It was rumored that he beat her up when he was drunk.
219
What was Cleveland's other issue with drinking as President?
That he would get on drunken rages and beat her.
220
Was it proven that Cleveland beat his wife when he was drunk?
No
221
Even though his drinking issues were not proven true, what was the problem about the talk for them?
The thoughts of scandal by the people plagued him with the people.
222
What other family problem/scandal did Cleveland deal with as President?
He also had a child out of wedlock, so when he became President, he had illegitimate child.
223
Who did the Democrats nominate in 1888?
Incumbent President Cleveland
224
Who did the Republicans nominate in 1888?
Benjamin Harrison
225
Where was Benjamin Harrison from?
Indiana
226
Who won the 1888 Election? By how much?
Harrison narrowly wins the election.
227
What factors caused Cleveland to lose the 1888 Election?
Between lowering the tariff and the alleged scandals, he made many people upset and lost voters as a result.
228
What were the three main political themes of the Gilded Age?
- Dominated by Republican Presidents
- Plagued by constant scandals and corruption
- blurred by flip-flopping politics
229
How was the Gilded Age dominated by Republican Presidents?
Every President except Cleveland was a Republican.
230
How was the Gilded Age's politics blurred by flip-flopping politics?
Congress shifted its control almost every election, and we had very narrow Presidential races.
231
What was the most profound industry of the Gilded Age?
Railroad Industry
232
What was the significance of railroads in the Gilded Age?
It was an impactful thing we did during a peaceful time in the country, an amazing transformation of the country that moved us forward.
233
How much railroad track did we have in 1865?
35,000 miles
234
What was the problem with our 35K miles in 1865?
3/4 of those miles of track were in the north.
235
What was the problem with having most railroad track in the north, even after the Civil War?
There was deep concern of developing the whole country.
236
How did we have to develop the whole country during the Gilded Age?
We had to recover the South from after the Civil War, and we had to bind the west coast to the rest of the country, as there was a huge gap of undeveloped land, west coast was aloof.
237
Why was it imperative we connect the West coast with the rest of America?
The last thing anyone wanted to see was the west coast to secede because they could have felt left out and aloof on their own, we hoped California would not go back to the Bear Flag Republic.
238
By 1900, how many miles of railroad did we have?
192,556 miles
239
Before we developed all this new track and had this issue with connecting the west coast, what did the government do?
They saw a strong need for a transcontinental railroad.
240
To get a transcontinental railroad built, what must be needed?
an incentive to build it
241
When people needed an incentive to build the railroad, what did the government do?
They gave railroad builders land and money.
242
How did the governments give land and money for people building railroads? How much did they give?
Federal government gave 155 million acres to build, and state governments gave 49 million acres. For each mile of track built, they were given between 16K and 48K.
243
Why did governments give land and money incentives to build the transcontinental railroad?
They wanted it to get done soon, so they gave them an incentive to work hard on it.
244
Who built the first transcontinental railroad?
Two major railroad companies.
245
What two companies built the first transcontinental railroad?
Union Pacific and Central Pacific
246
What part of the railroad does Union Pacific build?
They started in Omaha, NE and went west to the point where both lines met.
247
How many workers did Union Pacific use to build the railroad? What kind of workers were they?
They used about 5000 Irish workers.
248
How many miles of track did Union Pacific build on the first transcontinental railroad?
1086 miles
249
How many miles did Union Pacific build per day?
10 miles
250
Where did the Central Pacific build the railroad from?
They go west to east, from California, inland.
251
Which railroad company had the harder road to build? Why?
Central Pacific had it harder because they had to go through the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada.
252
Why was it harder for the Central Pacific to go through the rockies?
It was more difficult to lay down track and it needs more reconfiguring of land to lay down the track.
253
What group of workers did the Central Pacific company use to build their railroad?
They used mostly Chinese workers
254
How many miles of track did Central Pacific build?
689 miles
255
What was the place where both Central Pacific and Union Pacific met the tracks?
Ogden, Utah
256
What do the two companies do when they meet at Ogden, UT?
They take a gold spike and drive it into the ground to bring the tracks together.
257
Where is the gold spike from the railroad juncture placed today?
Stanford University
258
Why is the gold spike from the railroad juncture at Stanford?
Leland Stanford was a big finance of the Central Pacific, and he founded the University.
259
What political position did Stanford hold as a wealthy businessman?
He would be Governor of California.
260
Who was deemed to be the greatest railroad builder ever?
James Hill
261
What did James Hill do as a railroad builder?
He helped build the first transcontinental railroad and would help build a second railroad, the Northern Pacific.
262
During the Civil War, describe the conditions of railroads.
They were in poor conditions and in a mess.
263
What are some of the changes to the railroads done during the Gilded Age?
- lowered rates
- standard gauges
- steel rails
- air brakes
- Pullman sleeping car
264
Why did the railroad companies want to lower rates in the Gilded Age?
They wanted to have more people using them and to be affordable for the common man.
265
Before steel rails, what was used by railroad companies to build track?
Iron
266
What were the problems with iron rails?
The iron was heavy, porous, and weak for the mission.
267
Why was a steel track better suited for railroads than the previous iron tracks?
Steel was lighter, more flexible, and had more endurance in bad weather.
268
What is a railroad track's gauge?
The width of the train tracks.
269
Why did railroads in the Gilded Age go to a standard gauge?
All the railroads had different track widths, so when you got to another track, you had to change cars and unload all the stuff and load it onto another car in order to keep moving, the standard gauge made it so you did not have to change cars.
270
Why did railroads of the Gilded Age change to air brakes?
The older brakes were rickety, not very strong, and caused many accidents, which made it uncomfortable for passengers.
271
What was the benefit of having air brakes on trains?
It made for a more comfortable ride as a passenger and made for an easier stop.
272
What was the Pullman sleeping car?
A car that is comfortable to ride long distance in, where you can sleep.
273
Why did the transcontinental railroads implement Pullman sleeping cars on their trains?
If there is a long transcontinental railroad with moving passengers, you want to make them feel comfortable if they are riding across the country.
274
How did the railroad unite America in transportation?
It made us worry no longer about wagons or steamboats and river system, we could now essentially go anywhere we wanted in the country by rail, and it connected our west coast to the east.
275
How did the transcontinental railroad help our economy?
It increased our domestic market.
276
How did the transcontinental railroad help with trading?
We could move more raw materials and agriculture around the country more easily.
277
How did the transcontinental railroad help immigrants?
The immigrants going west were able to travel easier across the country.
278
What system is implemented by the railroad operators after a few years of the railroad system?
We introduced the time zones.
279
Why did railroad operators create the time zones?
There were many wrecks happening because people did not know what time trains would arrive at different places.
280
How were time zones created in America?
They divide the country into 4 time zones.
281
What are the four American time zones created in the Gilded Age?
- Eastern
- Central
- Mountain
- Pacific
282
Was the railroad industry free of corruption?
No
283
What corrupt actions took place in the railroad industry?
- stock watering
- bribery
- pooling rates
- secret rebates
284
Where did stock watering come from?
the cattle industry
285
What was "stock watering" in the cattle industry?
Before cows were weighed to gauge a price on them at markets, farmers would feed them salt, which would make them thirsty, and the cows would drink lots of water to increase their weight and price
286
How did railroad businessmen "stock water" their industry?
They talk about their company in a way that is so appealing that it boosts the price of the stocks to an unreasonable value.
287
How was the railroad industry's stock watering process corrupt?
The stock values they put on were not a true value of the stock’s worth, as they did this by word of mouth, not real values.
288
Who did railroad businessmen bribe in their corrupt dealings? Why did they bribe these people?
They bribed officials for passage of bills in Congress.
289
What did it mean when railroad businessmen pooled their rates?
It meant that several railroad operators got together in geographic areas and decided to split the profits instead of relying on one company.
290
How was pooling rates by the railroad businessmen corrupt?
This drove down the competition, but increased the profits for the businesspeople, so it hurt the economy, but helped the businessmen.
291
How did railroad businessmen give secret rebates?
If you were a frequent traveler you got a kickback and in some cases you went a shorter distance, you paid more than going a longer distance.
292
Who was affected by the secret rebating by railroad businessmen?
It affected people who moved goods and merchandise.
293
How did the states respond to this railroad corruption to try to stop it.
The states were taking upon themselves to regulate the railroads.
294
What happened as a result of states regulating railroads?
The Wabash Case
295
What did the Wabash Case rule about railroad regulation?
States cannot regulate, as it was interstate commerce, it was federal regulation, goes back to ruling of interstate commerce from 60 years ago.
296
What was created following the Wabash Case?
Interstate Commerce Act
297
When was the Interstate Commerce Act created?
1887
298
What did the Interstate Commerce Act do?
It takes away the corrupt practicing by these railroad businessmen of bribing, pooling, secret rebating, or changing long haul vs. short haul.
299
What was the effect of the Interstate Commerce Act?
It curtails the corruption of these businessmen
300
What did the Interstate Commerce Act establish?
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
301
What is the role of the ICC?
To oversee business deals to ensure there is no corruption
302
During the Gilded Age, what major business tool was formed?
Trusts
303
After more and more adding to manufacturing, what eventually happens to US industry?
The US is #1 among manufacturing nations after a while.
304
When did the US become #1 in manufacturing nations?
1894
305
What was significant about us becoming #1 in manufacturing?
It showed how we made up lost ground quickly after the Civil War.
306
What economic cause made us #1 in manufacturing growth?
Within 30 years, US patent office issues 440,000 patents for workers.
307
What are the top industries invested in by mainly one person that got very rich?
oil, steel, business, railroad
308
Which man was on top of the steel industry in the Gilded Age?
Andrew Carnegie
309
Which man is on top of the business industry in the Gilded Age?
John Pierpont Morgan
310
Which man is on top of the oil industry in the Gilded Age?
John D. Rockefeller
311
Which man is on top of the railroad industry in the Gilded Age?
Cornelius Vanderbilt
312
How many ways did the top of the industry people establish their empires and got rich?
3 ways
313
What 3 methods were used by the top of the industry men to establish their empires and get rich?
- vertical integration
- horizontal integration
- interlocking directorates
314
Which wealthy person used each method to grow the industry they controlled?
Carnegie used vertical integration
Rockefeller used horizontal integration
Morgan used interlocking directorates
315
How did Carnegie use vertical integration to grow his monopoly?
He controlled or monopolized every step of the production process.
316
What are some steps of the process in the steel industry? What did Carnegie do in all of these steps?
They workers must mine coal and transport coal, needs to produce steel, needs to transport it out to sell it in the market. Carnegie controlled all these steps in his vertical integration plan.
317
How did Rockefeller use horizontal integration to grow his monopoly?
He took one step of the oil refining process and controls all of that one step.
318
What one step of oil refinements did Rockefeller control?
Since he was geographically widespread, he would visit and control a vast number of oil refineries, where he gets very rich.
319
How did Morgan use interlocking directorates to grow his monopoly?
He would go to failing banks and put his people on the board of directors, he would often put them on multiple boards of directors.
320
Why did Morgan put his people on multiple boards of directors at banks?
So the directorates would interlock, had common interests, which was to make Morgan get more money and fix each bank.
321
What was the state of oil in the 1860s?
It had minor uses.
322
What were the minor uses of oil in the 1860s?
It was used as kerosene to turn on a lamp and other smaller uses.
323
What invention hurt the oil industry in 1860s?
The invention and perfection of the electric lightbulb by Thomas Edison
324
What did it look like for the oil industry after the lightbulb was created?
It looks like it will have no use for the future.
325
What industry brought up the oil industry in the Gilded Age?
The Automobile industry
326
How did the automobile industry help the oil industry?
The auto industry pushes a need for oil with the invention of the automobile, it keeps oil going in its industry.
327
After the automobiles were created, what was happening to Rockefeller and his oil businesses?
He was receiving great money and becoming richer.
328
How much of the American oil refineries would Rockefeller control at one point? What did this do for him?
He controlled 95% of the country's oil refineries, making him very rich.
329
What other industry, like oil needed a boost to improve its industry?
Steel
330
How did the steel industry get better in the 1870s?
When the Bessemer Process was developed, it helped the steel industry.
331
Where was the Bessemer Process developed?
England
332
What did the Bessemer Process do?
It took impurities out of iron to make a higher quality steel, made for a much more efficient process.
333
What other minor industries had trusts?
- meat
- leather
- sugar
- farming
334
Who were the leaders of the Meat Industry/Trust?
Gustavus Swift and Phillip Armour
335
What inventions did Swift and Armour create while leading the meat industry?
The cold cut sandwich and hot dog.
336
What theory did all the top businesspeople in these top industries try to follow?
The Gospel of Wealth
337
What was the theory of the Gospel of Wealth?
The wealthy believed God reached his hand down to give them heavenly help to get rich. They felt with the money they were gifted, they owed it to the public to pay it back and forward.
338
What did some of these wealthy people do to help people as part of the Gospel of Wealth?
They setup colleges, and invested in libraries, all valued education.
339
Which industrial businessman invested in libraries?
Carnegie
340
What colleges were created as a result of the Gospel of Wealth? Who created each one?
Vanderbilt-Vanderbilt University
Carnegie-Carnegie-Mellon
Rockefeller-University of Chicago
341
How did the government feel about all these industrial trusts making people rich?
They felt they must control the trusts.
342
How did the government feel about the trusts and why they felt they should control them?
They felt trusts broke the economy, as they monopolized market shares. The government felt it was unfair.
343
What action did government take to control these industrial trusts?
They passed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
344
When was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act passed?
1890
345
What was the purpose of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?
It was intended to break up these large trusts and monopolies.
346
Why did the government hope the Sherman Anti-Trust Act would break up these trusts?
So the trusts cannot monopolize a large portion of the market share and eliminate competition.
347
What was the moral reason why the government felt they should break up the trusts?
The country was founded on equal opportunity, and these trusts only helped the rich get richer.
348
How was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act followed or enforced?
It really became an ineffective law.
349
Why did the Anti-Trust Act become so ineffective?
There was not anyone in government who was strong enough to enforce this against the large companies, and the companies found loopholes in this law, so they got around it very easily.
350
In the Gilded Age, after Reconstruction, what is the south's economic/infrastructural state?
They are still recovering from the war, as Sherman tore it up badly, and they are trying to get it back together.
351
Who stepped up to try to help the southern economy when they were rebuilding after Reconstruction?
James Buchanan Duke
352
What did Duke do to try to help the south recover?
He formed the American Tobacco Company.
353
What was the state of the tobacco industry in the Gilded Age?
It was still booming, especially in the south.
354
What was the main cause of Duke making the ATC and the tobacco industry's boom?
There was an invention that did cigarette rolling automatically, rather than by hand in the past. Duke took advantage of this invention and started the business.
355
With the ATC, how did Duke do?
He became very rich as it boomed the southern economy and tobacco industry even more.
356
With Duke becoming rich, what did he do?
He gave lots of his money away to the public.
357
Why did Duke give money away when he got rich?
It was part of the Social Gospel of Wealth theory.
358
Where did Duke donate his money to?
He donated it to create Trinity College in North Carolina.
359
What would happen to Trinity College after Duke's big investment?
It would be renamed Duke University.
360
What was the state of southern land during the Gilded Age?
It was very rural compared to the north.
361
What was the state of southern transportation infrastructure during the Gilded Age?
There was a desperate transportation need, as they had some rail lines, but not enough, and there was also discriminatory pricing on the railroad rates.
362
How were the North/South railroad prices discriminatory?
If you shipped from the north to the south, you paid a lower price than if you shipped from south to north, this economically hurt the south.
363
During the Gilded Age, what was happening with women working?
Women are entering the workforce is fairly large numbers, not a huge percentage, but more than ever seen before.
364
What allowed more women to enter the workforce?
The inventions of the typewriter and telephone.
365
How were women able to join the workforce with the invention of the telephone and typewriter?
These inventions were things that women could do better than men because of their size of their fingers, as it was tedious work requiring agility and flexibility.
366
How were women better suited to us the typewriter and telephone than men?
They had to unplug tiny wires from the phone and had to type on a typewriter. Both were tedious work, and better suited for their hands.
367
With women entering the workforce at a higher rate, what changed about women?
They started to put off things that had always been taken for granted that young women would usually do.
368
What things did working women put off that they traditionally did?
Getting married and having children.
369
With more women entering the workforce and putting off more family moves, what was happening to the average woman?
They were having kids at an older age and having less children as they used to because they worked more and were married later on.
370
As industries boomed in the Gilded Age, what kind of economic society did we become?
A wage-earning society.
371
How did America become a wage-earning society in the Gilded Age?
People lived for their paychecks at this point and worked for someone, as most people used to work for themselves.
372
How much of America lived off paychecks?
2/3 of the population
373
What is the problem with having 2/3 of the population working for a paycheck?
If there is an economic depression in the country, 2/3 of the population will be badly affected by it, so it would make for a tedious economic situation for the country.
374
Describe how factories changed in the Gilded Age.
They became very large and impersonal, became more faceless with more machines.
375
How were factories previously setup compared to the Gilded Age?
People no longer worked for their neighbors, you no longer were an apprentice, no familiar bond with people at work, very faceless employees.
376
What invention made factories more faceless?
Adding more machines
377
With so many people working for employers in large groups, what was created?
Unions
378
What caused labor unions to be formed?
There were low wages from the high labor supply at the time and wanted to raise wages and get workers' rights respected.
379
With the high labor supply how did the Union workers fare?
The executives could easily pay them lower wages.
380
What do Unions do to try to fix the low wage issue?
They go on strike
381
If Unions went on strike, what would be the problem?
The business executives would have people come in and fully replace the strikers, making the strikers lose their jobs.
382
What names did the Union members give the people who replaced them?
scabs and thugs
383
Why did executives threaten to hire scabs and thugs if the Union went on strike?
So they would not want to lose their job and keep things the way they are.
384
Did Federal Judges support Unions?
No
385
What would happen with legal systems if you went on strike?
The judges would often pass a ruling saying the strikers must go back to work or they would lose their jobs.
386
What methods did executives take to ensure Union members would not go on strike?
- they beat up Union members
- they threatened with federal troops
- threatened to lock the doors
387
How would companies threaten to beat up Union members?
They would hire people to come in and beat up union members.
388
Why would companies threaten to beat up their Union members?
So that members of the labor unions feel be intimidated and the executives would bully people to keep them from coming into the Unions.
389
How and why did many companies bring in federal troops to intimidate Union workers?
The troops were like the army, as they enforced people working on their hours and people kept on task.
390
How would companies threaten to lock Union members out of their buildings?
If you threatened to go on strike or join a Union, the company would lock the doors and say there was no work for the day, so the people cannot be paid.
391
What were some of the major labor Unions of the Gilded Age?
- National Labor Union
- Knights of Labor
- AFL
392
How many people were in the National Labor Union?
About 600,000 people
393
What was the National Labor Union?
A compilation of various Unions coming together for the same reasons and they had similar complaints.
394
When was the Knights of labor formed?
1869
395
What was the Knights of Labor and what did they do?
They were another large Union, bringing many Unions together, and they campaigned hard for an 8 hour work day.
396
Who was the leader of the Knights of Labor?
Terence V. Powderly
397
How many people were in the Knights of Labor?
750,000 people
398
What is the first major incident with these massive labor Unions?
The Haymarket Square Riot
399
Which Union is involved in the Haymarket Square Riot?
Knights of Labor
400
Where was the Haymarket Riot?
Chicago
401
What was the Haymarket Riot?
A huge riot that broke out between Union members and police forces in Chicago's Haymarket Square.
402
What happens in the Haymarket Riot?
A bomb is thrown, causing chaos in the square.
403
What were the main effects from the Haymarket Riot?
- several people are killed
| - 8 people were arrested
404
What was the accusation about the 8 arrestees?
That all 8 were Union members and must have been anarchists.
405
What was the penalty for all 8 of the arrestees at the Haymarket Riot?
- All were tried and went to prison.
| - 5 were sentenced to death, 3 spent most of their lives in prison
406
What eventually happened to the 8 arrestees of the Haymarket Riot?
The 5 sent to death were executed, and the other 3 were later pardoned, but spent many years in prison.
407
What did AFL stand for?
American Federation of Labor
408
Who started the AFL?
Samuel Gompers
409
What was the AFL?
A federation of several Unions put together nationally, fighting for the same workers' rights.
410
Is the AFL still around today?
Yes
411
What happened to cities in the Gilded Age?
They had major population growths.
412
What mainly caused the big upswing in urban population?
The big influx of immigrants coming in.
413
What were the 3 biggest cities in America in the late 1800s? What was significant about them?
New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago were top 3 cities and were only US cities with over 1 million people living there.
414
Describe the population growth during the Gilded Age.
From 1870 to 1890, the population almost doubled in America with all of the immigrants coming in.
415
What percentage of Americans lived in urban communities?
40%
416
What was New York's population by 1900?
3.5 million people
417
What was significant about New York City having 3.5 million people by 1900?
It was the second most populated city in the world, behind London.
418
With many people moving to the cities in the late 1800s, what did cities have to do?
They had to start building up the cities with skyscrapers as real estate was so valuable.
419
What helped develop skyscrapers in the cities?
the invention of the electric elevator
420
What were some of the main benefits of living in the cities?
- easy transportation
- access to resources
- more economic opportunity
- they had electricity and indoor plumbing
421
How was easy transportation a benefit to urban living?
You could easily get around in many different ways.
422
What kind of resources in the city growth period did people have access to?
- culture
- shows
- museums
- libraries
- education
423
Why was it significant that cities had indoor plumbing and electricity?
Not many other places had it, as electricity was still a new concept then.
424
What were some of the increased opportunities in the cities for urban residents?
- having more jobs around
- shopping
- people did not have to travel far to shop or provide for their family.
425
What were some negatives to the city growth of the Gilded Age?
- similar to today's issues
- cities are very crowded
- very crime-ridden, which increased over the years
- they can be dirty
- number of slums increased
426
How were cities dirty and in an unclean shape?
They had lots of pollution, trash thrown in the streets, poor sanitation, and no good garbage pickup.
427
How many kinds of immigration were there in the 19th Century?
2
428
What kinds of Immigration were there in the 19th Century?
Old and New Immigration
429
When did Old Immigration take place?
Before the Civil War
430
Where di the Old immigrants mainly come from?
Western and Northern Europe such as Scandinavia, England, Ireland, Germany, etc..
431
What were some characteristics of Old Immigrants?
- they were generally educated, literate, and spoke English
- they had money
- many were Protestant
- most had experience with representative democracy.
432
What did it mean for the Old Immigrants when they had money coming over?
They could buy land or settle somewhere when they came over, not desperate to find work.
433
How did being mainly Protestant help Old Immigrants?
They blended very easily with various Christian denominations in US, the majority religion.
434
Which group of Old Immigrants struggled when they came over? Why?
The Irish immigrants struggled with money and were looking for work. They had very little as they were pushed out of Ireland by the potato famine.
435
Which group of Old Immigrants had most experience with democracy? How?
The British immigrants, as they were used to the idea of voting for politicians.
436
What were the immigration numbers increase from 1850-1879?
6 million people came over in those 30 years.
437
When did New Immigration take place?
After the Civil War, biggest decade was 1880s.
438
What are the immigration numbers per year by the 1880s?
5 million people came in per year.
439
What was significant about the 5 million people coming in per year in the 1880s?
This tripled the number of immigrants coming in compared to previous decades.
440
Where did most New Immigrants come from?
Eastern and Southern Europe
441
What countries did New Immigrants come from?
Italy, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Greece, etc.
442
What new religious group starts coming in as a result of New Immigration from this part of Europe?
Jews
443
What were some characteristics of New Immigrants when they got to America?
- they had little democratic experience
- largely poor and illiterate
- did not speak English
- settled in cities
444
How did New Immigrants have little democratic experience?
They came from countries where democracy did mot exist, did not understand voting and human participation.
445
How were New Immigrants poor?
They had very little money, desperate for work and clamored to get jobs.
446
How were New Immigrants uneducated and illiterate?
They could not speak or read English, Americans called them illiterate, but just did not know English well.
447
What did New Immigrants do when they settled in the cities?
They stuck together in their cultural groups, called ghettoes.
448
Why did New Immigrants settle in the cities?
The economic opportunities were there for them to have a chance to get ahead.
449
What kind of places come about in cities as cultural groups moved in together?
Ethnic neighborhoods such as Little Italy, Little Poland, etc.
450
Why did these New Immigrants stick together when they moved into the cities?
They felt comfortable around one another and stuck together as new citizens in the cities.
451
What were some reasons New Immigrants left Europe?
- they were getting pushed out
- there was no work to be had, they wanted to work in America
- they were persecuted in Europe
- US Industries recruited immigrants to work for them.
452
How were these New Immigrants getting pushed out of their countries?
There was essentially no land left, as poor people they could not buy much land, there was no land to be had for them.
453
How were the New Immigrants persecuted in Europe?
Their governments persecuted them, especially the Jews in Poland and Russia, as they were pushed out by the governments in Eastern Europe.
454
How did New Immigrants come over because of the US Industries recruiting immigrants to work for them? Why did the US industries recruit immigrant workers?
Immigrants were a cheap labor source, and they also can push immigrants for votes and fix the representation in their states for political voice through taking the immigrants' votes away.
455
What eventually happened to some of the New Immigrants?
They would go back to Europe
456
What percent of New Immigrants went back to Europe?
25%
457
What kind of people went back to Europe after new immigration?
They were younger men with no families.
458
Why did many younger men come to America and then go back to Europe later on?
They would come over to America and work for several years to make money and go back to be able to succeed in Europe and have a family there.
459
How did the American people react to New Immigration?
There were mixed reactions, some positive, some negative.
460
What new idea came about in a positive reaction to new immigrants?
The Social Gospel
461
What did the Social Gospel mean?
We would embrace the immigrants, help them out.
462
Who forwarded the idea of the Social Gospel to the people?
Walter Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden.
463
What other two people were immigration activists for New Immigrants?
Jane Addams and Florence Kelley
464
Who was Jane Addams?
A middle class woman from Chicago
465
What did Jane Addams create for immigrants?
The Hall House
466
What was the purpose of the Hall House?
It would let immigrants come in and help them transition easier to American society through learning.
467
What were some of the things taught to new immigrants in the Hall House?
- English reading, writing, and speaking
- how to get and keep a job
- cooking with American foods
- anything to help integrate the immigrants.
468
What was the basic function of the Hall House?
Educating the new immigrants.
469
What did Florence Kelley do?
She worked for workplace reform.
470
What groups did Kelley especially want to help in her proposal for workplace reform?
Immigrants, children, women, and blacks.
471
How did Kelley want to reform the workplace?
She wanted to lower workplace hours and raise wages, while bringing in better workplace conditions.
472
What were the negatives with new immigration with the government?
The government did very little to ease the transition from Europe to the US
473
What were the negatives with new immigration with the people?
There were corrupt people who bought votes of immigrants and people started an idea of nativism.
474
What was the theory of nativism?
The fear of immigrants, the idea that immigrants should stay where they came from.
475
What were the prejudicial feelings of the nativists called against immigrants coming into the US?
Xenophobia
476
What Nativist group came about during the times of new immigration?
American Protective Association
477
What was the American Protective Association and what did they do?
It was an order that actively worked to vote against Catholics, real prejudicial group filled with religiously-based prejudice.
478
What were two negative actions Congress took that really hurt the New Immigrants?
They passed Anti-Immigration Laws and voted to ban all Chinese Immigrants.
479
What did the Anti-Immigration Laws try to do?
They tried to prohibit paupers (poor people), convicts, insane people, people with diseases, polygamists, and prostitutes from fair treatment.
480
What kind of discrimination was the Anti-Immigration Law?
It was beyond race and religion, as it targeted certain practices, unchangeable conditions, and economic status.
481
When did Congress vote to ban all Chinese immigrants?
1882
482
What would later happen to the Chinese Immigration ban?
It would be repealed a few years later.
483
What did Charles Darwin do?
He was a social scientist during the Gilded Age.
484
What was Darwin's first big action as a scientist?
He burst onto the scene with his book, "Origin of Species."
485
When did Darwin write "Origin of Species?"
1859
486
What is "Origin of Species" about?
He says humans evolved from lower life forms over a long amount of time, and the fittest of them survived, so the best of that population kept evolving.
487
What saying came out of Darwin's first major book?
"Survival of the Fittest"
488
What other notion is created from Darwin's theory of evolution?
That God created heaven and Earth in 6 days and 7th day he rested.
489
How did people respond to Darwin's creation theory?
Some people did not buy it and were angry about his theory being untrue to them. Some people did like the theory, however and thought it was true.
490
What groups of people were angry at Darwin's creation theory? What did they do about their anger?
Both Fundamental and Conservative Christians were angry and they led an uproar in society about the theory.
491
What eventually happened to Darwin's theory?
There would be a court case to determine if this concept should be taught in science classes in schools.
492
When was the court case debating if Darwin's theory should be taught in schools?
1920s
493
What happens to educational standards in the Gilded Age?
They increase the standards.
494
What else in education grew in the Gilded Age?
The number of elementary school students raises, more high schools and colleges are created as student numbers increase.
495
What was the benefit of the rise in elementary school students?
When kids attend the schools, teachers see them every day and can keep an eye out for issues like child abuse or child labor abuse.
496
What would an elementary teacher do if the child was being unlawfully punished?
The teachers would see this and report it, and help protect the child.
497
What percentage of blacks were illiterate in 1890?
44%
498
What was the problem with blacks' illiteracy rate and education?
It was very hard to get them up to par with white Americans.
499
What happens when blacks cannot progress in education as well?
Three people emerge to forefront to make progress on Black Education.
500
What three people tried to help blacks and education?
- Booker T. Washington
- George Washington Carver
- Dr. WEB DuBois
501
What is interesting about the three men who helped blacks and education reform?
Washington disagreed with DuBois on these issues and how to combat them, but fought for same purpose.
502
What did Booker T. Washington do?
He was called upon to head up the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.
503
What was Washington's theory of black education progress?
That we must teach useful skills to blacks in order for them to gain equality, so to make them somewhat financially successful and make them on pace with white Americans.
504
What was the Tuskegee Institute?
A technical school where many engineers would come out of.
505
Who was George Washington Carver?
A black man who is an agricultural chemist.
506
What did George Washington Carver do?
He does a lot of work for the southern economy.
507
How did Carver help blacks and the southern economy?
He took agricultural products from the south such and shows how people can use them for different methods.
508
What agricultural materials were used by Carver?
peanuts, and soy beans
509
What uses did Carver show for peanuts and soy beans?
Peanuts were used for shampoo and axle grease, and soy beans were used for paint and many other uses.
510
Who did DuBois disagree with?
Washington
511
How did DuBois disagree with Washington?
He felt what Washington is doing is that by teaching useful skills is that he is keeping blacks down and suppressed.
512
Why did DuBois feel Washington was suppressing blacks by teaching them useful skills?
He is teaching them to be manual labors, not successful.
513
What did DuBois feel about black education movement?
The standards should be raised and make blacks doctors, lawyers, and have good jobs. He wanted to elevate blacks right away.
514
What else did DuBois create to socially advance blacks?
The NAACP
515
What did the NAACP stand for?
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
516
By 1900, what percent of college graduates were women?
25%
517
What happened to colleges during the Gilded Age?
The number of them increases after the Civil War, many also become co-ed, some private schools were still single-sex, but many public colleges had both men and women going.
518
What groups tried to stimulate college growth in the Gilded Age?
Congress and the Industrial Millionaires
519
What was the purpose of Congress passing these acts for college growth?
To stimulate the building and fund more state schools for a good education.
520
What acts did Congress pass for education growth?
- Morrill Act
| - Hatch Act
521
When was the Morrill Act passed?
1862
522
What did the Morrill Act do?
This gave land grants for state schools.
523
What was the main result of the Morrill Act?
State schools had huge pieces of land, and they got the land pretty cheaply from the government to establish a school.
524
What were some schools that were granted land under the Morrill Act?
- Penn St.
- Michigan St.
- Ohio St.
525
When was the Hatch act passed?
1887
526
What did the Hatch Act do?
It gave money to these state schools for agricultural programs
527
What was the main effect of the Hatch Act?
Students at state schools can major in any degree relating to agricultural sciences because of this act’s funding for colleges.
528
How did the industrial millionaires help grow colleges?
They will found colleges and universities as part of the Gospel of Wealth.
529
What are some of the colleges created by the millionaires?
Stanford, Cornell, Vanderbilt, Chicago, Carnegie-Mellon, Duke.
530
What is the legacy of the press in the Gilded Age?
They will have a large impact on society.
531
What was created that greatly increased press and its access in the Gilded Age?
The Library of Congress
532
What is the Library of Congress?
The largest collection of books and written work in the world in Washington, DC.
533
When was the Library of Congress founded?
1897
534
Describe newspapers during the Gilded Age.
They were full of sensationalism.
535
Why were Gilded Age newspapers full of sensationalism?
They wanted to sell papers, o they had to make stories in the news as sensational as possible, even if it meant they would tell a small lie once in a while.
536
Who were two of the top journalists of the Gilded Age?
- Joseph Pulitzer
| - William Randolph Hearst
537
Who was Joseph Pulitzer and what did Pulitzer do?
He ran the NY World newspaper, one of the most famous newspaper men in history.
538
What theory did Pulitzer create with the press in the Gilded Age?
Yellow Journalism
539
What is the idea of yellow journalism?
The idea of sensationalism, to make papers sell with sensational news
540
Who was William Randolph Hearst and what did he do?
He was another great newspaper man, who builds himself an empire of papers.
541
What was Randolph Hearst's most famous newspaper he worked with?
The San Francisco Examiner
542
Who were some of the top authors of the Gilded Age?
- Edwin Godkin
- Horatio Alger
- Henry George
- Mark Twain
543
Who was Mark Twain and what did he do?
He wrote Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn, very active writer in the Gilded Age, one of the most famous.
544
Who was Edwin Godkin and what did he do?
He runs the NY Nation, and he pushed for Civil Service reform and an honest government, out there to make a positive difference.
545
What was Henry George's most famous work?
Progress and Poverty
546
What did George mean in Progress and Poverty?
He says that value of land in America has gone up so much
547
Why did George think the value of land has gone up so much?
- availability to buy land is down
| - railroads are getting land and other people are settling on it
548
How did George's theory of land value relate to economics?
Supply and demand tells us that land prices are rising because of its high demand, but supply is low
549
How did George feel about the value of land going up?
He was angry about it.
550
How was George angry about the value of land?
He said that people who sold land, speculated on land, and came across money they have, came across the money immorally.
551
Why did George think the land investors who were causing land value to go up were immorally using money?
He felt these people did not deserve it and did not really work hard to earn it.
552
What plan did George propose for the immoral land investors?
He proposed a 100% tax on the earnings from land speculation, which does not happen.
553
Who was Horatio Alger and what did he do?
He wrote many young fiction books, based on Puritan values.
554
How were Puritan values part of Gilded Age literature?
They are spread all around the literature scene.
555
What was the most famous Puritan-based book of the Gilded Age?
Ben-Hur
556
Who wrote Ben-Hur? What was his job when he wrote it? How many copies did the book sell?
General Lou Wallace, who was also a governor, wrote Ben-Hur. The book would go on to sell about 2 million copies.
557
What were some major changes in family structure during the Gilded Age?
- They had grown to an isolated and smaller state
- They lived more in cities
- families were smaller
558
How were families growing to an isolated and smaller state in the late 1800s?
Because of the pressure of feeding so many people.
559
What happened as a result of more families living in the cities than the suburbs?
Families could not supply for themselves, had to buy goods. They also became isolated.
560
How did families become more isolated in the Gilded Age?
They did not have many extended family members living in the same place, they had only the direct family living together in very small tenement housing in cities, with mom, dad, and kids.
561
How and why did families grow smaller in the Gilded Age?
They were not having numbers of kids they used to because there were more mouths to feed and could not afford to do this in cities.
562
How were women's practices affected during the Gilded Age?
- divorce rates go up
- birth control goes up
- discussion of sexual topics was on the rise
563
Why do women's moralities and practices change so much in the Gilded Age?
They are feeling more equal, education, and free, as they feel they have a chance in society.
564
Why did women's divorce rates go up in the Gilded Age?
They felt more free and felt they could freely leave their spouses.
565
Why did women's use of birth control go up in the Gilded Age?
It was very primitive back then, not many options, but women did not fully want a child all the time, wanted to control that process.
566
Why did women talking about sexual topics increase in the Gilded Age?
It was a strange move for American society, but because women felt more free at this time, they felt more open to talking about it.
567
Who led a movement that tried to affect women's morality and practices?
Victoria Woodhall
568
What did Victoria Woodhall do?
She proposed for free love.
569
Why did Woodhall propose for free love?
She felt people should be free to love whoever they wanted to, and she felt sexual deviance was okay.
570
Who countered Woodhall's argument?
Anthony Comstock
571
What movement did Comstock lead?
He waged a war on the immoral.
572
How did Comstock wage a war on immorality?
He goes after anything seen as pornographic (which had a conservative definition at this time), and the people who were involved in it.
573
How did Comstock affect the people he targeted in his war on immorality? What happened to the people he targeted?
He goes at them with so much vengeance, that 15 people commit suicide because of his threats and attacks.
574
How did women feel about the Civil Rights Amendments? Which Amendment in particular did they react most to?
They were very angry, as the 15th Amendment only gave black men the right to vote, not women.
575
What was the purpose of the women's movement in the Gilded Age?
To gain more independence and get voting rights.
576
Why were women angry about the 15th Amendment?
They felt they had been left out from voting for years and left them out as a minority, even though the true minority were given voting rights before majority women.
577
Who were the most famous people pushing for women's rights in the Gilded Age?
- Charlotte Perkins Gillman
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- Susan B. Anthony
- Carrie Chapman Catt
578
What did Charlotte Perkins Gillman do?
She wrote a book about economics and women and how important it was for women to become independent and survive on their own
579
How did Perkins feel a woman should be independent and survive on their own?
A man should not have to support you, as she encouraged women to go to school, get degrees and get good jobs to be more independent.
580
What two women worked as a team to fight for women's rights?
Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
581
How did Anthony and Cady Stanton work so well together?
They were a very tough force, as they were a dynamic duo for advocating for women.
582
What roles did Stanton and Anthony play in their work together?
Anthony was the go-getter, the spokesperson, and Stanton played a background role.
583
What did Anthony do once as herself? What happened to her for doing this?
She would be arrested once for casting a vote in an election where she was not allowed to vote.
584
What group were Stanton and Anthony part of?
National American Women’s Suffrage Association
585
What did Stanton and Anthony do in the National American Women’s Suffrage Association?
They pushed hard for the passage of the amendment to get women the right to vote.
586
When was the women's right to vote amendment passed?
1920
587
Did Anthony or Stanton live to see women getting the right to vote?
No, they died before it happened.
588
What did Carrie Chapman Catt do?
She argued women's voting rights are not a right, but a necessity.
589
Why did Chapman Catt feel women's voting is a necessity?
She felt that women are the ones in the house making decisions about economic, healthcare and educational issues for their families.
590
Why did Catt feel if women are making decisions they should have voting rights?
She felt if women make these decisions, they should get a say in the people who will write out American policies.
591
What state gave women the right to vote first?
Wyoming
592
When did Wyoming given women the right to vote?
1869
593
When did the nation let women vote?
1920
594
What was a major health concern in the Gilded Age?
Alcohol
595
Why did people feel alcohol was a big concern?
It was blamed for tearing families apart and threatening families.
596
How did Gilded Age alcohol use tear families apart and threaten families?
Men would work, get paychecks, go to bars, drink a lot, come home and abuse their families
597
What groups were created because of this alcohol issue?
- WTCU
| - Anti-Saloon League
598
What did WTCU stand for?
Women’s Christian Temperance Union
599
Who formed the WTCU?
France Willard and Carrie Nation
600
Describe Willard and Nation's roles in the WTCU on alcohol.
They don't take it passively, as they are rather militant about it.
601
How was the WTCU militant against alcohol?
They brought out a militant side in many women in order to ban alcohol
602
What incident did Carrie Nation have with the WTCU that showed how harsh they were with alcohol?
She took an axe into a bar and tried to hack the bar apart as she was angry about alcohol and its threats to families.
603
When was the Anti-Saloon League formed?
1893
604
What did the Anti-Saloon League do?
They tried to ban or limit alcohol use in the US.
605
What alcohol law had been passed before these anti-alcohol groups?
The Main temperance movement and the Maine Law
606
When was the Maine Law passed?
1851
607
What did the Maine Law do in 1851?
It banned alcohol in the state.
608
Did the Maine Law's message spread to the country? What did the temperance groups do with the message?
The message was not sent out to rest of the country, and these groups tried to spread it.
609
What amendment was passed as a result of the temperance movement?
18th Amendment
610
When was the 18th Amendment passed?
1919
611
What did the 18th Amendment do?
It banned the production sale and distribution of alcohol in the US.
612
What eventually happened to the 18th Amendment?
People disliked it, and about 10 years later, it was overturned by the 21st Amendment.
613
What leisure industry grew in the Gilded Age?
Entertainment
614
What new kinds of entertainment came about in the Gilded Age?
- Vaudeville
- Circus
- Wild West Shows
- Pastimes
615
What was Vaudeville?
A series of different shows people went to with signing and dancing.
616
Why was Vaudeville a big hit?
It was relatively inexpensive entertainment.
617
What would be today's equivalent of Vaudeville?
Broadway
618
Who created the first circus in America?
Phineas T. Barnum and James A. Bailey
619
What was Phineas Barnum known for saying?
“there’s a sucker born every minute.”
620
Who is the most famous character of the Wild West Shows?
William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody
621
What did "Buffalo Bill" Cody do in his Wild West shows?
He was out on the plains and slaughtered thousands of buffalo himself.
622
Where did Cody's show tour?
All over the US and parts of Europe
623
Who was Cody's most famous performer in his show?
Annie Oakley
624
What did Annie Oakley do in Cody's western show?
She was a trick shooter who could hit anything from anywhere, a very good with a gun.
625
What sports and pastimes came about in the Gilded Age?
- cycling
- croquet
- baseball
- basketball
626
Who was credited with founding the sport of baseball?
Abner Doubleday
627
Who was the founder of basketball?
James Naismith
628
How was the Gilded Age a time of political tumult for people?
It a very anxious time, as you did not know which party would control Congress.
629
Describe some other political characteristics of the Gilded Age.
- Republicans controlled White House
- Congress flipped almost every election
- politicians never made wholesale decisions
- people were more similar in the country, no extreme political views.
630
How was the economy of the Gilded Age tumultuous for Americans?
Because of the panics of the late 1800s that hurt our economy and also destroy banks, businesses, and people who were unemployed. Also only rich controlled the wealth from their riches from new industries. The common man struggled.
631
What was the role of social life in the Gilded Age?
It was something for people to escape lives to do something different than deal with political and economic struggles.
632
What were some examples of the social life in the Gilded Age?
- shows and entertainment
- different acts from all over
- sporting events
633
Why was our country able to emerge as an entertainment society and was able to provide more entertainment to more people in the Gilded Age?
Because of a higher city population and their access to those entertainment sources.
634
Right after the Civil War, describe our western land.
It was mainly unchartered territory.
635
How was the west unchartered after the Civil War ended?
The white man had not made it west of the Mississippi. There were some in California, but really the west was very unpopulated
636
What four places became territories during the Gilded Age? Why?
Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma, all because their population kept increasing and advancing.
637
When did the four new territories become established? When was this in relation to the end of the Civil War?
In 1890, 25 years after the war.
638
What groups of people largely populated the west post-Civil War?
Native Americans
639
Why were so many native tribes out west?
We pushed many of them there from the southeast with the Trail of Tears.
640
How many Natives were living out west after the Civil war ended?
360,000
641
By the end of the Gilded Age and western settlement, what happened to Native Americans?
Their population would be heavily devastated.
642
What factors affected the devastation of native tribes in the Gilded Age?
- the whites moving in
- diseases
- whites devastate buffalo population
643
How was the whites moving in an issue with the devastating of the Natives?
They crowded the Natives into certain reservation areas, as the whites pushed the Natives out of the prime land areas because the whites wanted the land for themselves.
644
What diseases will hurt the native population?
- typhoid
- cholera
- smallpox
645
How were the diseases from the white man an issue leading to a loss in native population?
The natives did not have good immunities to these diseases, as these diseases will wipe out entire families and communities over time.
646
How is the white man devastating the buffalo issue a problem for the natives out west?
They think buffalo can be theirs, but the buffaloes were used as food, shelter, and clothes by the Natives.
647
How did white men devastate the numbers of buffalo out west over time?
They took its population from millions to thousands by the 20th Century.
648
What does the government try to do for Natives with this period of expansion?
They pass pacification treaties with the natives
649
Why did the government pass pacification treaties with the natives?
Because we wanted to make amends and do the right things.
650
What two pacification treaties were signed to help our native relations?
Fort Laramie and Fort Atkinson
651
When was Fort Laramie passed?
1851
652
When was Fort Atkinson passed?
1853
653
What did both native pacification treaties do?
They will both setup a reservation system.
654
How is the native American reservation system setup?
We tell Natives they get certain plots of land and they may live there, but not really anywhere else, so it reserves land for the Natives.
655
What did the reservation system really do do?
It pens them up, while trying to make us look good.
656
What else is created from the native pacification treaties?
We establish two distinct colonies.
657
How did we establish two colonies with the natives?
We drove a line down the middle, and said there would be southern colonies and northern colonies, where reservations would be located.
658
What ares were the native reservations located? How was this land working for them?
They were put in cold land in the Dakotas up north and then in the deserts in the south. These areas were not prime lands and tough for natives to live in.
659
What eventually happens to these native reservations just before the Civil War?
The government shrinks the size of reservations and makes them smaller.
660
When did the government shrink the reservation sizes?
1860
661
How did the Natives feel when the government shrunk their reservations?
They were angry and feel it was unfair.
662
What do we promise the natives when we shrink their reservations? Why do we do this?
We promise we would supply them with what they needed, since we took them off good land and they had limited access to food, we wanted to give them supplies.
663
What supplies did we give the natives just as we shrunk their reservations?
Food, shelter, and other necessities.
664
What became the problem with us giving the natives supplies when we shrunk their land?
The meat was maggot-filled and the blankets were unusable.
665
What was the main cause of why we gave the natives so many rotten materials?
There were so many corrupt people in the Indian Bureau that this promise turned into a problem.
666
During the Gilded Age, describe the native-settler fighting relations.
There is a tremendous amount of warfare between Natives and settlers’ militia.
667
Why was there so much warfare between natives and settlers?
Natives became more and more resistant to giving up their land, so they try to fight back against the white settlers.
668
What years did this native-settler fighting go from?
1868-1890
669
What were some of the major causes of the Native population decline?
- they were mistakenly shot
| - many massacres and encounters with settlers
670
Describe the issue of when Natives were mistakenly shot.
When a white man saw Indians, they shot at them as they were unsure what friendliness there was with a particular Indian, so they felt to be safe to just shoot them.
671
What were two big early violent encounters with natives and settlers?
- Sand Creek, CO Massacre
| - Sioux in Montana
672
Describe the Sand Creek Massacre.
There was a massacre of about 400 natives.
673
Who led the Sand Creek Massacre?
Colonel JM Chivington
674
Describe how Chivington carried out the massacre.
It was very devastating, as he goes after men, women, children, does not discriminate and just goes after everyone.
675
Who do the Sioux in Montana encounter?
Captain William Fetterman
676
Describe the situation with Fetterman and his troops in Montana.
He and his troops were out west building the Bozeman Trail and encounter the Sioux, which turns ugly.
677
What were Fetterman and his troops trying to do when building the Bozeman trail?
They were hoping to find silver mines and gold mines discovered in the west.
678
After the Bozeman Trail incident and the Sand Creek Massacre, what did the government do?
They passed the 2nd Treaty of Fort Laramie
679
What did the 2nd Treaty of Laramie do?
It set up a permanent reservation system for the Sioux.
680
What did the 2nd Treaty of Fort Laramie really mean for us?
It would have permanent reservations until we want to have the land, so it blocks the Sioux into a smaller reservation
681
What was one of the roughest battles between natives and settlers in the west?
The Battle of Little Big Horn
682
Where did the Battle of Little Big Horn happen?
In the Black Hills of South Dakota
683
Before the battle of Little Bighorn, what has happened in the Black Hills?
There was a big gold strike there.
684
What was the main effect of the gold strike in the Black Hills?
It drew in many people who want to take advantage of this economically.
685
When so many people moved in for the Black Hills gold strike, how did the Natives respond?
They are hesitant to let people in.
686
Who was the Chief/leader of the Sioux of the Black Hills?
Sitting Bull
687
What is Sitting Bull's Indian Name?
Tatanka Iyotake
688
What did Sitting Bull do when he saw all the people rushing for gold and going on their land?
He forms a union of tribes because he knows there is a pending fight here against the white men.
689
What tribes did Sitting Bull bring together to prepare to fight?
Sioux, Creeks, and Arapahoe
690
What kinds of Indians are the natives part of Sitting Bull's union of tribes?
Most are braves and warriors who are ready for battle
691
Who was the youngest offer in the Civil War? How old was he when he fought?
Colonel George Custer was 19 years old during g the Civil War.
692
What did Custer do at the Battle of Little Bighorn?
He was the leader of the white men that fought against the natives.
693
When Custer is sensing a battle with the natives how does he feel? Why?
He feels very confident that he can easily win without trying that hard since we have beaten the natives so much in history.
694
When Custer is sensing a battle with the natives, what does he do?
He sent his reconnaissance team to the Big Horn River valley to look and see how many Natives they would be fighting against.
695
Describe Custer's leadership quality at the Battle of Little Bighorn.
He proved bad, over-confident leadership. His arrogance got the best of him.
696
When the reconnaissance team comes back, how many natives did they report were preparing to fight?
Not many
697
Did Custer believe the reconnaissance team when they told him there were not many Natives preparing to fight?
Yes
698
When the Little Bighorn Battle starts, how many people are sent in by each side?
- Custer sent in 264
| - Natives send in 2500 braves and warriors
699
How did the battle of Little Bighorn go?
The natives outnumbered the whites and won the day, which shocked Custer.
700
What was the loss at Bighorn also known as?
Custer's Last Stand
701
What were two other native tribes that got into battles with white settlers going west?
- Nez Percé
| - Apache
702
What is the Apache tribe?
A southern colony tribe near Arizona and New Mexico area
703
What issue led to the conflict between Apache and the whites?
The US government and its forces pushed Apaches into Mexico
704
Who was the Apache leader?
Geronimo
705
Describe Geronimo.
He was the Apache leader who had intense hatred for white men.
706
How did Geronimo respond to the US government pushing them toward Mexico?
He would lead the Apache into battle several times against white men.
707
Did Geronimo and Apaches ever beat the whites in a battle?
No
708
Where are the Nez Perce located and who is their leader?
They are in Idaho, led by Chief Joseph
709
What was Chief Joseph's Indian name?
Hinmatóowyalahtqit
710
What did Hinmatóowyalahtqit mean?
thunder coming across the water onto land
711
Describe Chief Joseph.
He is generally a peaceful man, not really a warrior, does not want to encounter the whites, wants to be left alone.
712
What issue created the battle with the Nez Perce?
Many whites show up as they are in Idaho.
713
Who led the whites coming into Idaho with the Nez Perce?
General Oliver Howard
714
Describe how the Nez Perce-white man battle broke out.
There was a small skirmish with the two sides, where the whites go in and kill a bunch of Nez Percé Indians.
715
How did the Nez Perce respond to the killing of some of their tribal members?
A few of their braves retaliated and a small battle broke out.
716
Once the Nez Perce battle broke out, what does Howard do?
He comes in with a mission to try to knock out the Indians.
717
hWat was Howard's idea to knock out the Nez Perce?
He chases down Chief Joseph all over the west.
718
What happened to Chief Joseph's tribe as Howard chased them?
He kept moving his tribe from Kansas to Oklahoma, etc,
719
After moving around a lot and Howard not stopping, what happened to the Nez Perce?
Joseph gets older and tired and does not want to move the tribe anymore.
720
How did Joseph say he would not move his tribe anymore?
He gave a speech to his tribe about it.
721
What are the main effects of Joseph not moving his tribe any longer?
This would be the surrender to the whites and Howard and where essentially the Nez Perce tribe has its final legacy.
722
What were the reasons why Chief Joseph said his tribe would no longer move?
- many braves were dead
- women and children were getting sick
- he is getting older and tired
- he says, "I will fight no more forever,”
723
After Howard defeated the Nez Perce, what happened to the tribe?
The US government moves tribe to Washington State and then to Oklahoma.
724
After the government moved the Nez Perce around a few times, what eventually happened to the tribe?
They are essentially wiped out from diseases, illness, and the warfare's legacy and brutality.
725
How many reasons did we have for oppressing natives?
3
726
What were the 3 basic reasons we oppressed Natives?
- we were pushing railroads in out west
- there were mining rights we had
- we wanted the land itself
727
Why did we oppress Natives because of building railroads?
We wanted the land to be able to build railroads, not just about where the rails are, but also the surrounding land where towns would be built.
728
Why did we oppress Natives because of mining rights?
Many natives had been pushed to areas that were were rich with gold and silver, and Natives had no use for gold and silver, but whites did, so we wanted the land.
729
Why did we oppress Natives because of getting the land itself?
It comes back to mining and railroads, because if we needed the mines and railroads, we needed to get the land.
730
What became the top issues with the battles between the whites and natives?
land ownership
731
What were some characteristics of bison?
- they were the western mainstay for Natives
- similar to the buffalo
- there were 10s of millions of them around the plains prior to the Civil War
732
After the Civil War, how many bison were left out west? What did this mean?
15 million were left, as we had already started devastating the number of buffalo out west.
733
Describe the relationship between the bison and the Natives.
The bison provided natives with clothing, shelter, and food sources, and the Natives revered bison’s presence, made it their necessity, but only took what they needed.
734
What was the bison population by 1885? Why?
We had done so much to buffalo and bison population, there were fewer than 1,000 buffalo remaining.
735
What was a main cause of all the buffalo being killed?
People like Buffalo Bill Cody killed many buffaloes in his show.
736
How many buffaloes did Cody claim he kill in what amount of time?
He killed 4,000 in 18 months
737
What was significant about Cody killing so many buffaloes?
It was insane how many buffalo some people killed out west.
738
What were the reasons why Americans killed so many buffaloes?
- they killed their hides for trophy robes
| - ate little bison meat, only ate tongues
739
What was the main reason so many buffalo were killed out west?
It was for sport, just for fun and the bragging rights as killing them was a big status booster out west in that time.
740
During what situation would so many people kill buffalo out west?
People would kill buffalo as they were riding the train on the Transcontinental Railroad.
741
How did people kill buffalo when riding on the railroad?
They would sit on top of the train cabins and shoot at the buffalo as they stood in the plains.
742
What would happen to the buffaloes' carcasses shot by people off the train?
They would wastefully just lay there and rot as the train kept on moving.
743
With all these harsh native-white relations, what did some Americans push for?
native American policy reform
744
Who pushed for Native reform?
Helen Hunt Jackson
745
Describe Hunt Jackson's background.
She had a tragic life, husband died young, lost two kids young.
746
What did Hunt Jackson do?
She wrote “A Century of Dishonor”
747
What was Hunt Jackson's book about?
It was about the white man’s disgraces with Natives and what we have done to dishonor them. She brings to the forefront the struggle Natives have had.
748
Where was the point at which the disrespect for natives bottomed out?
The government banned the Sun Dance
749
Why did the government ban the Sun Dance?
People felt it was threatening in some way and Americans gave so much disrespect toward natives and felt it was too threatening to them.
750
Despite the small group pushing for native reform, were natives still respected much?
They still got very little respect from all kinds of American whites.
751
What other native dance made the whites freak out?
Ghost Dance
752
What resulted in so many whites feeling threatened by the Ghost Dance?
The Battle of Wounded knee
753
What was the effect of the Battle of Wounded Knee?
It was essentially the end of the Sioux tribe.
754
How did the government respond to this conflict with Native reform and those against it and these dance controversies?
They passed the Dawes Severalty Act
755
When was the Dawes Severalty Act passed?
1887
756
What did the Dawes Severalty Act do?
It established family pods of Natives.
757
How did the Dawes Act establish family pods of Natives?
We would give them 168 acres of land as a family, and if they behave, they can keep the land and give them citizenship.
758
What was the problem with the Dawes Act?
There were all these conditions on whether Natives could have land, so it was a challenge as the whites were very tough on them.
759
When did the US government recognize natives as citizens and grant them citizenship?
1924
760
What event made the mining industry take off?
The silver strikes in the late 1800s.
761
Who were the people called from the silver strikes?
59ers
762
What was significant about the 59ers' silver strike?
It was the biggest silver strike in US history.
763
Where did the 59ers' silver strike take place?
Comstock Lode
764
To find gold and silver, what did you have to do to find it?
You would pan for it.
765
How would you pan for gold or silver?
You would get a sifter and go to a river bed and get silt into the sifter and wash out all the granules and if there was something sparkling, it might be gold.
766
What changes how gold and silver mining is done during the Gilded Age?
Mechanized mining is begun
767
What is mechanized mining?
The mining is all done by machines drilling into the earth, and exploring to see if there is gold or silver there inside the earth.
768
Where did many cattle herders live?
Texas
769
What did many cattle herders do to harvest beef?
The transcontinental railroad.
770
How was the railroad used to ship cattle from Texas?
They can ship the cattle to the places where they are butchered.
771
What new train invention helped shipping beef?
Refrigerator cars
772
How did refrigerator cars affect the beef industry?
You could now et the meat from other states and get it to market without the meat going bad.
773
Who did the refrigerator cars help the most?
Processing plants
774
Where were most processing plants located? Why?
Chicago, because it was the midpoint of the country.
775
With these beef shipments by rail, what was this process known as?
The Beef Bonanza
776
Where did many cowboys live?
Texas
777
What did the cowboys do?
They would lead cattle on long drives and transport them to another place where they were brought together and harvested.
778
How many cattle did a cowboy drive at one time usually?
Between 1,000 and 10,000 cattle.
779
What are some of the main places would cowboys drive their cattle to from Texas?
Abilene, KS and Cheyenne, WY
780
After the cowboys would drop off their cattle for harvest, what happened to the cattle and the cowboys?
The cowboys went back to Texas to raise more cattle, and the meat from these cattle would be shipped to factories in Chicago for processing and distribution.
781
Where do cattlemen run into trouble with doing their job?
When more railroads are built, taking up more land, as well as the railroads bringing in sheep farmers.
782
Why are the sheep farmers bad for the cattlemen?
Because the sheep farmers lay claim to pieces of land that cattlemen thought they had, so there was a double claim on the land.
783
What did sheep farmers do to denote where their land claims were?
They put up barbed wire fences.
784
For what other reason did sheep farmers put up barbed wire fences?
To keep their sheep inside and protected.
785
How were the barbed-wire fences a problem for the cattle?
Sometimes cattle got into the barbed wire and the barbed wire did damage to cows and even killed some of them.
786
When was the Homestead Act passed?
1862
787
Why was the Homestead Act passed?
There was a land blitz going west, everyone wanted land and the government wanted to settle the land to populate the west make us look good.
788
What did owning land show during the Gilded Age?
prosperity and a good social status
789
What did the Homestead Act do?
It said that you can have 160 acres of western land, but you must improve its quality within 5 years and live on it for 5 years.
790
Why did you have to improve the western land in the Homestead Act?
So the government can show how the desolate western land is improving, as it was a good incentive to make the west better.
791
What was the problem with the improving part of the Homestead Act's rules?
Some people just built a lean two and called it a shelter, and then made something slightly better to say they improved the land.
792
What did the prices for Homestead Act land depend on?
When you paid for your land.
793
What would be the cost of your Homestead Act land if you paid right away for it?
You could get the whole 160 acres for $30, which was very cheap.
794
What would be the cost of your Homestead Act land if you paid later for it?
It would be $1.25 per acre, amounting to $200 for 6 acres, a much higher cost than paying earlier.
795
What was the cutoff time for how much you would pay for your land?
If you waited more than 6 months to pay for it.
796
How many people took advantage of the Homestead Act?
500,000
797
How did the government feel about the high number of people settling out west? Why?
They were happy that they settled that many people out west to improve the western land.
798
What was the main problem with the Homestead Act?
The location and size of the land
799
How was the location and size of the land an issue with the Homestead Act?
With having 160 acres and being in the arid plains with very little rain, it was hard to farm, as in this climate, 160 acres was not enough land to farm on, you needed more.
800
What was the other name for the Great Plains? Why was it called this?
The Great Desert, as there was not a lot of rainfall and conditions were not right for great farming.
801
What changed how people lived and farmed in the plains?
sodbusters
802
What did sodbusters do?
They would go out and take the top couple of inches of ground from the Great Plains and build their homes out of this sod.
803
Why were people able to make homes from this sod the sodbusters used?
The sod was thick, muddy, but not wet, so they could take the sod and packed it together like cement and built a structure with it.
804
What was the 100th Meridian? Where did it run through?
The vertical line of longitude that runs through Earth and this line runs through Texas to the Dakotas.
805
What was the significance of the 100th Meridian?
Your chances of being able to farm easily depended on which side of the line you were on.
806
What happened if you were east of the 100th meridian?
You had good water and irrigation, making it easy to farm.
807
What happened if you were west of the 100th meridian?
It was very dry and very difficult to farm.
808
Who was John Wesley Powell?
He was the head of the US Geological Survey
809
What did Wesley Powell do?
He felt farming to the west of 100th meridian was a waste of time.
810
Why did Wesley Powell think farming west of the 100th meridian was a waste of time?
Because you had to irrigate your land with artificial irrigation, so you had to make an irrigation system from the rivers to your land to irrigate your crops.
811
What new method of farming did farmers west of the 100th meridian use later on?
Dry Farming
812
How did dry farming work?
Farmers planted on a shallow level in the field so that whenever it rained, it could get to the roots, and do what it needed to do to get the roots to grow, but it had to be shallow, could not dig so deep.
813
Why was it important not to dig so deep in dry farming?
The underground vegetables would not flourish.
814
Did vegetables survive the dry farming experiment?
No
815
What crops did work in dry farming? What was significant about them working?
Wheat and barley grew very well and are main crops of the area today.
816
What was main piece of growth in the late 1800s?
In one year, we added six new states to the Union.
817
What year did we add the six new states?
1889-1890
818
Describe how the 6 states of 1889-1890 became states.
They were formerly territories, all applied for statehood, and were all added to the Union.
819
What 6 states were admitted from 1889-1890?
North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, and Wyoming.
820
What other state joins the Union before the turn of the Century? What year do they join?
Utah in 1896
821
After the 7 states coming in the late 1800s, what states had not joined the continental US yet? Why?
Oklahoma, Arizona, and New Mexico, as they are still territories at this time, and they would come in later on.
822
What was the final push for land out west in the Gilded Age?
The Oklahoma Land Rush
823
When was the Oklahoma Land Rush?
1889
824
Describe how the Oklahoma Land Rush was carried out.
People said there would be a land rush, people paid a small entrance fee, got in line and did whatever it took to get a piece of land in Oklahoma.
825
When could someone claim land in the OK Land Rush?
When you grabbed the flag planted on the land plot you found, you got it.
826
How many people lined up for the OK land rush?
50,000 people
827
How did people rush out for land in Oklahoma?
They ran and raced off in buggies and horses, and had no idea what they would find, but just went for land.
828
What was the purpose of doing whatever it took to get land in OK?
To find a piece of land that was large, had everything you needed with geographical features such as good farmland, and water sources.
829
What was the issue with the OK Land Rush?
The rush became violent, and some people were killed in this land rush.
830
What was the main effect of the Oklahoma Land Rush?
It closed basically the whole frontier.
831
When did the OK Land rush end?
1890
832
How did the frontier close after the Oklahoma Land Rush?
We had taken all the land, divided it up, people own it, as we had exhausted the land in the continent.
833
What was the major effect of the US essentially closing the whole frontier of the country?
Native Americans were beaten badly as we did it, and they fared poorly.
834
How did farms drastically change in the late 1800s?
They go from being a farm for personal growth and family growth into a factory-driven machine.
835
How rare were money-making farms for families in the late 1800s?
It was very unique as the economy had changed so much over the Gilded Age.
836
What were some reasons why our economy goes from farms to factories?
- farmers grow cash crops
- farms become mechanized
- farmers had to fight supply and demand
- farmers dealt with a deflated currency
837
How did farmers growing cash crops change farming?
The cash crops were meant to be sold to make money, not to sustain the family, as many crops were grown in massive quantities.
838
What inventions were key in mechanizing farming?
The combine and the plow
839
How did the combine and plow change farming?
They make farming a mechanized industry where we have things we can drive, rather than making humans or animals doing all the hand work. It became more efficient.
840
What is the positive with mechanized farming?
When weather and machines work in your favor, farming is good for farmers.
841
What was the negative about mechanized farming?
If there is one economic misstep in the whole economy, everything goes downhill.
842
How did farmers have to fight supply and demand?
There was too much supply in the farming market, while there was a lower demand, and prices kept going down. The market competition hurt farmers' ability to make money.
843
How did farmers struggle with a deflated currency?
Deflated currency was ust not enough money to go around for the farmers.
844
With the deflated currency making farmers lose money, what issue did some farmers have to deal with as a result?
They were often mortgaged to their equipment and other farming necessities, and did not even have money to pay the banks back.
845
What other kinds of issues did farmers deal with?
They were issues farmers had no control over.
846
What are some of these uncontrollable issues farmers had to deal with?
- grasshoppers
- cotton boll weevils
- droughts and floods
- government over-assessed farming properties
- trusts
- freight rates
847
How did the weather affect farmers?
Farmers could not control the weather, so one year, it could be bone dry and the next year could be badly flooded.
848
How did farmers have to respond to droughts and floods? What was the problem for them?
They could not control if they had enough amount of water to make the crops flourish.
849
How did the government hurt farmers and their properties?
They charged too much in taxes to these farmers' properties, financially hurting the farmers.
850
How were trusts an issue for farmers?
They all combined in order and put a strangle on the economy and monopolize the market, and made materials very expensive for farmers, and many of these materials they could not even afford.
851
What kinds of farming trusts were there?
- fertilizer
- equipment
- seed
852
Why did farmers have to transport their goods by railroads sometimes?
They had to send finished produce to the marketplace, and when you have tons of it, you have no choice but to send it by rail.
853
How were freight rates a problem were farmers?
It was expensive to go by rail, as the rates were pricey and put farmers in more financial trouble.
854
How did farmers respond to their troubles?
They get together in an effort to make political and economic change in their world.
855
What is formed by farmers as they get together to work on organizing themselves?
The Grange
856
Who formed the Grange? What year?
Oliver Kelley formed it in 1867
857
What is the Grange?
Still exist today, a community for farmers, many out west.
858
What was the Grange's purpose?
They were meant to help improve the social and economic life of the farmers, to give them something to do, give them an education on how to properly farm in their area.
859
How would farmers be educated in the Granges?
Companies would come to farmers and explain their product and explain how to use it.
860
What kind of companies would educate farmers at the Granges?
- seed
- combine
- fertilizer
861
Who was one of the most famous instructors at the Granges?
John Deere
862
How were the Granges used to improve social life?
Granges had dances and fraternal activities, it was a way for farmers a lot in isolation with their families to come together in one place to enjoy themselves.
863
What party is created as a farmer's alliance?
The People's Party
864
What was the other name for the People's Party?
The Populist Party
865
What did the Populist Party believe in and work for?
- they will work the farmers' angle in the next elections through the turn of the Century
- they will work to get people in office, worked for social change
866
Did the Populists ever get anyone into office?
No
867
Who formed the populist party?
Igantius Donnelly
868
What was Donnelly's role when he created this party?
He was a multi-term Congressman.
869
Who was one of the most fervent supporters of farmers and the common man?
Mary Elizabeth Lease
870
What did Lease do?
She gave many speeches
871
What were Lease's speeches about?
About the fact that government seemed to be too involved in Wall Street and Wall Street was too involved in the government.
872
How did Lease feel about Wall Street and the government?
She felt this caused corruption and felt those two places should be separate entities.
873
What was the legacy of the Plains Indians?
They were very unsuccessful in resisting white expansion.
874
How did Plains Indians unsuccessfully resist white expansion?
The whites ran them over unjustly, as lots of warfare happened and negative effects for natives as a result included losing land, and losing people to battles and diseases.
875
How did the frontier period close during the Gilded Age?
As land is given out and sold, it is a done deal, no more frontier, no more unexplored area within the continental US.
876
What was the legacy of farmers in the Gilded Age?
They were out west and victims of an economic revolution
877
How did western farmers try to save their industry from the economy that was hurting them?
They tried to mechanize farming
878
What was the positive side of mechanized farming?
It was great to make farming better and more efficient.
879
What was the negative side of mechanized farming?
It was still hard to farm as these farmers were in large amounts of debt.
880
How did farmers ultimately respond to their string of struggles of the Gilded Age?
They turn to political action to protest their plight by supporting the Populist Party.
