Period 4 Test Flashcards
What was so significant about the election of 1800?
It was the first time in democratic history that we have a peaceful change of power.
How were power changes done in traditional Europe?
When the monarch died, the heir took over and is assumed peacefully.
What happens when you change power on different political beliefs?
It usually involves a revolution
How was the 1800 election a revolution?
Because we willingly freely changed political party and power without any war or blood.
Who were the four candidates in the 1800 election?
- Adams
- Jefferson
- Burr
- Pickney
How was Adams’ position in election polling?
He was least of everyone’s worries, everyone knew he would lose, very unlikeable
What was significant about Adams’ loss in the 1800 election?
He was the last major bastion of the Federalist party.
Who was the only major Federalist left after Adams lost the election?
Hamilton
During the 1800 election, what was happening to Hamilton?
His son lost in a duel and was exposed for having an affair.
What was so significant about Hamilton’s affair?
It was the first big publicly exposed sex scandal in American history.
How was Jefferson’s position to win during the election?
He was assumed to win easily
Who did Hamilton back in the 1800 election? Why?
He backed Pickney because he was a Federalist, but disliked Adams, and Pickney was more moderate.
What was Hamilton’s goal in the 1800 election?
Hamilton wanted enough votes for Pickney to keep Adams out of office.
Was Hamilton’s election of 1800 goal met?
No, Pickney did not come close.
Where was some proof shown that Hamilton hated Adams?
He wrote a big journal against him.
What did the election come down to?
A 73-73 tie between Jefferson and Burr in the electoral college.
What was the electoral college process for the 1800 election?
The electors voted for 2 people.
What was the plan for the electors to pick the President?
To rig the election and give Jefferson one more vote.
Did the electors’ rigging plan work?
No, they made a mistake and the tie occurred.
After the electoral tie, where did the election go to?
The House
Who held the house majority during 1800?
Federalists
How long did it take Congress in 1800 to pick a winner?
37 congressional votes
Who won the 1800 election?
Thomas Jefferson
What was the legacy of Jefferson’s first term?
Successful
What major amendment was passed during Jefferson’s first term?
12th Amendment
What did the 12th Amendment do?
It changed the the way we elect Presidents, instead of voting for 2 people per elector, we have separate ballots for President and VP.
How did Burr feel that he was VP?
He was unhappy that he was in second.
What was Burr’s legacy as VP?
He made some errors as VP, such as a duel with Hamilton, killed Hamilton as VP, America disliked him for that.
Did Hamilton expect Burr to actually kill him?
No
After the Hamilton duel, where does Burr go next?
He moves out west near Kentucky and tries to cause disturbances and tries to get Kentucky to secede from America.
What happens to Burr after his actions in Kentucky?
He is arrested for treason.
When is the President elected in 1800 vs. when they were inaugurated in 1801?
President is elected in October, inaugurated in March.
How does incumbent President Adams use his five months as President?
He wants to take advantage of all the time he has left in office to get things done.
Who controlled the new Congress after Jefferson was elected?
DRs
What did Adams do to mainly keep Federalists involved in politics in his last five months?
He picked a ton of Federalists to fill up the Supreme Court and altered the Judiciary Act to do this.
What were Adams’ new justices called in his final months?
Midnight Justices
How many judges does Adams appoint? How did he get this done?
He filled in several dozen slots of the court, it went to the Federalist Congress who passed them.
Who was the Second Chief Justice?
John Marshall Court
What was the importance of the Marshall Court?
They ran for about 20-30 years, and this court was responsible for setting court precedents we have today.
What was the first Marshall Court case?
Marbury v. Madison
When was Marbury v. Madison?
A few years into Jefferson’s first term.
What has Jefferson realize when he is inaugurated?
That Adams has nominated all these judges.
Who was Jefferson’s Secretary of State?
James Madison
What did Jefferson tell Madison about the Midnight Justices?
That they will not be allowed into Jefferson’s administration.
Who responded with what action by Madison trying to remove the Midnight Justices?
Justice Marbury sued Madison
What was the Secretary of State’s job back then?
They worked with more domestic affairs instead of foreign affairs.
How did Madison respond to being sued by Marbury?
He took it to the Marshall Court
What did Jefferson assume of how the court case would be resolved?
They would throw out all of the justices in the court case.
What happened first in the court case?
All the judges are thrown out of the court
What must be given to have all the Midnight Justices thrown out of court?
A reason must be provided
What did Marbury v. Madison rule?
They ruled the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional and implemented judicial review.
What is judicial review?
Where the Court can look at laws and deem them unconstitutional.
How did Jefferson feel about Judicial review?
It frustrated him.
How was Jefferson angry about judicial review?
Before this case, the court was low on the political ladder, but this decision elevated court to have equal power as Congress and the President, which shocked Jefferson.
Who were the Tripoli Pirates?
They were in the Mediterranean Sea above Africa, who raided ships
What was the American issue with the Tripoli Pirates?
If an American ship went to do trade there, the ship would be taken for hostage and raided.
How does Jefferson feel about the Tripoli Pirates? How did he respond?
He was frustrated, so he sent out a few navy ships to the Pasha of Tripoli
What is so ironic of Jefferson’s decision to send navy members to the Tripoli Pirates?
He was a strict Constitutionalist and it was loosely against the Constitution to send ships out without Congressional approval.
What do the naval troops want when they get to the Pasha?
They ask for $60K in extortion money
Does the Pasha comply to the $60K extortion money?
No
How does Jefferson react when the $60K is turned down?
He sends in more military men
When Jefferson sends in our military men, what does the Pasha think?
He realizes our navy would beat them and bailed.
Why was Jefferson successful beating the Tripoli Pirates?
He negotiated well and had to be assertive when he had to be.
Where was Toussaint L’Overture from?
Haiti
What did Toussaint L’Overture do?
He helped lead the big Haitian revolution against France
What were the effects of the Haitian revolution?
- Haiti became free
- it disallowed Napoleon to get Louisiana more easily
- French had no more territory in the Americas
- It allowed for us to get the Louisiana Purchase easier
What part of land became our central port of trade?
The mouth of the Mississippi in the Louisiana Purchase
What controls the entrance to the Mississippi?
New Orleans
What was so significant about New Orleans?
It was a major western trade port for us
Who originally controlled New Orleans? Did they control it well?
Spain had it after the Revolutionary War, and did not control it well.
Who was in charge of France before the Louisiana Purchase?
Napoleon
How did Napoleon feel about Spain having Louisiana? How did he respond to it?
He wanted France to get it back and was trying to rule the world, so he tried to control back Louisiana.
Why did Napoleon feel he could get Louisiana back?
If he can control Europe, he can get Louisiana
How did Jefferson want to get Louisiana?
He wanted Louisiana and surrounding areas and western Florida from Napoleon for $2M
What process does Jefferson do to get Louisiana?
He asks Livingston the French ambassador to ask Talleyrand and tell him the deal would work for him.
Who did Jefferson send over to work out the deal?
James Monroe
What happens to Napoleon when Monroe gets to France?
Napoleon has taken a step back in his conquest of Europe and needs money to keep fighting, as he is low on resources
What was the final deal reached by the US and French called?
The Louisiana Purchase
What were the terms of the Louisiana Purchase?
We would get $15M for the whole west from Louisiana up, which doubled the size of the US.
What was the only problem for Jefferson by signing the Louisiana Purchase?
He did it without Congress’ permission.
Why was Jefferson not getting Congressional approval not a big deal for the Louisiana Purchase?
DRs controlled Congress, so they would have approved it anyways.
Who disliked the Louisiana Purchase? Why?
The Federalists because it would open up things more DRs to come through
Would there ever be a Federalist regime after the Louisiana Purchase?
No
What was so significant about the size of the Louisiana Purchase?
- Great deal, huge land for good money
- doubled the size of the country
- biggest piece of land we would ever add
When was the Louisiana Purchase signed?
1803
Describe Napoleon’s smarts and bad spots.
He was a smart military man, but not as smart for geography and weather features.
What was the peak of Napoleon’s conquest to rule the world?
He knew how to be successful against other European countries.
Where does Napoleon run into a wall? How?
Russia through scorched earth which gave them nothing to control and the cold winter froze his men
After losing in Russia, what happens to him?
He is exiled to Corsica where English have an eye on him.
After being exiled, what eventually happens to him?
He escapes
What was Napoleon’s second crack at the British? How did that go?
It was the Battle of Waterloo, which he lost
After losing Waterloo, what happens to him?
He is exiled again and eventually dies.
Did Napoleon’s death end the French monarchy? Why or why not?
No, more of his cousins would be French monarchs for 5 more times.
After getting the Louisiana Purchase, what does Jefferson do?
He gets Lewis and Clark to explore the new purchase.
Where did Lewis and Clark’s journey go from?
From Missouri to the western US to the ocean.
How much did Jefferson pay Lewis and Clark to go on the quest?
$2500
Why did Jefferson send Lewis and Clark?
- to check out the resources in our new land
- we knew there was an ocean there, just did not know how far
- conduct science experiments for the area
- make maps of the area
Who did Lewis and Clark meet out west?
Sacagawea
Describe Sacagawea and her role in the Lewis and Clark expedition.
Native American woman, spoke many languages, was their guide, tried to make nice with the natives, did not want harsh relations with them.
How long is Lewis and Clark’s journey?
3 years
Where do Lewis and Clark trek through?
Northern US over rockies to the west.
What was the significance of Lewis and Clark’s journey?
- It opens up western front for people to possibly move to
- first time getting to pacific ocean as the USA
What was the issue with the western front being open and people possibly moving?
There is unknown relations with natives and lots of negotiations had to be done.
What was the main effect of the Hamilton/Butt duel?
We lost the biggest Federalist personality at the duel, as he was shot in the side.
What do Lewis and Clark report about after their quest?
Wildlife, weather, and environment
Why was Jefferson’s second term a failure?
British caused issues with impressing our sailors into service.
How did the British carry out impressment in America?
If you were a sailor and they thought you were British citizen, you would be put on the British ships.
Were British impressers right or wrong about the impressment?
They were sometimes right, but mostly wrong about picking British citizens.
What was the theory of the British carrying out impressment?
Once a Brit, always a Brit.
What three issues still occurred that helped start provoke the conflicts of the war of 1812?
- impressment
- British not leaving western forts
- using native propaganda against us
What big trade acts did Jefferson pass?
- Embargo Act
- Non-Importation Act
What was the Embargo Act?
We traded with nobody, we are done trading, any foreign ship with our ports cannot leave with American goods on our ports.
What was the problem with the Embargo Act?
It was at the hight of the market revolution, and Jefferson would not let us import from our ships in other countries.
What caused Jefferson to pass the Non-Importation Act?
He realized no trading was a problem and realized we needed to boom our economy with trading.
What did the Non-Importation Act do?
It opened up trade to all countries besides France and Britain.
How did Framce and Britain respond to the Non-Importation Act?
They were both angry about it.
What was the problem with the Non-Importation Act?
Britain and France were our two biggest trading partners.
Who won the election of 1808?
James Madison
Did Jefferson follow Washington’s 8 years precedent?
Yes
Why did Jefferson only serve 8 years as President?
He was tired of the job and his second term was a failure, he goes back to Monticello.
Why was Madison’s election win so big?
He was Secretary of State, showing it was a springboard to the Presidency.
What party is Madison?
DR
How did Madison utilize his political party as President?
- Congress was majority DR
- disliked Hamilton and Federalists
- all control is with the DRs
What major bill did Madison pass as President?
Macon’s Bill #2
Who was Macon?
A Congressman
What did Macon’s Bill #2 do?
It banned France and Britain from seizing our vessels.
How did Napoleon want to re-establish a connection in America?
During his rule of Europe, he repealed two European Acts
What was Napoleon really trying to do to Madison?
He hoodwinked him by trying to butter him up.
How did Napoleon play Madison well?
We open trade with France again
How did Britain respond to the open trade with France?
They are angry and open up a war threat.
What did Britain’s war threat lead to?
1812 War
How do some American Congressmen feel about the British war threat?
Most are war hawks and want war against Britain.
Who is the Congressional leader of the war hawks before 1812?
Henry Clay
Where was Henry Clay from?
Kentucky
Describe Henry Clay.
- champions hard for war vs. Britain
- ran for President many times
What native issue does Madison mainly deal with?
Tecumseh and Prophet
Who are Tecumseh and prophet?
Two well-regarded natives in western part of the states, like Tennessee.
What did Tecumseh and Prophet do that was a problem for Madison?
They decided to unify many native tribes and put them against the US government.
How does Madison respond to Tecumseh and Prophet?
Madison orders troops to put them down.
Who led the troops to take town Tecumseh and Prophet?
William Henry Harrison
What was the battle with Tecumseh and Prophet called?
Tippecanoe
What was Harrison’s nickname?
Old Tippecanoe
How long would Harrison be President? Why?
He was President for 30 days, as he died from pneumonia.
What happened at the Battle of Tippecanoe?
Harrison puts the troops down and the natives have to stop and go back, we hold them off.
Who was another 1812 general who would later become President?
Andrew Jackson
Describe Jackson’s appearance.
Young general, very tall and skinny man.
Describe Jackson’s background.
Born into a broken family, goes off to join the army for a bit of money and food.
Who was Jackson known for fighting against?
Fighting against the natives
Where was Jackson sent to for the 1812 war?
Sent not only to the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, but sent to Florida
Why was Jackson sent to Florida?
Many natives there who would run out of Florida and attack places in Georgia and run back to ravage the settlers, he was sent to Florida to get after them.
Does Jackson achieve goal of beating the natives in Florida?
Yes, but he killed two British generals.
Was Jackson given strict orders in Florida?
Yes
Did Jackson follow the strict orders? How did people respond?
No, Madison and many officials wanted to make punishments or even hang him.
Does Jackson wind up with any punishment?
No
What else did Jackson do in 1812?
He winds up killing some British commanders, had to negotiate his way out of that, would win Battle of New Orleans.
What was significant about the Battle of New Orleans?
It was the final battle of the war.
Why did the war of 1812 start?
We were re angry with British as far as impressment, Indian relations, western forts on our land.
Why was France happy that we went to war with Britain?
Because it distracted Britain from Napoleonic wars.
How did the British fare on American land in the war?
They send over fleets of soldiers, land in Eastern US, do not get anywhere other than Washington and Baltimore.
Who was the top naval sailor in 1812?
Oliver Hazard Perry
Describe Perry’s role in the 1812 war.
He would do lots of hit and run tactics against the British, turns into a pirate, hits British navy hard at sea
Where do the British first land in the US in the 1812 war?
The Chesapeake Bay
What city do the British attack first in 1812?
Washington
How do the British attack Washington?
They burn Capitol, set fire to Treasury and White House
Where do the British troops head second?
Baltimore
What Fort did we have in Baltimore?
Fort McHenry
What did we do to the British at Fort McHenry?
We were able to bombast the British Navy as they came into Baltimore.
What other significant event happened at Fort McHenry?
Francis Scott Key, a ship prisoner wrote the words that would become the National Anthem.
What is Key doing when he wrote his poem?
He is a ship prisoner stuck on a ship, while bombs are going off over him.
What did we hide during the 1812 war?
- American flag from Revolution
- Liberty Bell
What essentially ended the 1812 war?
- New Orleans
- We pushed the British out of the Chesapeake and New England
What was New Orleans’ status during the 1812 war?
The UK held it as a fort
How did Jackson respond to New Orleans?
He marched to New Orleans and meets British south of New Orleans, battles and defeats 2000 troops, while we only lost 12.
What treaty ended the war of 1812?
Treaty of Ghent
Where was the Treaty of Ghent signed?
Belgium
What did the Treaty of Ghent do?
It solidified boundaries and kept our freedom, kept natives out of British propaganda against us, deemed impressment as no good
What was another name for the war of 1812?
Second War for Independence
Why was it called the Second War for Independence?
It was where we solidified independence, we would fight and die for our freedom.
Did Jackson know the treaty had been signed before fighting in New Orleans?
No
Was Ghent signed before New Orleans?
Yes, but we did not know yet.
What were the social effects of this war?
- New Era of Nationalism
- A new American character slowly emerged
- the war set us up as a country
- we showed we had to be taken seriously
How did we show we had to be taken seriously as a country?
We beat a European superpower in two wars and we showed a new country can defend its freedom and will fight for it.
Describe how people felt during the New Era of Nationalism.
- people are proud to be Americans
- we were united in defeat of enemy
- we were markedly different from predecessors, and started new trends
- we united in a republican government, which was unique in the western world.
What was the major ship we had in 1812?
Old Ironsides
What was Old Ironsides?
A wooden vessel covered in thin iron plate.
Why was Old Ironsides covered in iron plate?
People were thinking it would keep a cannonball from hitting it.
What were the effects of covering Old Ironsides in iron plate?
They did not account that iron made ship heavier, which changed its buoyancy, which lowered it in the water some.
What was the Market Revolution?
It was during the Nationalist Era, which was our time to demonstrate to buy and sell stuff freely.
What was the Industrial Revolution?
It was about making stuff through free manufacturing and trade.
Where did the market and industrial revolutions take place in?
- Market was in US
- Industrial started in Europe and spread to the US
After the war of 1812, who emerges in Congress?
John C. Calhoun
Describe Calhoun.
He was a Senator, VP who would resign, very racist slaveholder from South Carolina
What did Calhoun believe in?
- the south’s right to hold slaves and that the federal government and north cannot hold that right against them
- federal government should get out of state activity
What was significant about Calhoun’s platform of anti-government in slavery?
He was the first prominent person in south that says they should secede, as he somewhat believes in leaving.
When did Calhoun die?
Just before the Civil War
When was Calhoun expressing how he felt about slavery in government?
1830s and 1840s
What major federal policy did Calhoun dislike?
tariffs
Why were tariffs bad for the south?
The south did not have northern manufacturing areas
What are tariffs?
Taxes on imported manufactured goods.
When were tariffs so big? Why?
They were big in 1800s because manufacturing was growing in New England and they traded with many people.
What was the peak of US-European trading?
In 1815, when both the 1812 War and French Revolution were over.
Why did New England need the tariffs?
For protection of their goods
What was the south’s way to make money?
cash crops
Why were tariffs an issue for the south in terms of buying things?
If the south bought cheaper brand from England, they would pay more because of the tariff, while the more expensive kind would be cheaper made domestically.
How did the tariffs go in the US for each side economically?
- north needed the help for their factories
- south had a lose-lose situation to buy things
Who was Daniel Webster?
He was from New Hampshire, who was against John Calhoun’s beliefs that tariffs are bad.
What did Webster believe about tariffs in the north?
The tariffs would protect New England, wanted to protect the local manufacturers with the tariffs.
Why did Webster favor tariffs?
In New Hampshire, Portsmouth beach is responsible for a big port of trade in New England and that had to be protected for the American manufacturers.
Describe Henry Clay.
He was from Kentucky, western man, a desire for power
When was Clay first elected to Congress? What happens to him when he is first elected?
After 1812, he is voted to the House, and on his first day of Freshman term, he is elected Speaker of the House.
When did Clay come to real prominence in government?
The 1820s, when he runs for President
How many times did Clay run for President? Did he ever win?
He ran four times, from the 1820s to late 1840s and never won the Presidency.
What political party did Clay essentially create?
The Whig Party
What group of people did the Whigs come from?
The demise of the Federalists, as the Federalists were gone after 1812, no Federalist ticket ever again after the war.
When the Treaty of Ghent is coming back to Washington, what are some people doing?
A group from Connecticut marches to Washington.
Why did this group from CT march to Washington?
They said that government is not following Constitutional laws they made previously by signing the Treaty of Ghent
What happens when the CT group gets to Washington?
The treaty of Ghent is there when they arrive.
When the people from CT see the Treaty, what do they think?
The delegation thinks government won’t listen to them and turn back to CT.
Why was this CT march important?
It was essentially the death of the Federalist party
Why was the Federalist party essentially dead after the CT march?
They were blamed for this as people thought federalists were behind this.
Why were people nervous about the Federalists possibly being behind this march?
People were nervous that they wanted to change government
What party came along after this death of the Federalists?
The Whigs
What historically were the Whigs?
A British party that was pro-American in the revolution wanted for us to have Independence, positive name to take on.
What system did Henry Clay create?
American System
What was the goal of the American System?
To connect through America in any way we can.
How did Clay hope to connect America in his plan?
Do it through roads and rail.
What was Clay’s first method of roads for the American System?
They started building corduroy roads
How were corduroy roads built?
With small branches of trees or saplings.
How would you ride on a corduroy road?
The buggy or horse would ride over them and follow them, they were easy to navigate.
What else did Clay try to implement in the American System?
turnpikes
What was the first turnpike?
Pennsylvania
Where did the PA Turnpike go to?
It connected Philadelphia and Harrisburg
Why was it called a turnpike?
When you paid a toll, the pike would turn and you could come through.
What was the first public university in America?
North Carolina
Who is President after Madison?
James Monroe
When did Monroe serve as President?
1816-1824
What was the name of the time Monroe served as President
Era of Good Feeling
Describe the Era of Good Feeling.
Everyone was united after 1812 and political parties stepped aside, no division or fighting, no crazy political parties.
When did the Era of Good Feeling end?
After Monroe’s Presidency.
Describe Monroe’s background.
Fairly easy to get along with, former Secretary of State.
What was Monroe’s biggest accomplishment?
Monroe Doctrine
What economic issue happened during Monroe’s Presidency?
Panic of 1819
What was the panic of 1819 caused by?
over-speculation in cash investments
What is over-speculation?
When you invest more money in something than it is actually worth
What was the 1819 over-speculation about?
People spent too much money in gold and silver to buy money from US government.
What are other names for an economic panic?
- depression
- recession
What were the results of the Panic of 1819?
There were more people who are unemployed and broke and government is trying to scramble and figure out what happened.
What was the only hiccup in Monroe’s Presidency?
Panic of 1819
Did the government eventually fix the economic panic of 1819?
Yes, as the panic was not as bad as people thought.
What was the backbone of southern economics?
slavery
When was the slave trade over? Why?
1808-1810, we had enough slaves as our slaves’ population was the only population that was self-propagated.
What did it mean for our slave population to be self-propagated?
The slaves had enough kids to keep slavery going without importing more.
What was slavery a powerful force for?
It was the southern economic necessity for their cash crops.
What took place after the slave trade to get more slaves?
slave auctions
Where did slave auctions take place?
major cities
Where was the biggest slave auction at?
Washington, DC
What did the slave auctions mean?
you could still buy and sell slaves in the south
What did people do in slave auctions?
You put slaves you no longer needed or ones you wanted up for auction and buy and sell them to other slave owners.
What group were the most valuable slaves?
young men about 15-22 years old
What group were the least valuable slaves?
older women
What gender was put higher in value for slaves?
Male slaves had more value than women.
What problem was happening with slavery in the 1820s?
Many escaping slaves were leaving the south by the thousands to freedom in the north.
How did northerners feel about fugitive slaves?
Northerners were torn about returning them to help the south or keeping them to freedom up north.
What did each plantation have for its group of slaves? Why?
It had an older man for a calming effect for young people who could be more rebellious, also used as a voice for women.
What did the large number of fugitive slaves mean for the south’s economy?
It could be an economic backbreaker if they did not do something about it.
What was the conflict before the Missouri Compromise?
The issue of the territory of Missouri and it coming into the Union.
Describe how the Missouri conflict was a massively debated topic.
Missouri wanted to be part of the Union, but it is part of Louisiana Purchase, outside NW Ordinance boundaries, torn if they were to be slave or no-slave state.
How did Congress feel about Missouri’s conflict?
They debated it heavily.
What is created by Congress to solve the Missouri issue? When is it passed?
The Missouri Compromise in 1820
Who helped create the Missouri Compromise?
Henry Clay
What were the terms of the Missouri Compromise?
- Missouri joins the union as a slave state
- Maine joins the union as a free state
Why was Missouri eventually chosen to be a slave state?
It said in their state Constitution they wanted slavery when they applied for statehood
How did the Northern Congress feel about Missouri being a slave state?
They were angry about it and wanted Missouri to be a non-slave state.
What was the motive for bringing in Maine as a free state?
- By adding two states, the Senate would be equally divided in slave vs. no slave states
- Maine was close enough to applying for statehood.
Who in Congress massively debated the Missouri Compromise?
- Webster
- Clay
- Calhoun
When and where was Fletcher v. Peck?
1810, in Georgia
Describe the background of Fletcher v. Peck.
The old Georgia legislature sold land to investors, but years later there is an election and the legislature changed. The new legislature tried to reverse the law.
What was the ruling in Fletcher v. Peck?
Because the law was a contract law, it was signed and agreement was made. Just because you changed electors, you cannot change the deal, new legislators must respect old policies.
When and where was Dartmouth v. Woodward?
1819 in New Hampshire
Describe the background leading up to Dartmouth v. Woodward.
Dartmouth was founded as private school, and NH elects new delegates, they want Dartmouth to be public school and change their charter.
How did Dartmouth feel about the NH delegates trying to make them public?
They disliked the idea and wanted to stay private and took it to court.
What was ruled in Dartmouth v. Woodward?
The school’s contract and charter was setup as private school, they needed mutual agreement to be public, Dartmouth wanted to be private, so they could not change status.
When was Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee?
1816
Where was Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee held?
Virginia
What did Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee deal with?
It deals with land sales and who can sell what.
Describe Martin’s background before the court case.
Martin was English loyalist during revolution, when he goes back to England, he had his land, his heir, his son sold the land, but he cannot sell it because Virginia took it.
Why did Martin take this land issue to court?
It was deeded to him and he felt he should have it.
What documents stated that Martin should have the land?
Treaties of Paris and Ghent
What court does Martin go to first?
Virginia court
What does the Virginia court rule for Martin?
They tell Martin he won’t get his land back and cannot take the case to the Supreme Court.
How does Martin respond to the Virginia court’s ruling?
Martin takes it to Supreme Court
What did the Supreme Court rule for Martin?
It rules that Martin gets his land back and VA court’s ruling was wrong.
When was McCulloch v. Maryland?
1819
What did McCulloch v. Maryland deal with?
the national bank
Describe the background of McCulloch v. Maryland.
Bank has a branch in Maryland, at the branch they print money, Maryland needed money.
Why did Maryland go for state money with the bank being there?
Governor of Maryland disliked the bank and the owner of the bank, Governor gets together with his men, wonders how he can remove the bank.
What does Maryland decide to do to the bank with the governor’s plan?
They decide to tax money they print, for every dollar they print, state gets some tax money
Who was in charge of the national bank during Maryland’s taxing?
McCulloch
How did McCulloch feel and respond to the state tax on the national bank in Maryland?
He said that states cannot tax federal government and took it to the Supreme Court
What arose from McCulloch v. Maryland?
two arguments
What were the two arguments from McCulloch v. Maryland?
- can the bank exist and is it legal
- can state tax federal government
What was ruled in McCulloch v. Maryland?
Bank must exist because of necessary and proper clause from the Constitution, and states may not tax federal government.
Why was there speculation if the national bank was legal or not in McCulloch v. Maryland?
There is nothing in the Constitution that says bank is fully allowed.
What quote describes taxation in McCulloch v. Maryland?
“The power to tax involves the power to destroy.”
What court judged all these Supreme Court cases?
Marshall Court
When was Gibbons v. Ogden?
1824
Describe the background of Gibbons v. Ogden.
Gibbons was a paddleboat operator, wanted a trade boat on Hudson, NY gave shipping rights to 3 people, Gibbons wondered how he could make trade money, no chance because of no competition.
What was ruled in Gibbons v. Ogden?
Only federal government can issue permits and licenses to who can operate, those 3 monopolies were not able to be on the Hudson.
What was established in Gibbons v. Ogden?
Federal government and the power of Congress can authorize and regulate all interstate commerce.
Why was Gibbons v. Ogden ruled the way it was?
The Hudson was an interstate river, so federal not state government can control the interstate rivers.
Under Hamilton’s 1st bank, what was the charter rule?
Every 20 years a bank must get a new charter
What was the national bank’s 20th year?
During Madison’s Presidency
What must Madison do if the bank has reached its 20 year mark?
He must create a new charter for a second bank.
Describe the social feel of America when Madison is creating the second bank.
- The idea of nationalism is at a height
- everyone is happy to be American
- people feel state trade is important
What was Madison’s bank officially called?
Second National Bank
What were the goals of the 2nd National Bank?
- it provided steady currency that would not change value all the time
- needed to provide for a protective tariff for northern business growing
- provide as much guidance, guidelines and rules and support for the manufacturers
What was the significance of the National Bank’s goals?
This would be the backbone setup of our country’s new economic framework for many years.
What did people use to do for their personal economic being?
They used to produce for themselves and their own benefit.
What sequence of events changed peoples’ economic processes?
The Market Revolution
How did the market revolution change the economy?
It made it so you could buy and sell to and from people miles away.
What was the issue with buying and selling from far away?
You mainly had to go by water as traveling by land was very hard.
Who responded to the lack of land transport plan?
Henry Clay
What plan did Clay come up with to improve land transport?
The American System
What was the purpose of the American System?
America needs to consolidate our country to enhance trade and build transportation systems to be able to move.
What systems were created under Clay’s American System?
- National Road
- Canal System
- Invention of Steamboat
What was the National Road?
A short road in the countryside that helped people trade more quickly by land to the west.
Before the American System was created, what were the only ways to trade?
- Mississippi River south to around the coast
- St. Lawrence River up north to the coast
Where did the National Road go to?
Cumberland, MD to Wheeling, WV
How must a canal be built?
It must be built all at once because of the water flow.
What was the most famous canal created in the Canal System?
Erie Canal
Who planned the Erie Canal?
New York’s governor, DeWitt Clinton
Why did Clinton decide to plan for the Erie Canal?
- he knew it would open up trade
- without it upstate NY or western PA would have to go through the St. Lawrence River over Maine to trade to the coast.
What was the major problem of boat shipping?
Wind dependence as you had to go the way of the water current with your boat.
What did the Erie Canal do?
It gave a straight water connection to the east coast for trading.
What invention helps the problem of boat wind dependence?
The steamboat
What was a steamboat?
A boat with an engine that created steam to get power in a powerboat.
Who invented the steamboat?
Robert Fulton
What was the name of the first steamboat?
Clermont
Why was the steamboat important?
You can go on either side of the current, can now go against the current and it opened up lots of ship travel.
Was the railroad created during the steamboat/canal era?
Not yet
When was the railroad started to be developed?
1820s and 1830s
What discovery was needed to build the railroads? Why? When did we first see coal?
Coal is needed because water and fire make steam powered railroads, we saw it in the 1830s.
Who was President during the Treaty of 1819?
James Monroe
What was the other name of the Treaty of 1819?
Adams-Onis Treaty
Who was Monroe’s Secretary of State?
John Quincy Adams
Who was Onis in the 1819 Treaty?
An English Representative
What did the Treaty of 1819 do?
We make some land settling with British in the west and make it clear to England we bought Louisiana Purchase and they do not encroach on our well-marked boundaries.
What territories were discussed in the Treaty of 1819?
- Florida
- Missouri
- Oregon
How was Florida discussed during the Treaty of 1819?
Spain still owned Florida, but did not care much and could not control it.
What eventually happens to Florida? Why?
We ask Spain to give us Florida and we buy it for a low price because Spain Spain owes us reparations for Indian damage, we get Florida.
When did we settle the Missouri Territory?
1820
Describe the situation in Oregon Territory.
It is a separate piece not part of the Louisiana Purchase northwest with 4 countries vying for the land
What four countries are vying for Oregon?
- Russia
- England
- Spain
- US
When did Oregon get settled?
1846
Describe John Quincy Adams.
A young politician who learned lots from his dad who was a former President.
What was John Quincy Adams’ biggest play?
Monroe Doctrine
What was one of the main jobs of slaves in the south?
To pick and harvest cotton.
What was the problem with slaves harvesting cotton?
It was hard work getting the seeds out, tough on fingers, hauling it was hard, and the slaves had to meet a quota of picked cotton to not get whipped.
What invention was created in response to the cotton slave issue?
Cotton Gin
Who invented the cotton gin?
Eli Whitney
Who wrote the Monroe Doctrine?
John Quincy Adams
What is the legacy of the Monroe Doctrine?
It was one of the best known pieces of foreign policy in US history
Describe the background before the Monroe Doctrine.
In the Caribbean we had islands claimed by Europe, but Europe would turn on attention or off on them.
How did the Caribbean Island get attention turned on and off by European countries?
If there was business going on in Europe or not, islands owed some sort of debt to Europe, when Europe came over to New World they asked for taxes and money.
When Europe came to the Caribbean and asked for money, did the countries pay?
Islands were broke and could not pay.
How did Europe respond to the Caribbean islands not paying?
Europe threatened military intervention and government change.
How did the Caribbean islands respond to the European threats of military and governmental changes?
These countries asked us to get them off their backs and pay Europe the money.
How did Monroe and John Quincy Adams respond to this Caribbean Conflict?
They realize they must back down these European powers and created the document.
How many principles did the Monroe Doctrine have?
2
What were the two principles of the Monroe Doctrine?
- no intervention
- no colonization
How can Europe not intervene or colonize based on the Monroe Doctrine?
Europe cannot claim anything else, and may not over-control the colonies you hold.
When Caribbean countries have debt issues what really do we do anyways? Why?
We usually paid them back because of European threats.
When we passed the Monroe Doctrine, did any countries sign it?
No
How did European countries feel about having to be dictated how to handle the Caribbean?
All European countries were angry how they were told to dictate in the Caribbean.
What was the legacy of the Monroe Doctrine?
We slipped this policy by Europe and it remains our foreign policy to this day.
How did we get away with the Monroe Doctrine?`
European business was too much and felt they could care less, but they had other things going on when it was time to fight it and they did not.
Did Europe have to abide by the Monroe Doctrine?
No
Before the Missouri Compromise, what was Missouri’s state?
They wanted to become a state and were a slave territory.
What was the first attempt at resolving the statehood situation in Missouri
There was an Amendment attempted to pass a bill that they have slaves but once they die off, slavery is over.
What eventually happened to this first attempt bill for Missouri?
It was shot down quickly
Why was the first Missouri attempt shot down so quickly?
This would set precedent for every US territory added to the union, which could cause division.
Before Missouri, how was the Senate divided?
It was even north vs. south, as political parties were not focused on and slave/no slave was the conflict.
What other state wanted in when Missouri wanted in?
Maine
What kind of state did Maine want to be?
Free
Who helped create the Missouri Compromise?
Henry Clay
Under the Missouri Compromise, what kind of states do Missouri and Maine become?
- Missouri-slave
- Maine-free
What else is created from the Missouri Compromise?
They will create a line across a southern degree across Missouri.
What was Henry Clay’s nickname?
The Great Compromiser
What degree is the Missouri Compromise line at?
36 degrees, 30 minutes
What did Clay make of himself after the Missouri Compromise?
He proves he can work both sides of the aisle with slave and no slave states.
What does the 36, 30 parallel mean for all new states entering the Union?
All states north of this line must become free states, all states south of the line are allowed to have slaves.
What did the political questions become after the Missouri Compromise?
Can Congress prohibit slavery from Missouri Compromise? Is this a federal or states’ rights issue on slavery?
What part of land made up Oregon Territory?
The whole northwest area.
What was the issue with the Oregon Territory?
- there was no defined northern boundary on it
- not from Louisiana Purchase, four countries vying for it.
What four areas laid claim to Oregon and are vying for it?
- Russia
- Spain
- US
- Britain
Which country left Oregon first?
Russia
How did each of the four countries get to Oregon?
- Russia through Alaska
- Britain through Canada
- Spain from Southwest
Which country left Oregon second?
Spain
What two countries are left vying for Oregon?
US and Britain
Who eventually claimed Oregon?
US
How did we claim Oregon?
We made a boundary line that everything below is ours.
What was the boundary line for Oregon?
54 degrees, 40 minutes
What would happen if Britain crossed the Oregon line?
We would fight them.
What piece of land in Oregon becomes an issue with US and Britain?
Vancouver Island
Where does Vancouver Island lie with respect to the 54-40 line?
Partly below, partly above it.
What is the decision on Vancouver Island?
We let Britain, who have Canada have the island.
How did the war of 1812 mainly change our society?
There was a new spirit for social justice.
How long did this spirit for social justice last?
From the 1820s to the Civil War.
What did people do in the social justice movement period?
They were committed to society to make things better for others.
What was this post-1812 social justice movement called?
Reform Movement
What was the name of the time period of the Reform Movement?
Antebellum Period
What were the Reform Movement and Antebellum Period about?
- getting people voting rights
- women’s rights
- ending slavery
- fighting for education and healthcare reforms
What else was greatly growing during the Reform Movement?
Immigration
How many phases were there to American Immigration?
2
What were the 2 phases of immigration?
- old immigration
- new immigration
What were old immigrants?
They were people coming from Northern and Western Europe, people who spoke English, white Europeans.
What were new immigrants?
They did not have the same language, religion, and skin. They were a new look to blend with Americans.
What was the biggest difference between old and new immigration?
Old immigrants had no trouble blending in in terms of religion, education, languages, and looks, while new ones did.
What group was the lowest rung on the American social ladder during this immigration period?
Irish
What was the state of women during the Antebellum period?
Women could not vote yet, could not own property or have own financial resources.
What was the typical role of young girls during the Antebellum Period?
- had jobs in textile mills in New England
- lived in country, went to cities to work
- made money for farm which would help raise siblings
- raised children as a woman
Describe the state of the working class during the Antebellum Period.
They pushed for 10 hour work days, they had a 12-14 hour day, with light breakfast, went home for one hour for big meal, then had a night snack.
Where was the case of Commonwealth v. Hunt held?
Massachusetts
What was the importance of Commonwealth v. Hunt’s ruling?
It allows workers to form labor unions.
Did the ruling of Commonwealth v. Hunt dictate company policy?
No, employers do not have to allow unions, it just made it legal to let workers form them if allowed.
Who was Denmark Vesey?
A slave from South Carolina
What did Vesey do?
He led a massive slave revolt.
Did any slave revolt work at this point?
No
Why were all slave revolts unsuccessful?
Because white people had guns and could easily stop them with their weapons and power.
Did many small slave revolts take place?
Yes
If there was a large slave revolt, did it have a chance of succeeding?
It had a small chance, but never worked in the end.
Before the election of 1824, what state has the presidency been in?
We are coming off a stable 24 year run of 3 stable Presidents.
Who were the three Presidents before 1824 that all served 8 years?
Jefferson, Madison, Monroe
Who was James Monroe’s Secretary of State?
John Quincy Adams
How did John Quincy Adams view the 1824 election? Why?
He felt he would win because he was Secretary of State, the springboard to the Presidency.
Before the election of 1824, how is the political party situation?
There are no major dividing political parties.
How many candidates run in 1824?
5
Do all 5 candidates go to the 1824 electorate?
Yes
Who were the 5 candidates in 1824?
- John Quincy Adams
- Andrew Jackson
- Henry Clay
- William Crawford
- John Calhoun
What state is each 1824 candidate from?
- Adams-MA
- Jackson-TN
- Clay-KY
- Crawford-GA
- Calhoun-SC
Which 1824 candidate drops out first?
Calhoun
Describe some of the 1824 candidates’ reputation.
- Jackson was a soldier candidate
- Crawford was pretty unknown
- Adams was an establishment politician
What were the results of the popular vote in 1824?
- Jackson was 1st
- Adams was 2nd
- Clay was 3rd
- Crawford was 4th
What are the electoral college results for 1824?
Jackson 99
Adams 84
Crawford 41
Clay 37
What is the problem with the 1824 electoral vote count?
No candidate makes the 51% majority vote to win the Presidency, Jackson’s 99 is not the majority.
Where did the election go after no candidate reached the 51% majority of electoral votes?
The House of Reps.
How many 1824 candidates went to the House vote? Why?
Only 3 went because the 12th Amendment states so.
Which candidate did not make the House vote?
Henry Clay
What other candidate did not go to the House? Why?
Crawford had a stroke and was unable to be in the race.
How did Adams deal with the situation when it came down to him and Jackson?
He went to Henry Clay and knows Clay hated Jackson and asks for Clay’s support.
Does Clay support Adams? Under what conditions?
Yes, as long as Adams makes him Secretary of State.
Who wins the 1824 election?
Adams
Who did Adams name as his Secretary of State?
Clay
Why did Clay ask to be Secretary of State?
It would be a springboard to his Presidency.
What was the Adams-Clay situation called?
A quid pro quo or Corrupt Bargain
How was the Adams-Clay situation corrupt bargaining?
It was deal made in a back room in secret, Jackson had no play in this at all and lost.
Did the American people find out about this corrupt deal? What reflected that?
They knew about it and were angry and it showed in 1828 when Jackson handily beat Adams.
After the Election of 1824, what happened to politics?
There became a permanent establishment of the two party system.
What did this 2 party establishment mean?
There will be no reconciliation, never again have an era of Good Feeling.
What conflict caused this 2 party establishment?
Jackson and Adams and the corruption issue in the 1824 election.
What new political party would eventually come about from the 2 party system?
Republicans
What were the 19th Century platforms of the Democrats and Republicans?
- Democrats wanted states rights and fiscal conservation, thinking about where money was going.
- Republicans wanted an active government to take care of domestic issues.
When did the Democrats and Republicans change platforms?
They change from the start of the 20th Century on with new political beliefs.
What was the other name for the election of 1828?
Revolution of 1828
How does the 1828 election go?
Adams is easily defeated by Jackson.
Describe Jackson’s background.
He was a war fighter who did not have much money and the odds were against him.
Why was the 1828 campaign so brutal?
Each candidate had some sort of scandal going on.
What was Adams’ scandal in 1828?
The Corrupt Bargain with Henry Clay in 1824
What was Jackson’s scandal in 1828?
He deals with a divorce issue and ends up marrying a woman who was already married.
What coalition of people liked Jackson? Why?
He was liked by the common man, every white man liked him, as he was a poor fighter and not educated.
When Jackson was inaugurated, what was the problem?
It was very crazy at the White House, which was even a museum then and could not be damaged.
How was Jackson’s inauguration party so crazy?
He invited friends, not other politicians as in the past, and the party is raucous, damaging, and very intense.
What was Jackson’s main nickname as President?
Old Hickory
Why was Jackson called Old Hickory?
He will not be told what to do, does not care about Supreme Court or Congress, Jackson wants to do his own thing, and hickory is a tough wood.
Describe hickory wood.
A hard, expensive wood because of its durability.
What encounter did Jackson have that affected him? With whom?
He had a duel with Charles Dickinson.
Who won the Jackson-Dickinson duel?
Jackson won.
What happened to Jackson in the duel?
He was shot in the chest, very close to his heart.
How did Jackson’s bullet near his heart affect him?
He carried that bullet for the rest of his life, which made him more unsuitable for politics.
How many administrations did Jackson have? What was his goal as President?
He had two administrations where he tried to re-invent the Presidency.
What were the major components to Jackson’s politics?
- Banks
- Indians
- Tariffs
- Common Man
- Holding Slaves
How did Jackson feel about banks?
He went to war on national banks.
How was the War on Banks carried out?
It was a plan setup by Henry Clay to trick Jackson, but it backfired on Clay, as people felt it was corrupt.
What political position did Jackson have before President?
Congressman
When Jackson was in Congress, how did he feel? How did he respond to this?
He felt Congress was against him and was stifling for him, he resigned from Congress.
How did Jackson feel about political power during his presidency?
He did his way or the highway, as Congress tried to stifle him, he did not want power from the other government branches.
What was the name of Jackson’s Native American policy?
Trail of Tears
How did Jackson feel about natives?
He wanted to kick them off our land.
What did Jackson pass as part of his native American policy?
Indian Removal Act
How did Jackson carry out his Native American policy?
He booted out the Seminoles from Florida and makes them walk to an Indiana territory in current-day Oklahoma in crazy conditions with small possessions.
What would come in the future from Jackson’s anti-native policy?
We would be setup for bad future native relations and provoked fierce opposition.
Why did Jackson have this tough native American policy?
- he coveted Indian lands to add to America
- he did not like natives on our lands
What tariff did Jackson strongly oppose?
Tariff of Abominations
When was the Tariff of Abominations passed?
During Adams’ administration.
How much was the tariff and what did it put tariffs on?
The tariff was 50% and it was on major home appliances and furniture.
What did Jackson do to the Tariff of Abominations?
He decided to deal with it and remove it.
When Jackson was elected, describe the voting rights in the country.
We had more voting rights than ever, and all white men can vote whether they own property or not.
Why were the voting demographics for Jackson so important?
The common man could elect a President for the common man, as the new voting laws broke down the financial barrier.
What did Jackson do with human rights?
He never attempted to expand human rights, tried to constrict black rights.
Describe Jackson’s background with slavery.
He held slaves at a plantation in Northern Alabama, many black slaves working for him.
What was the name of Jackson’s adult home?
Hermitage
How did slaves call Jackson?
The Master
Why did Jackson support slavery?
He was very concerned about freed black slaves who could threaten plantation economy and could have weapons in Florida and could pose a threat.
Describe Jackson’s family background.
He was poor, his father died young, violent and threatening childhood.
Where did Jackson live as a child?
Tennessee frontier
How did the threat of violence in his childhood affect Jackson’s future?
- he got military spirit
- he was so prone to violence and fought in 1812
Describe Jackson’s War of 1812 legacy..
He was a war hero, tough on his journeys, had good passion, determination, and persistence.
What was Jackson’s first profession? How old was he?
At 20 years old, he was a lawyer.
What did Jackson do as a lawyer?
He became a prosecutor on the frontier and joined the waves heading west.
How did Jackson incorporate his friends into his presidency?
He hired his friends to do federal work instead of a cabinet.
How many positions were in a cabinet at that time in the 1820s?
4-5
Why did Jackson hire his friends?
He trusted them.
What was the name for Jackson’s cabinet?
Kitchen Cabinet
Describe the Kitchen Cabinet.
His crew that quietly met, his friends and advisors who hoped to move the country forward.
What other federal job policy did Jackson implement?
Spoils System
What was the Spoils System?
When Jackson fired many jobs from government, including some officials, more than any other President had done.
What did Jackson’s opponents call the Spoils System?
“Work of the devil.”
What other issue happened to Jackson with his cabinet.
His Secretary of Defense had a major sex scandal.
How did the American public respond to this sex scandal with Jackson’s cabinet? What group of people mainly reacted?
It caused lots of fear with people and women were angry about this.
Who had the affair with Jackson’s Secretary of Defense?
Margaret Eaton
How did American women respond to the scandal with Eaton?
Many women wanted to boycott all events with Eaton or the Secretary of State.
Why was there so much fear in America for Jackson’s Secretary of Defense?
- he could abuse power
- less politics would get done
- many people compared it to Jackson’s issues with his wife.
- many people disliked Jackson’s system and wanted to progress, and this got in their way of progress.
What were the elements of Jacksonian Democracy?
- male suffrage increased
- party nominating committees
- spoils system
- 3rd parties
- campaigning parades and rallies
- 2 party system
When Jackson was President, describe the state of the national bank.
US Banking had been dominated by the Second National Bank
Did Jackson like the bank why or why not?
Jackson hated the bank because bank represents everything that goes against common man.
How did Jackson’s background relate to his disdain for the bank?
He was a poor child who had to make it on his own, had to propel himself to the top, self-made man, bank only takes care of the rich, not those who are self-made.
What happened to the Second Bank when Jackson was President?
It was getting close to its 20 year charter end.
When was the 2nd Bank up for re-charter?
1836
What did Jackson do to the Second National Bank? When did he do this?
In 1836, He vetoed the Second Bank’s charter, so the bank was totally gone.
What did Jackson do to the third bank? When did he do this?
Jackson kills the bank before it is supposed to start, in 1833, he vetoes it and takes out all its money.
Where does the money go from the National Banks when they were shot down by Jackson?
Wildcat Banks
What were Wildcat Banks?
Local banks on the frontier, zero insurance, risky and dangerous
What was the other name for Wildcat Banks?
Pet Banks
Who was head of the National Bank during Jackson’s Presidency?
Nicholas Biddle
How did Jackson feel about Biddle?
Jackson thought he was most corrupt person in America.
How did the Whigs feel about Jackson killing the bank?
The Whigs hated this plan.
When did the Indian Removals start?
1830
Describe how Jackson felt about Native Americans.
He thinks the Natives of the south should go to worst piece of land in Oklahoma.
What states did the Jacksonian Indians live in?
NC, GA, FL, AL, MS
How did Jackson force the Indians out?
He forced them to leave and walk while moving whatever they can carry.
What is the last state to join the continental US?
Oklahoma
Why was Oklahoma the last state to join the Continental US?
Nobody wanted to come in because of all of the Natives living there.
How did some Indians respond to the Trail of Tears?
Some sued the US and took it to court.
What court case was about the Indians suing the US?
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
What court judged Cherokee Nation v. Georgia?
Supreme Court (Marshall Court.)
What did the court rule in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia?
They ruled that Cherokee is a foreign nation and cannot sue our court as they are not US citizens, they cannot sue for their land back.
After the Marshall Court ruled against the Cherokees, what happens?
A private Georgia citizen takes the case and sues on behalf of the natives, and it goes to Marshall Court.
What did the Marshall Court rule in the second Cherokee case?
They ruled that they should let them live where they want.
What nickname does Jackson get from his trail of tears?
King Andrew
How did Jackson respond to the ruling with the Cherokees and Georgia?
He ignored the court and took his way, will only force the Indians out.
What did Jackson’s forcing of the Indians out lead to?
- removal of 10,000 Indians
- they walked in bad winter to Oklahoma
- brutal winter in Oklahoma
What was the other problem with those trying to help the Indians?
The blankets given to them for the cold were infected with smallpox
How many trials took the Indians to Oklahoma?
2
What were the two trails of the Indian Trail of Tears?
- Water route through Mississippi River
- Through cold midwest in the winter
In Jackson’s election, what were the voting demographics?
Every white man had a vote, which helped elect him.
What did Jackson try to do with respect to elections?
He tried to propose an Amendment to eliminate the Electoral College.
Describe Jackson’s Hiring of Friends.
He hired group of friends in his Kitchen Cabinet, and would meet under wraps.
What tariff did Jackson inherit as President?
Tariff of Abominations
When was the Tariff of Abominations passed?
1828
What were the conditions of the Tariff of Abominations?
- over 50% tax
- on imported goods of wool and iron
What state disliked the tariff?
South Carolina
Why did South Carolina dislike the tariff?
Had no wool market, and the tariffs did not benefit their economy.
What did SC do when they disliked the tariff?
They said they will not pay and vowed to nullify it.
Who was Jackson’s VP?
John Calhoun
Where was Calhoun from?
SC
How did Calhoun feel about the SC nullification?
He was conflicted as VP vs. South Carolinian, but he wanted SC to nullify it.
What new tariff was created in response to SC’s reaction to the first tariff?
Tariff of 1832
What was the tariff of 1832?
It was a lesser tax of the Tariff of Abominations
How did SC feel about the 1832 Tariff?
They felt it was too bad for them still.
What became the question about SC trying to nullify the Tariffs?
Can states have the right to nullify a federal law?
Can a state nullify a federal law?
No
What was this South Carolina nullification called?
Nullification Crisis
What was significant about the nullification crisis?
It was the first visible fracture in US with federal-states conflict and one of the early causes of the civil war and secession.
What did Jackson pass in response to the Nullification Crisis?
Force Act
What act is the force act compared to?
Intolerable Act
What did the Force Act do?
If federal government passes an act, states must obey it.
Under the Force Act, what does it say if a state fails to comply with a federal law?
The government will send in troops to collect the tariffs.
After the Force Act, what deal with tariffs are made in Congress?
Compromise Tariff of 1833
Who created the Compromise Tariff of 1833?
Henry Clay
What would the Compromise Tariff of 1833 do?
t would lower tariff by 10% of the current tax every year for 8 years, until it gets reasonable to a 10-15% tariff.
What conflict in Congress comes up with tariffs?
Webster-Hayne debates.
Where were Webster and Hayne from?
- Webster from NH
- Hayne from South
Who did Hayne replace in Congress?
Calhoun
What was significant about the Webster-Hayne debate?
It was a major debate on tariffs on the floor of the house.
What was Webster’s main value in politics?
Unionism
What do unionists believe?
They want everyone to stay together and believe in the federal government.
What do Calhoun and Hayne believe with federal politics?
They both like states rights and states should decide for themselves whether tariffs should exist or not.
How did Clay try to make Jackson look bad with saving the federal bank?
Clay brought bank up for re-charter early, years before it was supposed to be re-chartered, if Clay can get Jackson to approve the bank, it will make him look bad with common man.
Did Clay think with his plan that Jackson would veto the bank?
No
What was so significant about when the money was put into the Pet Banks?
-banks have power of currency and have power to print money
What was the main effect of the Pet Banks?
- Inflation went up
- land speculators are asked to buy western land with gold because money was worthless.
Why did people buy lots more land during the Pet Bank era?
They thought they could sell it at a higher price.
What did this land speculation lead to?
An over-speculation of currency, gold, and land.
What did this over-speculation of gold and land cause?
The Panic of 1837
What happened during the Panic of 1837?
- real estate values tumble
- jobs are lost
- manufacturers shut down
- banks goes bankrupt
What happened with the local pet banks during the 1837 Panic?
People lost money, so people kept money at home to save it.
How long did the Panic of 1837 last?
For 6 years until 1843.
What happened to political parties during the Panic of 1837?
Business-minded democrats went to the Whig party, while others sided more with slavery.
What other actions did Jackson take in office?
- makes a call to eliminate electoral college
- tries to eliminate foreign debt
- spoils system in office
What was the Spoils System?
Jackson wanted to rotate white house workers in each new administration.
How were White House workers handled before Jackson created the Spoils System?
They hung around for multiple administrations when there was less political division.
Who was Jackson’s Secretary of State?
Martin van Buren
How did Van Buren relate to Jackson and his cabinet?
He was a good friend of Jackson, and his only good appointee, very good and smart at his job.
When did Jackson run for re-election?
1832
Who ran against Jackson in 1832?
Henry Clay
How did Clay try to campaign against Jackson in 1832?
He tried to put the destruction of the bank in play to get Jackson down early.
What political party was Clay running as?
National Republican
Who won the election of 1832?
Jackson won a second term.
When was the Bureau of Indian Affairs created? Who was President?
1824, Monroe was President.
What did the Bureau of Indian Affairs do before Jackson?
It tried to preserve the Native American lands.
Did Jackson abuse the Bureau of Indian Affairs?
Yes
After Jackson, what did the Bureau of Indian Affairs do?
It gives Natives some spotted areas out in the west. It was land preserved for them.
What is Texas’ status when Jackson takes office?
It is part of Mexico
What has Mexico done to get popularity for Texas?
They want Americans to come and move to Texas to populate the area.
What kind of Americans did Mexico want to live in Texas?
white Americans who were Catholic.
What group of Americans came to Texas?
Many white, slave owning Catholics came from the southern states.
Did the slave-owners going to Mexico bring their slaves?
Yes
What was Mexico’s slave policy?
They banned slavery
Did the migrants to Texas still hope for American success?
Yes, they did not cut their loyalty
How did Mexico’s government feel about the slaves coming into Texas with the American loyalists?
They were angry and lashed out against the Americans in Texas.
Which Americans responded to this Mexican out lash at them?
Stephen F. Austin and Sam Houston
What did Houston and Austin decide to do?
Declare independence from Mexico and make Texas its own country.
Once Texas declared independence, how did the US feel?
We wanted to bring Texas into the US.
Could we bring Texas in right away?
No
Why could we not bring Texas into the union right away?
- they had to deal with slavery issues and conflicts
- could not make it look like we look land from Mexico
What was the new name for Independent Texas?
Lone Star Republic
How did Mexico respond to Texas claiming independence?
They rolled their army into Texas and take them back.
What did the Texas-Mexico conflict lead to?
Many battles in a war.
Who was the Mexican dictator during the Texas conflict?
Santa Anna
What was the major battle for Texas’ Independence?
The Alamo
What was the mantra of Texas for many years?
Remember the Alamo
What is the Alamo?
A religious mission
Describe the situation at the Alamo.
A few dozen people are inside the Alamo and the mission is surrounded by hundreds of Mexican troops. The people inside have a small chance to survive.
How do the people in the Alamo feel about this siege?
They want to fight to the death.
Who were the big names at the Alamo? Who died there?
Jim Bower, Davy Crockett, Stephen F. Austin and many others died.
How many people survived the Alamo? How did they do it?
Only one person survived, as he takes off through enemy lines.
How long was the holdout in the Alamo before the people were killed?
Many days it was sieged until the fighters started to get in.
What was significant about the Alamo?
It was the turning point of the Texas War for Independence.
What was the final battle of the Texas War for Independence?
San Jacinto
What happens a San Jacinto?
Santa Anna folds and Texas wins its war for independence.
How did the US respond to Texas winning over Mexico for freedom?
- We fought for Texas
- We paid Santa Anna to leave Mexico
Why did the US try to fight for Texas?
We knew it was a big prize of land we could have and add to our country.
Where did Santa Anna go after we paid him to leave Mexico?
An Island in the Caribbean
What did Santa Anna do in the Caribbean? What did he eventually do after this in later years?
He raised guns and money for himself and would lead Mexican-American war in the future.
Did Jackson follow the two-term precedent?
Yes
Who ran in 1836?
Martin van Buren vs. William Henry Harrison
What were the political parties of the 1836 candidates?
Van Buren-Democrat
Harrison-Whig
What was significant about Harrison being in the final election in 1836?
He was the first candidate at the top of a Whig Party Presidential ticket.
Who won the Election of 1836?
Van Buren
What major event happens during Van Buren’s Presidency? Was it his fault?
The Panic of 1837 happens, not really his fault.
How many terms did Van Buren serve?
He only served one and lost re-election.
Who beat Van Buren in the 1840 election?
William Henry Harrison
What was Harrison’s nickname?
Tippecanoe
How did Harrison campaign?
- Used nickname to advantage
- lie-based campaign
Who was Harrison’s running mate?
John Tyler
What was Harrison’s main background he was known for?
He was previously an old Indian Fighter.
What was Harrison’s 1840 campaign slogan?
Old Tippecanoe and Tyler too.
What did Harrison lie about in his campaign?
Log cabin and hard cider
How did Harrison lie about log cabins and hard cider?
He goes around country talking about being raised in a log cabin and drank hard cider, poor man’s liquor.
Was Harrison really poor? What was the truth about him that he lied about during his campaign?
He grew up wealthy and was not raised in a log cabin.
Why did Harrison lie about the log cabin and hard cider?
He knew Jackson appealed to the common man and wanted their votes to win the election.
What group of people led the old immigration of the 1840s?
Irish
Why was there a large amount of Irish immigrants?
The potato famine
Describe the situation of the potato famine.
A potato famine hits England and Ireland badly and England who controlled Ireland felt to take them.
What happened to all the good potatoes in Ireland?
They were taken by English troops leaving Ireland with all the bad ones.
What was the there issue with the Irish immigrants?
Peasant vs. land ownership.
What were most of the Irish peoples’ land owning status? How did the potato famine affect them?
They were peasants and could not make a good living by not owning land as in Ireland owning land meant success.
Where di all the good potatoes go? Where were the bad ones left in Ireland?
All the good ones went to wealthy, all the bad ones were left with the peasants.
What were the options for the Irish peasants during the famine?
steal, starve, or move
What option did the Irish peasants take?
They immigrated to the US and Canada in large numbers.
Where did most of the Irish immigrants settle? Why?
They settled in cities because they have jobs to get money.
What were the main goals of the Irish immigrants?
- get their own land
- have jobs and make money
Describe Irish immigrants’ place in American society.
- bottom rung on social ladder
- they were discriminated against in the workplace
Where did most Irish people work after moving to America?
- manufacturing plants
- coal mines
Where did mist Irish immigrants live after a bit? Why not the other area?
Mostly in northern cities, not the south because of slavery and having little land available.
What eventually happened to the Irish coal miners? Why?
They got into debt because they would take salary money out for paying for necessities and payments to company.
Did the average Irish immigrant get ahead easily?
No
What were the Molly Maguires?
The first domestic terror group from other places.
Did the mollies intend to kill people?
No
What were the intentions of the mollies?
They were out to be destructive with rail and coal mines, and did economic damage to the company that has put them in debt
Where are the mollies broken up?
Jim Thorpe, PA
Why were the mollies broken up? Who broke them up?
They took undercover detective and was done by Pinkerton Agency.
What would the Pinkerton Agency become?
The President’s Secret Service
What was Tammany Hall?
A corrupt political ring in NYC, typically run by Irish.
Who was the leader of Tammany Hall?
Boss Tweed
What was significant about Tammany Hall?
It was a big Irish opening in NYC for power.
What did Tammany Hall do with politics?
They tried to rig things, got politics going their way.
Who were the German 48ers?
German immigrants
When did the German 48ers come in?
1848
Why did the German 48ers come?
There was a large series of small revolutions in Europe where people demand rights.
Where did many Germans settle? Why not the other area?
They settled in north, not in south because it had no opportunity to help immigrants.
What was the Know-Nothing Party?
A racist party based on Xenophobia, anti-immigrants.
How did the Know-Nothing party carry out their platform?
They used native propaganda to warn them of foreign influence.
Who are the natives the Know-Nothing Party warned?
The whites who have been since revolution, not Indians.
What was the big mill in the north?
Textiles
Who created plants and factories? Who financially backed them?
Samuel Slater created, Moses Brown backed them.
How were northern textiles made?
From southern cotton.
Why were the textile mills a benefit?
There was more industry in New England and we can lower tariff to make goods cheaper, we look like we are making good with the south.
Who invented the sewing machine? Who perfected the sewing machine?
Elias Howe invented it, Isaac Singer perfected it.
Describe how sewing machines changed after Howe and Stern’s inventions.
Initially machines were made by hand, so they made a pedal on the machine to move feet on pedal to work sewing machine, they were built into tables.
Who created the telegraph?
Samuel FB Morse
Describe how Morse changed the telegraph.
It was a wired communication device, you needed a wire to go from A to B with using Morse code.
What kind of labor was implemented during the invention period?
Child Labor
Why was Child Labor created?
- it was cheap
- no life connections
- easier to justify a child getting hurt than an adult who had to provide
Describe how Child Labor was carried out.
If you could walk or talk, you were put to work, they recruited Lowell Girls.
What did Catherine Beecher do? Why did she do this?
She would reform education and open some schools because she wanted women to have a way out of traditional roles.
What did John Deere do?
He invented the steel plow.
How did Deere’s invention change the plowing industry?
Wood plows were unreliable, as were iron plows, so steel was lighter and more durable.
What did Cyrus McCormick do?
He invented the mechanical reaper.
What did the mechanical reaper do?
It could harvest goods much faster than putting men in the fields.
How was the mechanical reaper pulled?
It was pulled by horses until invention of engines.
Where were railroads located? When was the system created?
In the 1830s, they were in the north, none in the south until after the Civil War, they connected the industrial portion of the country.
What did Cyrus Field do?
He created the Atlantic Telegraph Company and laid the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean.
What was the Pony Express?
A letter mailing service, which ran ponies from place to place, where the horses ran as fast as they could.
