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period 6 Flashcards

1865-1898

1
Q

post civil war westward expansion

A

-encouraged by federal govt policies like the HOMESTEAD ACT
-people sought economic opportunities like farming and mining
-govt actively removing native americans
-sought gold

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2
Q

mechanization

A

machines start to replace human labor –> industrial farmers could harvest more crops, small poor farmers failed

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3
Q

Rise of railroads

A

-market for goods on a national scale
-mass production and consumption
-freight rates

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4
Q

why are farmers struggling post civil war?

A

-high demand during civil war=high prices
-now prices have fallen
-freight rates force them to pay to transport goods on railroads

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5
Q

Grange movement 1868

A

-aimed to bring farmers together
-pushed for regulation of railroad rates
-helped develop POPULIST MOVEMENT

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6
Q

Farmers Alliance

A

-first “national” organization of the farmers
-directly led to the creation of the POPULIST PARTY
-sponsored social gatherings, were active in politics, and fought against dominance of railroads and manufacturers

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7
Q

Commerce act 1886

A

-required reasonable railroad rates
-result of grange movement
-established the interstate commerce commission to enforce this (somewhat unsuccessful)

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8
Q

2 laws that made westward expansion possible

A

-pacific railroads act - govt granted land to railroad companies to build transcontinental railroads
-homestead act of 1862 - granted migrants free land for living/farming –> sodbusters

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9
Q

“Significance of the Frontier” - Frederick Jackson Turner

A

-influenced by the official closing of the frontier in 1890
-argued for the need to keep expanding west

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10
Q

Reservation System

A

-govt’s way of solving the “indian problem” w/ westward expansion
-indians were assigned to small tracts of land w/ strict boundaries until they assimilated to society

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11
Q

Sioux wars

A

-began violent indian resistance to the reservation system
-battle of little bighorn - major native victory over the US army
-caused federal govt to restrict indians even more

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12
Q

Indian appropriation act 1871

A

-ended recognition of the sovereignty of indian nations

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13
Q

Dawes act of 1887

A

-law that abandoned the reservation system and allowed indians to become american citizens IF they assimilated to american culture

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14
Q

Assimilationist movement

A

-attempt to end indian culture through education, vocational training, and christianizing

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15
Q

Ghost Dance Movement

A

-indian resistance to assimilation
-ritual dance to lure their ancestors to drive out americans from their land

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16
Q

Battle of wounded knee

A

-US army attempted to disarm Lakota indians
-army killed hundreds –> END OF INDIAN RESISTANCE

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17
Q

Plessy vs Ferguson

A

U.S. Supreme Court decision supporting the legality of Jim Crow laws that permitted “separate but equal” facilities for blacks and whites

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18
Q

Ida B Wells

A

-newspaper editor that fought against lynching and Jim Crow Laws

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19
Q

Booker T Washington vs WEB Dubois

A

Booker T Washington:
-ex slave
-believed African Americans should become economically self-sufficient
-accused of being an “accomodationist”
-atlanta compromise speech
WEB Dubois
-from the north
-led niagra movement to demand immediate equality

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20
Q

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

A

-civil rights organization that fought racism and discrimination
-founded by WEB Dubois and Ida B Wells

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21
Q

“Century of Dishonor” - Helen Hunt Jackson

A

documented the mistreatment and injustices faced by Native Americans at the hands of the US government, significantly raising public awareness

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22
Q

“New South”

A

vision for a future for the south based on economic diversity, industrial growth, and laissez faire

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23
Q

The Gilded Age

A

-small businesses became obsolete due to rise of large corporations
-Laissez Faire economics - little govt intervention

24
Q

Vertical Integration

A

controlling all aspects of an industry from manufacturing to distribution (like Carnegie with steel)

25
Horizontal Integration
One company buys out all competitors (like Rockerfeller with oil, and Vanderbilt with railroads - also somewhat vertical integration)
26
Why could captains of industry/robber barrons get away with their ruthless practices?
-laissez faire - little govt regulation over businesses -they relied on underpaid laborers -social darwinism - strong companies should eat weak companies
27
Sherman Antitrust act 1890
-federal law aimed at preventing monopolies -promote fair competition in the marketplace -aimed to curb the power of large corporations
28
Gospel of Wealth
Andrew Carnegie's argument that those with wealth had a duty to give back through philanthropy
29
Great Railroad strike of 1877
-railroad workers unionized to protest cut wages -the violence caused railroad employers to negotiate
30
Pullman Strike
-response to cut wages -eugene v debs instructed his union to not work on any train with pullman cars -railroad companies hooked up pullman cars to federal mail trains so union members would be arrested --> broke strike
31
Knights of labor
-union to unite ALL workers across the nation -aimed to destruct monopolies/trust and abolish child labor
32
Haymarket square riot 1886
-knights of labor protested peacefully for an 8 hour workday -bomb went off that americans associated with the union --> appeared violent and radical and declined
33
Homestead strike 1892
-labor strike of workers of Carnegie Steel Company against wage cuts -violently put down by pinkertons
34
Pinkertons
private agency hired by large businesses to break strikes
35
American Federation of Labor
-association that wanted higher wages and safer working conditions -negotiatiated w/ employers by using collective bargaining -led by Samuel Gompers
36
Ethnic enclaves
immigrants from the same culture reestablished of their some cultural institutions
37
Where did immigrants settle?
US industrial centers where they took up work in factories
38
Who opposed immigration?
-nativists - protected interests of americans over immigrants -labor unions - threatened by immigrants who worked for less pay -social darwinists - "immigrants are racially inferior"
39
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
-sparked by massive chinese migration to west coast -banned further chinese immigration to the US -only US law to exclude a specific nationality
40
Jane Adams
-established settlement houses (like HULL HOUSE) to help immigrants better assimilate -helped nativists get on their feet
41
Rise of socialism
-believed all means of production should be regulated by the community -opposed laissez faire -eugene v debs started the socialist party -advocated for workers rights
42
Social gospel
-opposition to industrial capitalism -believed christian policies should be applied to solve issues in society
43
National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
-founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony -worked for women's voting rights
44
Temperance movement
-taken upon by women -Women's christian temperance movement advocated for total abstinence from alcohol -Carrie Nation
45
Urbanization and tenements
rapid growth of cities due to industrialization led to the development of overcrowded and often unsanitary housing units called tenements, primarily inhabited by poor immigrant workers who migrated to urban areas for factory jobs
46
Rise of middle class
-increased education and clerical work -women start working in factories -leisure (vaudeville, circus, sports) -journalism (linotype machine, joseph pulitzer)
47
Gold Standard
monetary system of the time where the value of the US dollar was directly tied to the price of gold
48
Democrats
-mainly southerners -wanted states rights and racial segregation -appealed to laborers, immigrants farmers -lower tariffs and less govt aid to large corporations
49
Republicans
-dominant in late 19th century -mainly northerners -appealed to industrialists and bankers -high tariffs, govt aid to railroad, and limits on immigration
50
"Cross of Gold" speech - William Jennings Bryan
-bimetallism of silver and gold instead of gold standard -supported farmers b/c they wanted inflation (they could raise their prices and gain more money to pay for debts)
51
Populist Party
-interests of farmers -sought to correct the concentration of economic power held by elite banks and trusts -wants income tax
52
Omaha platform
-outlined demands of populist party -direct election of senators -voting rights (initiatives-law proposals of citizens, recall-voter power to remove officials, and referendums-voter approval of law) -lower tariffs -graduated income tax -abandonment of gold standard -wants MORE govt intervention
53
Political Machines
-corrupt organizations that secured votes for their party -ex: Tammany Hall owned by Boss Tweed- democratic political machine
54
Progressivism
-social and political reform movement that emerged in the late 19th century -focused on addressing the negative impacts of industrialization (political corruption, poor working conditions, unsafe consumer products) -advocated for govt regulation, social welfare programs, and increased political participation for citizens, particularly women
55
Pendleton Civil Service Act
-established a merit-based system for federal govt employment -ended the "spoils system" where political connections determined who received govt jobs
56
Solid south
by the early 20th century, the democratic party had almost complete electoral control of the south

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