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period 5 Flashcards

1844-1877

1
Q

Manifest destiny

A

God-given right of Americans to possess the whole continent; justified westward expansion

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2
Q

Practical reasons for westward expansion

A

access to natural resources, new economic opportunities for middle class, and religious refuge

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3
Q

California Gold Rush 1848

A

-US gains California after Mexican-American war and finds gold
-more westward migration –> California applied for statehood in 1850

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4
Q

Preemption Acts

A

Made vast tracts of land cheap for people who wanted to buy it and set up a homestead

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5
Q

James K Polk

A

-Elected in 1844
-big believer in manifest destiny
-wanted to annex Texas and Oregon

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6
Q

Mexican requirements of immigrants in Texas (within their borders)

A
  1. must convert to roman catholicism
  2. outlawed slavery
    -Americans in texas ignored these laws
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7
Q

Sam Houston

A

Led Texas in revolting against Mexican authority and declaring to be an independent republic in 1836

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8
Q

Battle of San Jacinto

A

-Retaliation to Mexican victory at the Alamo
-Texans forced the Mexican general to grant Texas independence - not officially recognized

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9
Q

Oregon Territory

A

-British claimed it because they had a fur trade there
-Americans also claimed it
-divided at the 49th parallel

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10
Q

Causes of Mexican-American War

A

-Texas claimed independence from Mexico and wanted to join the US
-James K Polk’s popular campaign cause his predecessor John Tyler to annex Texas on his way out of office

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11
Q

John Slidell

A

Sent by Polk to Mexico to ask Mexican govt to sell the US california and new mexico (they said no) and to settle the location of Texas’s southern border

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12
Q

General Winfield Scott

A

Led American troops to victory in the Mexican-American war

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13
Q

Wilmot Proviso 1846

A

Proposed that any land gained from the Mexican-American War be off limits for expansion of slavery - voted down but highlights rising tension over slavery

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14
Q

Effects of Mexican-American War

A

-Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo gave the US more land (Mexico lost more than half its territory) –> discrimination of Mexicans and Indians on the land
-growing sectional tension - what to do with new land?

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15
Q

Southern position on slavery

A

-slavery is a constitutional right
-Missouri compromise decided where slavery could exist

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16
Q

Free soil movement

A

-composed of northern democrats and whigs
-wanted free new territories
-wanted white opportunity without competition of enslaved labor

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17
Q

Abolitionists

A

-within free soil movement
-wanted to ban slavery EVERYWHERE

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18
Q

Popular Sovereignty

A

belief that people in each territory should decide the slavery question for themselves

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19
Q

Compromise of 1850

A

-California enters as a free state–> balanced senate now tipped toward free states
-Henry Clay’s attempt to solve problem of growing tension over slavery
-Utah and New Mexico would practice popular sovereignty
-slave trade banned in DC
-stricter fugitive slave law

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20
Q

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

A

Novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that depicted the brutality of slavery and spread awareness in the north

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21
Q

Underground railroad

A

Series of trails and houses by which slaves could escape to the north

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22
Q

John Brown

A

-Abolitionist who believed the only way for America to be freed of slavery was by a slave uprising
-Led the raid of Harpers Ferry to steal weapons for a slave rebellion –> plan was unsuccessful

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23
Q

Frederick Douglass

A

African American escaped slave who became a leading abolitionist

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24
Q

Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854

A

-Senator Stephen Douglas divided the territories of Kansas and Nebraska
-Each state used popular sovereignty for slavery issue (ignored Missouri Compromise)

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25
Dred Scott Decision of 1857
- Judge Taney ruled that AFrican Americans were not citizens and declared congress couldn't prohibit slavery in territories
26
Bleeding Kansas
-Violence over slavery in Kansas after Kansas-Nebraska Act -two rival state legislatures but only pro-slavery recognized
27
Election of 1860
-Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas (Freeport doctrine/popular sovereignty) -Republicans nominated Lincoln who ran on a free soil platform -7 debates over slavery that Lincoln lost -Lincoln won the electoral vote (no southern electoral votes)
28
Northern Democrats
-represented by Stephen Douglas -wanted popular sovereignty
29
Southern Democrats
-wanted slavery in new territories -once territories became states they could then use popular sovereignty
30
Confederate States of America
-Southern states that seceded from the union -new constitution that limited federal power and allowed slavery -Jefferson Davis chosen as president
31
South advantages
Fought a defensive war, greater military leaders
32
North advantages
Greater population, large navy, strong central govt, controlled majority of railroads and manufacturing --> south was a financial mess
33
Fort Sumter, South Carolina
-official start of the war -confederacy attacks union troops
34
First Battle of Bull Run
Union destroyed confederacy but then Stonewall Jackson led them to fight back --> this would not be a short war
35
Anaconda Plan
The north used its navy to blockade southern ports to control the Mississippi river
36
King Cotton
Southern cotton production that they thought would help maintain their allies of Britain and France --> failed
37
Ulysses S. Grant
Successful union general
38
Lincoln's emancipation proclamation 1862
-freed slaves but only those from states in active rebellion against the union ("border states" were not in rebellion and so their slaves were not freed) -more of a military strategy -made Britain against the south on account of their abolition of slavery
39
Battle of Vicksburg
Union gained control of Mississippi river which divided the confederacy in 2
40
Battle of Gettysburg 1863
-bloodiest battle of the war -union defeated confederacy -turning point --> shifted the war in favor of union
41
Gettysburg Address
Lincoln's speech trying to unify the nation and portray anti-slavery as America's democratic ideals --> reframing the meaning of the war
42
March to the Sea
Sherman and his men destroyed railroads, land, and homes across Georgia
43
Appomattox Courthouse
General Lee formally surrendered to Grant and the war was over
44
13th amendment
Abolished slavery
45
15th amendment
Voting rights for ALL men, including African Americans
46
Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan
-lenient with the south -10% plan: southern states could reestablish state govt if 10% pledged loyalty -ratification of 13th amendment
47
Wade-Davis Bill
-passed by congressional Republicans in response to Abraham Lincoln's "10 percent" Reconstruction plan -required 50 percent of a states's voters to pledge allegiance to the Union and set stronger safeguards for emancipation
48
Andrew Johnson
-became president when Lincoln was killed -carried out Lincoln's plan to unify but stood by while discrimination occurred
49
Black codes
Laws in some states that restricted Black freedom
50
Radical Republicans
-wanted to punish the south -wanted strict reconstruction led by congress
51
Thaddeus Stevens
A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South
52
Freedmen's Bureau
-Agency set up to help newly freed slaves get on their feet-vetoed by Jackson but overrode by congress -"40 acres and a mule"
53
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Protected citizenship of Black folks and gave them equal protection under the law - vetoed by Jackson but overrode by congress
54
14th amendment
Granted rights of citizenship to all those born in the US
55
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
-divided the south into five districts, each with federal troops to enforce laws -outlined readmission for former confederate states
56
Tenure of Office Act
Made it illegal for the president to fire a cabinet member without congressional approval --> Johnson was impeached
57
National Woman Suffrage Association
-formed by Stanton and Anthony -continued to fight for women's voting rights
58
Sharecropping
-Response to economic upheaval caused by emancipation of slaves -A system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land
58
Reconstruction successes
-new voting rights -military districts protected southern voters -higher education for African Americans -republicans took over
58
American Woman Suffrage Association
-disappointed by 15th amendment but thought it was important to support federal reconstruction efforts while working on women's suffrage at the state level
59
Reconstruction failures
-Black Codes -Ku Klux Klan -Jim Crow Laws (African Americans had the national right to vote but difficulties at the state level) -Plessy vs Ferguson ("separate but equal" doctrine legalized segregation)
60
End of Reconstruction 1877
-democratic party returned to power in south -state restrictions on reconstruction amendments -federal troops pulled out of south

APUSH (5 decks)

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