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period 4 Flashcards

1800-1848

1
Q

Federalist Party

A

Led by Hamilton, wanted a powerful central government, favored manufacturing interests, loose constructionists

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2
Q

Democratic Republicans

A

-Led by Jefferson, wanted a limited central government, favored agrarianism (self-sustaining farmers aka Yeomen farmers), aligns with historic anti-federalist views, strict constructionists
-“anti-federalists” til constitution

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3
Q

Revolution of 1800

A

Peaceful transfer of power between rival parties (from federalist John Adams to dem rep Thomas Jefferson)

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4
Q

How did Thomas Jefferson limit the power of the federal government?

A

-abolished the whiskey tax
-minimized military spending (to eliminate debt and therefore taxes)
-repealed the alien and sedition acts
-allowed bank charter to expire

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5
Q

Louisiana Purchase of 1803

A

Jefferson sent James Monroe to France to secure trading rights, but Monroe was offered the whole Louisiana Territory for a cheap price and took it - against Jefferson’s policy of strict constitutionalism –> he abandoned his democratic republican values to move native americans westward and further reduce European influence

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6
Q

Corps of Discovery

A

Lewis and Clark explored the northern region of the Louisiana territory -> more accurate mapping and scientific knowledge of the region

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7
Q

Judiciary Act

A

Just before the federalists passed congress into democratic republican hands, this act created16 new openings for federal judges

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8
Q

Midnight Judges

A

John Adams spent his last days appointing federalists to fill the open judge seats from the judiciary act

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9
Q

Marbury vs Madison 1803

A

STARTED JUDICIAL REVIEW! Jefferson made Madison his secretary of state and Madison decided to withhold the commissions of the federalist judges. Judge William Marbury argued that he had a right to his commission under the Judicial Act. –> supreme court declared the judiciary act unconstitutional

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10
Q

Judiciary Review

A

Increased power of federal supreme court; supreme court is the final interpreter of the constitution and can declare laws unconstitutional

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11
Q

McCulloch vs Maryland

A

Federal law trumps state law!

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12
Q

Embargo Act

A

Jefferson alternative to war -US refusal to trade with Britain in hopes that they would stop violating rights of neutral nations and end impressment –> hoped Europe would change their policies b/c they needed to trade, but accidentally encouraged local manufacturing despite Jefferson’s agricultural preference

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13
Q

War of 1812

A

Caused by (1) impressment of Americans to Britain and (2) issues of the frontier (americans wanted to move west where indians lived). Declared by dem reps, opposed by federalists –> america won and federalist party declined

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14
Q

War Hawks

A

Influential group of democratic republicans in the house of representatives who were eager for war with britain –> war was declared!

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15
Q

Hartford Convention

A

Response to War of 1812 by the federalists (mostly northern states) - they threatened to secede the union

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16
Q

Era of Good Feelings

A

Increased nationalism promoted by president Monroe and republicans (after war of 1812 when federalist party declined). Little opposition to dem rep party but sectionalism was an issue

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17
Q

Panic of 1819

A

Economic depression after the second national bank tightened credit. Caused unemployment, closing of state banks, high imprisonment for debt –> less nationalism

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18
Q

Henry Clay’s American System

A

policies to remedy problems exposed by war of 1812.
1) federally funded internal improvements to benefit farmers and merchants (monroe and madison objected cus of regional interests - would disadvantage the south)
2) Federal tariffs to protect American industry
3) Second bank of the US to ensure financial stability

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19
Q

Missouri compromise of 1820

A

Henry Clay’s proposal to admit Missouri as a slave holding state and admit Maine as a free state and prohibit slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 30’ – furthered divisions btwn north and south

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20
Q

Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)

A

Agreement between Britain and the US on Canadian border and they decided to exercise joint control over the Oregon territory

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21
Q

Adams-Onis Treaty

A

Treaty between Spain and America in 1819, in which
Spain ceded all of Florida to the US and gave up its claim to territory north of the 42nd parallel in the Pacific
Northwest, in exchange for Texas

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22
Q

Monroe Doctrine

A

Isolationist policy! Lands and nations in the western hemisphere belongs to US! protecting American colonies from European Interference (political cartoons!)

23
Q

Market Revolution

A

Linking of northern industries with southern/western farms (american regions become increasingly interconnected) Agrarian –> Capitalist!!

24
Q

Erie Canal

A

Linked western farms with eastern manufacturers

25
Cotton Gin
Sped up the process of producing cotton --> transformed southern agriculture
26
Commercial Farming
Replaced subsistence farming during market revolution; focused on growing cash crops to be traded
27
1st wave of Immigration
Irish (came cus of potato famine, targeted for being poor, catholic, alcoholics), German, and English immigrants. Brought culture with them
28
Nativists
Very opposed to imigrants
29
Middle Class
Emerged during market rev; contained businessmen, shopkeepers, journalists; valued education, temperance, protestantism; had money to spend on leisure
30
Cult of Domesticity
A women's purpose is to raise babies and provide a home for her husband while he was out working in the world (private vs public sphere especially in the middle class)
31
Women in factories
Women in the labor class had to work because they needed more income; long hours
32
Corrupt Bargain (election of 1824)
Alleged political scandal where Henry Clay, speaker of the house, met with John Quincy Adams before the election and gave his support to Adams over Jackson --> Adams won but Jackson had popular vote
33
Election of 1828
Jackson won - marked beginning of the era of the "common man" --> universal male suffrage
34
Democrats under Jackson
Wanted free trade and limited federal government
35
Whigs
Led by Henry Clay; wanted involved central govt, national bank, and protective tariffs
36
Internal Improvements
Infrastructure projects funded by the federal government. Whigs thought these were necessary to unite the nation, democrats/jacksonians saw this as an unconstitutional federal overreach
37
Indian Removal Act 1830
Relocated all Indians to the west of the mississippi river b/c gold was discovered on the Cherokee land
38
Worcester vs Georgia
Cherokees challenged constitutionality of their removal and supreme court sided with them
39
Trail of Tears
where the indians travels after their forced relocation - named because of illness that occured
40
Spoils System
Jackson rewarded political supporters with public office
41
Tariff of 1828 / Tariff of Abominations
Unpopular in the south with farmers who relied on foreign imports and thought it only benefited northern industrial states
42
Nullification Crisis
Political dispute between the Federal Government and the government of South Carolina over tariffs that were designed to protect manufacturers in the Northern states who were competing with British manufacturers - south carolina threatened to secede and Jackson passed the Force Bill to use military force to collect tariffs. John C Calhoun advocated for states' rights
43
Second Bank of the US
Tried to stabilize economy. Opposed by Andrew Jackson - showed his postition as a "common man" leader
44
Bank War
Jackson distrusted the national bank and thought it only benefited the elite so he vetoed the recharter of the bank - shows tensions btwn common man and elite ideals
45
Panic of 1837
Followed bank war and showed the negative effects of Jackson's decision to veto the national bank - major economic depression caused by unregulated state banks
46
Martin Van Buren
Democratic president like Andrew Jackson
47
Second Great Awakening
Religious revivals among Protestant Christians and societal reform that emphasized righteous living of society
48
The Hudson School
School dedicated to romanticism artwork (mainly landscapes and nature). Focused on sentiment and emotion rather than accuracy
49
Transcendentalism
Humans are fundamentally good but corrupted by society --> it's best to strice for self-reliance - economic changes and industrial revolution make America more independent -> reflected in culture now
50
Temperance Movement
Advocated for moderation of alcohol consumption - attracted women whose family life was affected by alcohol
51
Abolitionist movement
Attempt to bring an end to slavery - fueled tensions that led to the civil war
52
Seneca Falls Convention
Called to address women's rights in American society led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott
53
Utopian communities
Separation from society to create a perfect community. Oneida community - perfect equality. Mormons
54
Romanticism
departure from rationality and enlightenment and instead heightened interest in nature, emotion, and imagination

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