Period 4 Flashcards
“Peaceful” revolution
The peaceful transfer of power from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans in the election of 1800. (John Adams - Thomas Jefferson)
Louisiana Purchase
The most notable achievement of Jefferson’s first term as president. A vast track of unexplored land, most notable for the port of New Orleans. Democrats at the time were against this because the Constiution did not give the president the right to purchase land. He argued it was in the nations best interest
Lewis and Clark Expedition
An expedition commissioned by Thomas Jefferson led by Lewis and Clark to gather scientific and geographic information about the newly purchased Louisiana territory.
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Established the principle of judicial review. The case arose when William Marbury sued Secretary of State James Madison for failing to deliver his commission. Leading the Court to rule that Marbury had a right to his commission, however, the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional.
John Marshall
federalist Supreme Court Chief Justice, and cousin of Thomas Jefferson. Established judicial Review in Marbury v. Madison. Believed in implied powers.
Judicial Review
Review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act.
McCulloch v Maryland
The state of Maryland could not tax the National bank, as stated in the supremacy clause. Federal law trumps state law. Also, states had the implied power to open banks.
Era of good feelings
A misleading name, to describe the presidency of James Monroe. Filled with dividing factions, and debates over common issues of the time.
Virginia Dynasty
A tradition in which 4/5 first presidents were all from Virgina (Except John Adams)
The Missouri Compromise
- Admit Missouri as a slave state 2. Admit Maine as a free state 3. Prohibits slavery in the rest of the LA territory north of 36, 30’ (This was to continue the equal amount of slave and free states in the Senate.)
Tallmadge Amendment
1) Prohibited further introduction of slaves in Missouri And required children of enslaved mothers to be emancipated at 25. It would’ve led to the gradual elimination of slavery in Missouri.
Henry Clay’s American system
1) Protective tariffs 2) A national bank 3) Internal Improvements. Market Revolution caused this.
The Panic of 1819
First financial panic since the ratification of the constitution. Hit framers who speculated on land during a bubble the hardest, after banks started tightening their loan policies.
Tariff of 1816
An example of a protective tariff Aimed to protect burgeoning American manufacturers from foreign competition. After the war of 1812, there was an influx of British goods.
Telegraph
The Telegraph used lines and dotes to communicate. Government could direct groups of people more easily.
Lowell System
A labor system which utilized young teenage-adult girls. They lived in dormitories next to the factories in which they worked. (Originated in Lowell, Massachusetts)
Treaty of Ghent
Resolved the War of 1812. It was regarded as a stalemate for both sides involved. (British and Americans.) Jointly managed Oregon country + longest unfortified border
War of 1812
The War of 1812 culminated due to the continued impressment and search and seziures of American ships by the British. They refused to acknowledge their neutraility, as well as continued aid supplied to Native Americans which prevented westward expansion.
Macon Bills
(After the failure of the embargo Act) 1. An incentive that either Britian or France respected Americas neutraility. 2. If one accepted then it would not trade with the other country.
Rush-Bagot Agreement
treaty between the United States and Great Britain limiting naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, following the War of 1812.
Treaty of 1818
Established the longest unfortified border between the US and Canada at the forty-ninth parrallell after the war of 1812.
Barbary pirates
Before Jefferson entered office, the US had paid the Barbary pirates a fee to prevent piracy, Jefferson refused to pay at all. However, eventually to avoid war a reduced payment was agreed upon.
Jackson’s Military Campaign
- The success during the Battle of New Orleans. +The first Seminole war which lead to the Adam-Onis Treaty.
Peggy Eaton affair
Vicious rumors had started to be circulated about Peggy Eaton, wife of Jackson’s secretary of war by the other wives of cabinet members. When Jackson intervened this lead to a succession of his cabinet members resigning.
Trail of Tears
The forcible removal of the Cherokees began west of the Mississippi river after the treaty of new Echota.
Nullification Crisis
After the tariffs of 1828, Jackson’s vice president, John C. Calhoun was disgruntled, which was shared by his state of South Carolina. So they nullified the traffis in the state and refused to pay call it an abomination. Jackson responded to this with a force bill. In the end, the tariff was lowered.
Andrew Jackson & his presidency
he expansion of democracy through the spoils system and the rise of the common man. Supported the Indian Removal Act which culminated into the Trail of tears. Jackson also opposed the Second Bank of the United States, which led to recession.
Indian removal Act (1830)
The Cherokee Nation declared itself a sovereign territory within Georgia. Which started the dispute, this act signed into law by Jackson mandated the removal of American Indians west of the Missippi river.
Election of 1824
Unable to pick just one presidential candidate the Dem-Reps picked 4: Andew Jackson, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, and William Crawford. The four candidates were tied in the senate. The vote went to the House and Adams won due to support and Clay’s influence. Adams after becoming presdient appointed Clay to become his secertary of state. Jackson deemed this to be a “corrupt Bargain”
White Male Suffrage
A series of legislature that gave white men the right the vote. Lifting religious, and land owning requirements. (See: Era of the Common Man)
Commonwealth v. Hunt + Union Wins
Regarded a win for unions, this lawsuit granted employees the right to negotiate the terms of their contracts.
Cult of Domesticity
The idea that women had the responsbility to tend to the home when their husbands were away working. Women must be feminine, fragile, and domestic. Only applied to middle-upper class women.
Interchangable Parts
The inventor of the cotton Gin, develops a standardized model for a rifle. This gives way to mass production, efficiency, and easier repairs/matience. Laid the groundwork for the modern assmbely line.
Unions
They were often unsuccesful because migrants were willing to work in their place, and many courts ruled against them.
Steam Engines + Railroads
Developed during the Market Revolution. Steam Engines were great for carrying cargo upstream and more efficiently. Railroads decreased commute and helped transport goods and people.
Erie Canal
Waterway built connecting Lake Erie to the Hudson River. Allows goods to move from Industrial cities and farms to the Atlantic ocean. Was so successful in fact, it led to copy cats. Benefits include, shorter commute, easier transport. (e.g Barges)
War Hawks, Quids + Whiggs
Whiggs: Rooted in federalist beliefs, mostly burgeiouse, North and South. Pro/Anti Slavery, Pro National Bank.
War Hawks: eager to engage in the war of 1812 to defend America. Quids: or moderate dem-reps + Federalists who were against going to war.
Embargo Act
Banned trade, ended up harming the US economy the most.
Monroe’s Doctrine
European powers need to stay out of the Western Hemisphere (The Americas), and if they do it will be seen as hostile actions against the US government.
Bank Veto
When the time came to recharter the National Bank, Andrew Jackson vetoed it. Stating it was a “hydra of corruption.” This seems to be a common sentiment of the time as he secured relection by a landslide.
Worcester v. Georgia
In a supreme court decision which sided with the Cherokees had no right to impose state within Cherokee boundaries.
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
Georgia did not recognize the soverengihty of the Cherokee.
Industrial Revolution/Market
The linking of Northern industries with Western and Southern farms which was created by advances in agriculture, industry, and transportation. (Transition into a capitilistic society + a growing middle class)
Spoils System.
Those who win get to appoint people in power. Perpetuated the common man image, the common man could be a politician.
Teumsen’s War
Unites tribes like Pontiac’s Rebellion. Guns and ammununtuon were supplied by the British Crown.
Democrats.
After the messy election of 1824 a divide in political parties emerged. The Democrats are most similar to the Dem-Reps and Anti-Federalists. Anti-Internal Improvements, Anti-National Bank. Pro-slavery. Demographics included: Westerners, immigrants, Southerners, and Urban workers.
Jacksonian Democracy
Andrew Jackson was a huge supporter of male suffrage, although he never made any direct action like passing legislation he believed that the common white non-land owning man shoud vote.
North v. South
South remains agarian throughout the Market Revolution. The North has a lot of technological break throughs, including factories, canals, railroads, steam boats which allow for interdependence among the states in the north and west.
Cotton Gin
Removes seeds from cotton. Previously done by hand and was very laborious. This invention increased dependency on Slavery by 70% in 1810.
Importation of slaves ends in 1808
First agreed upon during the Consiritiuional Convention. This compromise entailed the end of the importation of enslaved people by the year 1808, it was belived during the convention that in that 20 years time Slavery would gradually fade.
Shifting ideas of the West
As settlers move more west ideas of what the west changes. And in that change Native Americans are not in that picture.
Romanticism
A push back on the intellectual and rationialism of the Enlightenment Age. Protzied ones feelings and sentiment.
Hartford Convention
A convetion of radcial federalist merchants who wanted to seceded from the Union and not go to war. Afterwards this led to the demise of the Federalist party.
Adams-Onis Treaty
Spanish seeded to the U.S giving them the Flordia territory as they were too busy handling South American revolts.
Irish + German Immigrants
Immigrant began to boom after the Market Revolution. Irish immigrants came to the US to escape the Potato famine, and seek employment often for cheap. Germans came for less dramatic reasons such as better democracy or farming opportuntites.
Natvistis
Natvistis are Americans that were unhappy with the influx of immigrants. They flourished in the 1830-40s, spewing anti-immigrant propaganda.
Transdenatlism and Transcendalists.
Spiritual philsophy which emphasized ones connection with nature and human perfection, inspired by the Romantcisim movement. Notable Transdenalists: Ralph Waldo Emerson who emphasized indivudality, and Henry David Thoreau for his nature observations and civil disobedience.
The Second Great Awakening
A series of religious revivals among protestant Christians that emphasized righteous living, and self resitranint that would lead a person to salvation. Causes: Market Revolution, Romanticism. (Charles Grandison Finney)
William Llyod Garrison
Founder of both the American Anti-Slavery society and the newspaper The Libreator. Huge radical ablition, deemed the consititution a pro-slavery document.
Slave codes
Laws typically in the south to prevent uprisings/rebellions due to high numbers of enslaved populations. 1. No reading/writing 2. outlawing marriage 3. no legal representation
Temperance
A movement made more powerful by the second Great Awakening. Wanted to outlaw alcohol claiming it led to sin and poorer quality of life. The movement gained momentum in politics as well as with factory owners.
Seneca Falls Convention
The first women’s rights convention. Prominent female suffragettes gathered in Seneca Falls, New York to draft the Declaration of Sentiments outlining their greviances and that men and women should be looked at as equals. (A push back on the idea of cult of domescitiy)
Resistance of African American slaves
- Slow-downs 2. Escape 3. Outright Rebllion. (+ The matiance of of culture through keeping names, language, and religion)
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
In Southampton, VA Nat Turner led a rebellion killing 57 white men, women, and children. The rebellion was soon put down. Yet this encited fears of more uprisings in plantation owners which made way for slave codes stricter.
Amistad Rebellion
On a Spanish Ship called the “Amistad” enslaved people that got themselves free revolted and killed the ships chef and captain over an unsavory comment. When brought to court over this, they were set free!
