Period 3 (1754 - 1800) Flashcards
(74 cards)
What is the big idea of this period?
When was the French & Indian War?
1754 - 1763
What is balance of power politics?
There is always one country acting as a “bully,” which caused everyone else to stand up together and defeat them. Then another country wants to be the big power and the cycle continues
Where did the Seven Year’s War/French & Indian War begin?
Fighting began in the colonies before spreading to Europe
What caused the French & Indian War?
The French’s insistence on taking forts in the Ohio River Valley (British territory), and when the Governor of Virginia sent militia to stop the completion of Fort Duquesne.
Who led the British colonists’ militia?
George Washington led it. His biggest strength was his willingness to retreat
What is a militia?
Armed forces made up of civilians without training who volunteered
What were early war efforts like for the British colonies?
Bad. General Edward Braddock, who led the British forces, did not take the Natives seriously, so they were unprepared for Indigenous war efforts and how well they worked. The British would lose many battles in the beginning
What was the Albany Plan of Union?
A plan developed by Benjamin Franklin involving centralized government that would help the colonies use a more coordinated western defense effort
Why did the Albany Plan of Union never take effect?
The colonists were against the taxation required to raise the troops in said plan.
Why was the Albany Plan of Union important?
It laid the mold for the future
revolutionary congress
What was the Treaty of Paris (1763)?
A treaty after Britain’s winning of the French & Indian War that gave French Canada and Spanish Florida to Great Britain and had France cede Louisiana to Spain
What was the French & Indian War’s impact?
*France was practically kicked out of the new world
*the British more than doubled their land holdings on the North American continent
*Britain now had a low opinion towards colonial military abilities and was unhappy with how colonists refused to contribute troops or money for war effort afterwards. The very fact that Britain had to step in to protect the new territories was obnoxious to them
*The colonies were proud and confident of their military performance, and even unimpressed with British military leadership, feeling they weren’t suited for American combat
*Colonists were anxious to keep expanding land
*The era of salutary neglect ended because Britain needed to pay for the costly war
What was Pontiac’s Rebellion?
Chief Pontiac, from the Ohio River Valley, led Indigenous tribes against the English, whom they had never actually granted access to the Ohio River Valley. They made a major attack on the colonial western frontier, but were eventually stopped by British regular troops
What was the Royal Proclamation of 1763?
A proclamation from the Brit. gov. that forbade colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains/in the Ohio River Valley
What was the Quartering Act of 1765?
An act passed by Great Britain, stating that British soldiers would remain in the American colonies and the colonists must provide living quarters & food for them.
What was the Sugar Act of 1764?
A British tax on coffee/wine/other luxury items, but specifically finally reinforced a tax on foreign sugar/molasses. This meant that British sugar was the cheapest option, forcing the colonies to purchase from them
What was the Stamp Act of 1765?
The first direct tax passed by Britain, it taxed most paper products being sent (they had to have a stamp). The money collected from it went directly to paying the British army’s salaries
What is Patrick Henry’s famous ideas/quotes?
“Give me liberty, or give me death!”
He also put forward the idea of no taxation without representation
Who were the Sons and Daughters of Liberty?
It was a secret organization, with the sons protesting taxes in violent ways, and the daughters making own clothing instead of paying the tax on cloth
What were the Non-Importation Pacts?
Collective boycotts of Britain, which proved to be more effective than other forms of protest
What was the Stamp Act Congress?
A group of representatives from 9 colonies who’d met up in N.Y. decided to petition to British Parliament saying to repeal the stamp act, as taxation w/o representation was tyranny. They were still loyal to Britain at this point, simply wanting to make sure all British laws applied to them
What was the Declaratory Act (1766)?
British Parliament repealed the stamp and sugar acts, BUT reasserted that Parliament had the right to pass any laws they wanted
What were the Townshend Acts (1767)?
An import tax on paper, glass, and tea, in which the money raised was used to pay government officials
