Period 1 (1491-1607)

Question 1

What is the big Picture?

Answer 1

Understanding the societal makeup of the Americas before Europeans colonized it and how it was changed by their arrival

Question 2

Who are the Pueblos?

Answer 2

They lived in today’s Utah and Colorado. They were farmers of beans, squash, and corn. They used advanced irrigation systems and built small urban centers and cliff dwellings

Question 3

Who are the Ute Peoples?

Answer 3

They were nomadic hunter gatherers in today’s Colorado, living in small, egalitarian kinship bands.

Question 4

Who are the Chumash Peoples?

Answer 4

They lived in permanent settlements, building villages holding around 1000 people. They used regional trade markets

Question 5

Who are the Chinook Peoples?

Answer 5

They lived in the Pacific Northwest in plank houses, living similarly to the Chumash Peoples

Question 6

Who are the Iroquois Peoples?

Answer 6

They were farmers and lived communally in longhouses they built from the extensive amounts of timber in the area (the Northeast)

Question 7

Who are the Cahokia Peoples?

Answer 7

They were probably the largest and most famous group in the Mississippi River Valley, made up of 10-30 thousand people. They had a centralized government led by powerful chieftains.

Question 8

In what way were Euro. kingdoms changing through the 1300s-1400s?

Answer 8

They were enduring political unification and developing stronger, more centralized states governed by monarchs

Question 9

What was the consequence of Europe’s political unification?

Answer 9

The wealthy upper class developed a taste for Asian goods

Question 10

What led European countries to seek out sea-based trade routes?

Answer 10

Muslims controlled a lot of the land-based trading routes from Europe to Asia, so Europe couldn’t establish trade with the regions on its own terms.

Question 11

Who was the first Euro country to seek out sea-based trade routes?

Answer 11

Portugal

Question 12

How did Portugal gain a strong foothold in the Indian Ocean trade network?

Answer 12

Through new maritime technology and the adaptation of old technology

Question 13

What does maritime mean?

Answer 13

related to the sea

Question 14

What year did Columbus set out “across the ocean blue” (the Atlantic Ocean) ?

Answer 14

1492

Question 15

What is the Columbian Exchange

Answer 15

The transfer of people, animals, plants, and disease between the east and west

Question 16

What specific things did the Americas transfer to Europe?

Answer 16

Food: potatoes, tomatoes, maize, turkeys
Wealth: silver and gold
Disease: Europeans claimed they caught syphilis from the Natives, but it is very debatable

Question 17

What specific things did Europe transfer to the Americas?

Answer 17

Food: wheat, rice, soy beans, cattle, pigs, horses
People: Europeans permanently settled in the Americas and forced enslaved Africans onto the continent
Disease: smallpox,

Question 18

What is feudalism?

Answer 18

A system where peasants worked & lived on a noble’s land in trade for the noble’s protection

Question 19

What is the Encomienda system?

Answer 19

A labor system where the Spanish enslaved Indigenous people to form and mine in the Americas

Question 20

What is the Casta System?

Answer 20

A social class that categorized people in the Americas based on their racial ancestry - Spaniards born in Spain were at the top, Africans were at the second to last, and Indigenous Peoples were at the very bottom

Question 21

Who was Juan Guinness de Sepelveda?

Answer 21

A priest who argued that Native Americans were less than human and benefited from harsh labor conditions

Question 22

Who was Bartolome de Las Casas?

Answer 22

A priest who spent time among and saw the humanity in Indigenous Peoples, eventually convincing the king to sign laws that ended the slavery of Natives (laws were later repealed)

Question 23

How did the French treat the Indigenous Peoples?

Answer 23

The French were more interested in trade than conquest, so they mostly just traded with the Indigenous Peoples. They also married some Indigenous women to maintain trading partners