Perfusion Exemplars Knowledge Flashcards
What is arteriosclerosis? Atherosclerosis?
Arteriosclerosis: thickening/hardening of the arterial wall, associated with aging
Atherosclerosis: type of arteriosclerosis; formation of plaque within arterial wall
What are the types of cholesterol? Which one is bad?
HDL and LDL
LDL
What are interventions to help with Atherosclerosis?
LDL control Nutrition therapy Drug therapy Smoking cessation Exercise
How does anti lipid drug therapy work?
Reduces cholesterol (LDL) and/or triglycerides
What drugs are used to lower cholesterol?
Statins
Simvastatin
Lovastatin
What lifestyle modifications can be made to assist PVD?
Sodium restriction Weight reduction Decreased alcohol intake Exercise Decreased stress levels Smoking cessation
How does PAD affect perfusion?
Alters natural flow of blood through arteries and veins in the peripheries
Result of systemic atherosclerosis
What is inflow disease r/t lower extremity arterial disease?
Discomfort in the lower back, butt, and thighs
What is outflow disease?
Burning or cramping in calves, ankles, feet, and/or toes
What can you observe in people with lower extremity arterial disease?
Intermittent claudication(cramping)
Numbness and burning while resting
Inflow/outflow disease
Hair loss, thick toenails, dry/scaly/pale/molted skin
What can you observe in SEVERE arterial disease?
Cold and gray/blue extremity
Pallor
Dependent rubor
Muscle atrophy
How do you dx PAD/PVD?
Imagine
ABI
Exercise tolerance test
Arterial blood flow on a graph (plethysmography)
How can you manage PVD/PAD without surgery?
Exercise Positioning Vasodilation Drug therapy Angioplasty Artherectomy
What are the 6 Ps of arterial insufficiency?
Pain Pallor Pulselessness Paresthesia Paralysis Poikilothermia (coolness)
Acute peripheral arterial occlusion is aka:
Embolus
More common in lower extremities
What is the treatment for a PAO?
Drug therapy
Surgical therapy
Nursing care
What is an aneurysm?
Permanent localized dilation of an artery to twice it’s normal diameter
What are s/s of an aneurysm?
Limb ischemia
Diminished/absent pulse
Cool or cold skin to the touch
Pain
How do you treat an aneurysm? What is important after the treatment?
Surgery
Pain monitoring and management
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) s/s
Pain in abd, flanks, back
Pulsing abd mass
Rupture is life threatening and most common complication
Thoracic AA s/s
Back pain SOB Hoarseness Difficulty swallowing Visible mass above suprasternal notch
Sudden excruciating back or chest pain = rupture
How do you dx an aneurysm?
CT
X-ray (eggshell)
Arteriography
US
