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nurs 216 > perfusion > Flashcards

perfusion Flashcards

1
Q

avitene

A

causes platelets to adhere and aggregate

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2
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

type of coagulation deficit; low platelets; bone marrow deficit, DIC

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3
Q

Vitamin K deficiency

A

type of coagulation deficit; lack of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X and prothrombin

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4
Q

prothrombin

A

protein that helps clot blood

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5
Q

Von Willebrand disease

A

inherited disorder; insufficiency of vWF causing lots of bleeding

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6
Q

vWF factor

A

clotting factor; synthesized by endothelial cells and mediates platelet adhesion

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7
Q

desmopressin (vasopressin, ADH)

A

treats VW disease; stimulates vWF synthesis and secretion

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8
Q

Hemophilia A

A

inherited disorder which is highest in males; factor VIII insufficiency causing lots of bleeding

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9
Q

synthetic factor VIII

A

plasma; treats hemophilia A

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10
Q

embolus

A

clot that forms in a vessel and then breaks off and travels through the body

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11
Q

thrombosis

A

when a clot blocks a vein or artery

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12
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot that forms in a vein

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13
Q

venous stasis

A

thrombus risk factor; inflammation of skin due to decreased circulation
-can occur to decreased mobility

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14
Q

high blood viscosity

A

risk factor of thrombus; can happen due to dehydration

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15
Q

smoking

A

thrombus risk factor; cytotoxic causing endothelial injury and oxidation of LDL’s

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16
Q

DIC

A

thrombus risk factor; HITT, preeclampsia, drug induced

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17
Q

high estrogen

A

thrombus risk factor; increased hepatic coagulation factor synthesis and decreased clot lysis

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18
Q

atrial fibrilation

A

irregular P heart wave causing inadequate ventricular filling leading to low cardiac output
- dizziness, irregular pulse

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19
Q

cardioversion

A

emergency treatment of atrial fibrillation; 120-220J of energy
- deliver timed depolarization to try and create normal heart rhythm

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20
Q

ASA

A

treatment of atrial fibrillation; slow nodal conduction and interrupt the impulse re-entry pathway

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21
Q

ablation procedure

A

long term treatment of atrial fibrillation; cauterize area causing electrical impulses

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22
Q

P wave

A

atrial contraction

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23
Q

QRS

A

ventricle depolarization

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24
Q

T wave

A

ventricles repolarize

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25
Q

Factor V leiden

A

inherited autosomal dominant mutation present in factor V; factor cannot be deactivated leading to hypercoagulation

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26
Q

factor V

A

endogenous coagulation activator

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27
Q

Apixaban

A

LMWH; treats factor V leiden

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28
Q

DVT

A

most common site of hypercoagulation
- ultrasound to diagnose

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29
Q

DVT signs and symptoms

A

affected site will have edema, pain, erythema

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30
Q

DVT treatment

A

heparin or LMWH

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31
Q

DVT locations

A

popliteal veins, greater saphenous, lesser saphenous, posterior tibial

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32
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

commonly caused by DVT; clot dislodges and travels to pulmonary circulation

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33
Q

pulmonary embolism signs and symptoms

A

chest pain, SOB, low O2, CT scan to diagnose

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34
Q

pulmonary embolism treatment

A

ER; thrombolytics
Non ER; heparin, LMWH, warfarin

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35
Q

pulmonary HTN

A

common cause is lung disease, pulmonary embolism, COPD, heart failure

36
Q

pulmonary HTN signs and symptoms

A

cough, SOB, lethargy, low O2

37
Q

pulmonary HTN treatment

A

ER; nipride; inhalation (direct acting vasodilator)
Non ER; diuretics to decrease preload

38
Q

hypercholesterolemia

A

deficit in LDL receptors causing plaque formation and high LDL in serum
S&S; elevated LDL, atherosclerosis, integumentary depositions

39
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

can rise from coronary atherosclerosis and can lead to MI

40
Q

chronic ischemic disease

A

ischemia with exertion
thick fibrous plaque
s&s; angina

41
Q

chronic ischemic disease treatment

A

statins and vasodilators

42
Q

acute coronary syndrome

A

ischemia without exertion
unstable plaque=unstable angina
- not relieved by nitro drugs
- can cause MI

43
Q

signs and symptoms of ACS

A

chest pain, back pain, SOB, GI symptoms, LOC

44
Q

troponin

A

a type of biomarker checked for ACS
- 1st to appear in plasma at 3 hours

45
Q

creatine Kinease

A

type of biomarker checked for ACS
- regular product but should not be in serum normally

46
Q

myoglobin

A

type of biomarker checked for ACS

47
Q

STEMI

A

total coronary artery occlusion causes poor myocardial repolarization leading to ST elevation

48
Q

treatment of ACS- vasodilation

A

organic nitrates, morphine

49
Q

treatment of ACS- obstruction

A

PTCA, CABG

50
Q

treatment of ACS- clotting

A

ASA, Reopro, thrombolytics

51
Q

Reopro

A

inhibits glycoprotein IIb3
- less than 6 hour onset

52
Q

treatment of ACS- optimizing CO

A

beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARB

53
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

fluid around heart in pericardial cavity

54
Q

treatment of ACS- long term

A

statins

55
Q

Vtach/Vfib algorithm

A
  1. CPR/airway
  2. defibrillate at 360J
  3. epinephrine 1mg
  4. amiodarone
56
Q

amiodarone

A

antiarrhythmic
- slow HR

57
Q

CABG

A

diverts blood flow around narrow or clogged parts of major arteries

58
Q

MI consequences

A

embolism, myocardial damage deficit

59
Q

myocardial damage deficit

A

weak cardiac muscle
- heart failure

60
Q

Heart failure

A

any condition that decreases the hearts ability to pump enough blood to meet demands

61
Q

CAD

A

type of heart failure; decreased perfusion to cardiac muscle

62
Q

HTN

A

type of heart failure; increased afterload

63
Q

MI

A

type of heart failure; causes ischemia to heart muscle

64
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

enlargement of the myocardium accompanied by decreased CO

65
Q

right heart failure

A

due to lack of pumping blood backs up in systemic circulation
- capillary pressure builds causing interstitial fluid shift

66
Q

signs and symptoms of right sided heart failure

A

pooling, increase venous pressure, enlarged liver, weight gain, distended jugular veins

67
Q

left heart failure

A

due to lack of pumping blood, backup in pulmonary circulation causing pulmonary edema

68
Q

signs and symptoms of left sided heart failure

A

pulmonary congestion, restlessness, tachycardia, fatigue, cyanosis

69
Q

most common heart failure

A

‘low output’; low CO, hypotension

70
Q

low CO compensation

A

SNS activation (tachycardia)–> endothelial enzyme release leading to hypertrophy of smooth muscle and fibroblasts–> thick and stiff cardiac wall–> release of inflammatory mediators

71
Q

low CO treatment

A

increase contractility; cardiac glycosides, P inhibitors, adrenergic agonists

72
Q

cardiac glycosides

A

block exit of Na causing high Na in cell and then increased Ca –> increased contractility
- can also slow electric conduction leading to decreased HR

73
Q

digoxin (lanoxin), digitoxin

A

cardiac glycoside

74
Q

monitoring on cardiac glycosides

A

serum levels, HR, ECG, electrolytes

75
Q

digibind

A

digoxin toxicity treatment

76
Q

phosphodiesterase inhibitors

A

“none”; block PDE which increases cAMP activity (increased myocardial contractility and vasodilation)

77
Q

Milrinone, Amrinone, Viagra

A

phosphodiesterase inhibitor; treat acute heart failure
- monitor ECG and VS

78
Q

adrenergic agonists

A

sympathomimetic agents; stimulate epinephrine and norepinephrine
- potent, IV only, short half life

79
Q

Dobutamine, Dopamine HCL

A

adrenergic agonists; treat acute heart failure

80
Q

dobutamine

A

direct sympathomimetic; B1 specific

81
Q

Dopamine HCL

A

precursor to norepinephrine; non selective B

82
Q

reducing preload in acute HF

A

loop diuretic; lasix (furosemide)

83
Q

reducing afterload in acute HF

A

direct acting vasodilator; nipride

84
Q

perfuse coronaries in acute HF

A

organic nitrates; nitro

85
Q

increasing contractility in acute HF

A

B1 agonists; dobutamine

nurs 216 (8 decks)

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