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introduction Flashcards

1
Q

biologic

A

anything human body produced
- hormones, antibodies (vaccines), blood products, genetic treatment modalities

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2
Q

natural health product

A

naturally occuring and used as an adjunct
-vitamins, minerals, dietary supplements

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3
Q

Oral (PO) administration

A

mouth; liquid, tablet, pill, powder
- enteral (passes through GI tract)
- 1st pass metabolism
- systemic effect

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4
Q

Sublingual (SL)

A

under the tongue; not considered enteral
- capillary absorption into blood stream
- bypasses GI and 1st pass
- faster acting than PO
- systemic effect

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5
Q

Intranasal (insufflation)

A

into nasal cavity
- capillary absorption
- local effect; rhinocort spray
- systemic effect; flu vaccine
- direct CNS effect; cocaine; diffusion across mucosa and distribution along nerve network

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6
Q

Inhalation

A

breathed into lungs
- pulmonary capillary network allows for rapid effect
- local effect; asthma drugs
- systemic effect; general anesthesia drugs

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7
Q

topical

A

applied directly to surface
- local effect
- minimal systemic presence
- molecule size expressed in daltons and must be less than 500 to be easily absorbed

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8
Q

transdermal

A

patch; dermal capillary absorption
- systemic effect desired
- long acting due to slow and steady absorption

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9
Q

rectal

A

inserted to lower GI, rectum
- local and systemic effect
- low 1st pass metabolism
- 25% of drug goes through mucosa then to hepatic and then local effect

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10
Q

IV (parenteral)

A

needle catheter into vein in subcutaneous tissues
- immediate absorption
- fast onset
- dose given=dose circulating
- systemic effect

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11
Q

IM (parenteral)

A

needle into muscle tissue
- aqueous; fast effect
- depot; slower effect
- capillary bed absorption into blood stream
- systemic effect
- deltoid, ventrogluteal, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis

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12
Q

Subcutaneous (parenteral)

A

injection into adipose tissue of hypodermis
- absorption via capillary bed
- systemic effect
- fast or slow onset; dependent on preparation

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13
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

how drug moves through the body
- absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

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14
Q

absorption

A

how the drug gets in
- time for drug to reach systemic circulation

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15
Q

distribution

A

where the drug goes/ transports
- keep eye on blood flow, size of tissue, molecular characteristics, PPB

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16
Q

metabolism

A

how the drug is broken down
- CYP 450
- liver

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17
Q

excretion

A

how the drug leaves/gets out
- kidneys
- elimination of inactive drugs and metabolites

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18
Q

molecular characteristics

A

describe how easily drugs are excreted by the kidneys

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19
Q

lipophilicity

A

fat loving
- easy time with absorption and distribution

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20
Q

hydrophilicity

A

water loving
- easy time with excretion

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21
Q

absorption and distribution general rule

A

want the drug to be lipophilic, non-ionized, and small

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22
Q

excretion general rule

A

want the drug to be hydrophilic and ionized

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23
Q

passive transport

A

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

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24
Q

diffusion

A

molecule movement from low to high concentration

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25
osmosis
movement of water from high to low water concentration
26
facilitated diffusion
movement of specific molecules through protein channels
27
active transport
movement of materials through membrane using energy
28
bioavailability
systemic circulation plasma drug concentration
29
therapeutic range
concentration of drug that produces the desired effect without causing toxicity
30
loading dose
use of higher dose than what is usually used - regular recommended doses given after to keep drug in therapeutic range
31
therapeutic index
ratio between therapeutic dose and toxic dose
32
Narrow TI meds
digoxin, warfarin, phenytoin, tacrolimus
33
drugs that are protein bound
considered not effective
34
drugs that are not protein bound
considered to be effective
35
plasma proteins
albumin (acidic drugs), alpha 1 acid glycoprotein (basic drugs)
36
plasma protein binding
drugs binding with plasma protein molecules - varying affinity - competitive, reversible, saturable
37
highly protein bound drugs
warfarin, ibuprofen, naproxen, furosemide, digoxin
38
prodrug
inactive drug to active metabolite
39
phase 1 metabolism
hydrolysis, reduction, and oxidation (uses CYP450 enzyme group) - hydrogen proton removal - addition of oxygen
40
increase in enzyme function
becomes more active and metabolizes faster
41
inhibition of enzyme function
becomes less active and metabolizes slower
42
phase 2 metabolism
conjugation and polarization
43
GFR
125ml/min
44
1st order elimination kinetics
elimination proportionate to the drug serum calculation - elimination/peak plasma concentration
45
zero order elimination kinetics
constant rate of elimination/clearance
46
half life
time required for drug plasma concentration to decrease by one half - guideline to estimate frequency of administration
47
pharmacodynamics
once the drug is at the receptor and has been distributed; where does therapeutic effect occur
48
affinity
"strength" - specific, saturable, reversible
49
efficacy
"effectiveness" - degree to which drug induces maximum effect
50
potency
"strength" - how much drug is required - higher potency=less amount needed
51
agonist
drug mimics substance - binds to receptor readily and produces good effects - can be primary or full - morphine
52
partial agonist
maximum response is smaller even if all receptors occupied -lower efficacy - in presence of a full agonist it will act like an antagonist - buprenorphine
53
inverse agonist
induces opposite effect of naturally binding substabce
54
antagonist
blocks receptor site to prevent substance from binding - naloxone
55
tolerance
receptor de-sensitization; decreased number of viable receptors - more drug required for same response
56
ASA toxidromes
confusion, tachycardia, tachypnea, hyperthermia
57
acetaminophen toxidromes
abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting
58
opioid toxidromes
bradypnea, bradycardia, pupil constriction
59
cocaine/stimulant toxidromes
agitation, tremors, tachycardia, tachypnea, hyperthermia, pupil dilation
60
adsorption
treatment for overdose - binding of drug to decrease absorption - activated charcoal

nurs 216 (8 decks)

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