Performance Enhancing Substances Review

Question 1

A Procedure that temporarily increases blood volume by raising the number of red blood cells in the body; increases the body’s oxygen-carrying capacity

Answer 1

Blood Doping

Question 2

Released Naturally by the pituitary gland to facilitate the tissue building process and normal human growth; because it is produced naturally in the body it is difficult to detect

Answer 2

hHG (Human Growth Hormone)

Question 3

Usually used to treat cardiac arrhythmia, these drug reduce the heart rate and suppress the flow of adrenaline, making for better aim and accuracy

Answer 3

Beta-Blockers

Question 4

Dopers who take anabolic steroids can disrupt their bodies’ natural balance, so they take these substances to counteract these reactions

Answer 4

Hormone Modulators

Question 5

An Asthma medication taken in large doses to increase muscle mass

Answer 5

Clenbuterol

Question 6

Defined by WADA as “the non-therapeutic modification of cell’s hereditary information in order to improve athletic performance”

Answer 6

Gene Doping

Question 7

Originally designed to treat diseases; functions like testosterone; illegal to prescribe, distribute, or possess for any purpose other than a medical condition

Answer 7

Anabolic Steroids

Question 8

These drugs short-circuit the brain’s perception of effort, potentially allowing athletes to push themselves into places their bodies can’t handle

Answer 8

Amphetamines

Question 9

If the medication an athlete is required to take to treat an illness or condition happens to fall under the WADA Prohibited List, this waiver may give that athlete the authorization to take the needed medicine

Answer 9

Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE)

Question 10

In 2009, The IOC announced sanctions against five 2008 Olympians for using this experimental third-generation EPO drug

Answer 10

CERA

Question 11

When an athlete tests positive for a prohibited substance they will be banned from competing in their sport for this many years (first offense)

Answer 11

four years

Question 12

WADA rules permit samples to be stored for up to this many years so they can be subjected to new tests that are developed well after an event

Answer 12

10 years

Question 13

A substance or method will be considered for the WADA Prohibited List if the substance or method meets 2 out of 3 criteria. List the three criteria.

Answer 13

1. It has the potential to enhance or enhances sport performance
2. It represents an actual or potential health risk to the athlete
3. It violates the spirit of the sport

Question 14

Explain what the “Goldman Dilemma” revealed about athletes’ willingness to use illegal performance enhancing substances

Answer 14

Many athletes are very willing to take PEDs
- More than half of the athletes said they would take a drug that would allow them to win every event they entered, but would kill them in 5 years

Question 15

A. What former country passed a bill decreeing that doping should be part of the preparation of all athletes for international competitions during the 1970s?

B. What country was banned from the 2018 Winter Olympic Games due to evidence of a state-sponsored doping program?

Answer 15

A. East Germany
B. Russia

Question 16

The original goal of drug testing in athletics

Answer 16

Protect Athlete Health

Question 17

Why competition-day testing is not especially effective in catching drug cheats

Answer 17

Many PEDs aren’t used during competition but during training

Question 18

The use of performance enhancing substances in sports is commonly referred to by this term

Answer 18

Doping

Question 19

A type of physiological profile used to spot subtle signs of doping

Answer 19

Biological Passport

Question 20

There were a combined 21,710 athletes tested at the 2008 and 2012 Olympic Games.

A.) Approximately what % of these athletes tested positive for banned Performance Enhancing Substances?

B.) What Sport had the most positive tests?

Answer 20

A.) < 1%

B.) Track & Field

Question 21

Combines with phosphate to form chemical CP; some studies have shown it has a positive effect in short-duration, high intensity exercise; can cause muscle cramping in multiple muscle areas during competition or lengthy practices due to dehydration

Answer 21

Creatine

Question 22

A strong base of evidence supports the use of this substance to improve aerobic exercise performance; facilitates use of fat as fuel for exercise (spares glycogen); produces a minor pain-numbing effect

Answer 22

Caffeine

Question 23

Acts as a buffer to reduce the effects of fatigue caused by lactic acid build-up; helps in events that required 1-7 minute maximum efforts; can cause cramping and diarrhea

Answer 23

Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda)

Question 24

Causes blood vessels to dilate so more blood can travel through them; seems to make the mitochondria more efficient so they are able to create to same energy while consuming less oxygen

Answer 24

Beet Juice

Question 25

When combined with histidine (Amino acid) forms carnosine, an intracellular buffer that helps to reduce the harmful effects of acidosis inside the muscle cell; it is effective in medium-duration efforts (1-4 minutes)

Answer 25

Beta-alanine

Question 26

Name 2 of the 4 PEDs Lance Armstrong was officially charged with taking during the Tour de France

Answer 26

Blood Doping (EPO, transfusions, hGH)
Testosterone
Cortico Steroids